The Western Jin Dynasty was founded by Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded by the Jin and Yuan Emperor Si Marui, and Jiankang was its capital. The political system of Jin Dynasty was clan politics, and the political system changed from the system of three officials and nine ministers in Han Dynasty to the system of three provinces and six ministries in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Sima Yuan was a member of Cao Wei clan, who was in charge of Wei after Gao Ping Ling's incident. Sima Yan unified China after usurping the throne, but it could not solve the flashy social problems and corrupt political atmosphere. Because the royal family had military power, after the decline of the imperial court, the kings fought for power in succession, which was called the Eight Kings Rebellion in history. After the Western Jin Dynasty was badly weakened, the nationalities who moved in took the opportunity to fly in and dispatch troops, causing five chaos. People crossed the south one after another, and the north entered the period of five lakes and sixteen countries.
The imperial power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was low, mainly dominated by clans. Because military power is more important than internal power, many towns are ambitious, which led to Wang Dun rebellion, Soviet rebellion and Huan Wen dictatorship. At this time, although there were successive northern expeditions to recover lost land, most of them supported it negatively, because the court was worried that careerists would use this power to rise and usurp the throne. 383 years ago, Qin sent a Buddhist teacher to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the face of the disaster of national subjugation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the monarch and ministers were United as one, which was the most United since its establishment. After the decisive battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty disintegrated, and Xie An, Xie Xuan and others successfully recovered a lot of lost land. However, factional fighting appeared in the later period, and Huan Xuan usurped the throne. Because of the heavy burden on civilians, the rebellion of Sun En and Lu Xun broke out again. Qiao Zong also stood on his own two feet. Finally, Emperor Wu of Song rose, pacified the chaos, won the throne and entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Dao and others adopted the strategy of "town and town" to stabilize the situation. The manor economy in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was heavier than that in the Western Jin Dynasty. Due to the improvement of agricultural technology and other factors, under the intensive cultivation of overseas Chinese clans and Wu clans, the south of the Yangtze River has been fully developed and prospered, and the economic center of China has gradually moved southward, resulting in the emergence of the Grand Canal. In addition, great progress has been made in handicrafts and commerce.
The culture in this period is developing towards diversification, which is an era of cultural creation, conflict and integration. Because the exclusive position of Confucianism has been broken, philosophy, literature, art, history and science and technology have been innovated one after another, and some have become independent knowledge. Contemporary ideas, including metaphysics, Taoism and Buddhism, spread from India to the East, and scholars gained the upper hand by talking openly. Because the frontier nationalities brought grassland culture, the Eastern Jin Dynasty had the Central Plains culture and Jiangnan culture, and the two sides gradually began cultural exchanges or ethnic integration.
History of western Jin dynasty
Rise and unification
The origin of the royal family in the Jin Dynasty was the Sima family in Hanoi, and it was an official for generations in the Cao Wei era. For example, Sima Lang, Sima Yi and Sima Fu were eight brothers, and they were called the "Big Eight" at that time. Among them, Sima Yi has political and military talents. In the later period of Cao Wei, he resisted the Northern Expedition of Shu Han, pacified Liaodong and became an important minister of Wei State. When Wei Mingdi died in 239, Sima Yi and Cao Shuang shared the legacy, but Sima Yi was shelved by Cao Shuang. In 249, the Gao Ping Ling incident happened, Sima Yi regained power, and Sima's dictatorship began. After Sima Yi's death, his sons Sima Shi and Si Mazhao gradually consolidated Sima Shi's power. During this period, there were three serious civil strife and separatist wars, which were called Huainan three evils, all of which were pacified, and Sima gradually mastered the ruling power.
In 263 AD, Si Mazhao ordered Zhong Hui, Wargo and Zhuge Xu to attack Shu, and Jiang Wei, commander-in-chief of Shu Han, blocked the enemy at Jiange. Finally, Wargo attacked Fucheng and advanced into Chengdu. Liu Chan saw that the tide was gone, surrendered, and Shu Han also perished. This is the famous battle of Wei destroying Shu. After Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei attempted to defect, they were immediately put down by Si Mazhao. Wei will be replaced after the victory, but he died soon. His son Sima Yan usurped the throne in 265 years after his establishment, and Cao Wei perished. Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty for Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history.
At this time, the situation of Sun Wu was chaotic, and Sun Hao, the emperor of Wu, was extravagant and unpopular. In 270, the role of Xianbei's main bald tree in Hexi was invaded, and Liu Meng, the Xiongnu, also entered the customs. At this time, ready to cut wu first. And make Yang keep xiangyang, wujiang and Lu Kang confrontation, and make Wang Jun shipbuilding in Yizhou. Lu Kang died in 274. The following year, Yang proposed to attack Wu, but Jia Chong objected and gave up. In 279, when the northwest rebellion began to be pacified, ieee fellow and Du Yu wrote that it was time to attack Wu, while Jia Chong and Xun Yu thought that the northwest was undecided and opposed it. Finally, Sima Yan decided to attack Wu in 65438+February, which was the so-called Jin-Wu War. He took Jia Chong as the viceroy, with Wang Juntang Binjun in the upper reaches, Du Yu Hu Fen Wang Rongjun in the middle reaches and Wang Hun Sima Zhoujun in the lower reaches going hand in hand. Near the 280 th year of Jianye, Sun Hao saw that the general trend had gone, Sun Wu perished, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the world, and the Three Kingdoms period ended, so he surrendered.
domestic trouble and foreign invasion
The suppressed clansmen in Cao Wei period rose under the wings of Sima Yi and Chen Qun. At that time, the famous clansmen were Wang Xiang of Langya, Zheng Chong of Xingyang, Chen Hezeng, Chen Qian of Linhuai, Xun Yu of Yingchuan, Xun Yu, Wei Guan of Hedong, Fei Xiu of Hedong, Wang Hun of Taiyuan, yang hu of Taishan, Dan Tao of Hanoi and Du Yu of Jingzhao. During the Cao Wei period, many scholars in the Jin Dynasty followed suit, forming a group of scholars who had both fame and fortune and lived in seclusion. In terms of state affairs, due to the dispute between ministers on the issue of "pingwu" and "heir", a party was formed. Yang hu and Zhang Hua supported the cutting of Wu, and thought that it would be gram; But Sima Jia's favorite ministers, Jia Chong, Xun Xun and Feng Yi, all opposed it, so it dragged on for several years. After Wu Ping, Jia Chong was ashamed of his mistakes, so he resented Zhang Hua. The dispute among ministers over the issue of heirs is even more dramatic. At that time, Prince Sima Zhong was incompetent, and Sima You, the younger brother of Emperor Wu of Qi, was kind and filial. Ministers Wei Guan and He Yi advocated an alliance, which was strongly opposed by Xun Yu, Xun Yu and Feng Yi. In the end, Emperor Wu of Jin couldn't let go of his son, so he set up a younger brother and sent Sima You back to China. In the end, he died in anger.
Militarily, after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty enfeoffed the kings in 277 and sent them to other countries, some of which were in charge of the military affairs of each state. For example, Wang Liang in Runan supervises Yuzhou, and Wang Wei in Chu supervises Jingzhou. After reunification, in order to avoid the recurrence of the state separatist situation in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished the state and county soldiers. Kings and soldiers enfeoffed counties in order to avoid ministerial dictatorship and local separatism, but the imperial clan power gradually surpassed the central government. At that time, the Hu people on the border moved into the Central Plains, presenting a semi-encirclement situation to the State of Jin. These conference semifinals are always oppressed by Han Chinese officials or discriminated against by Han Chinese, so they are dissatisfied. The function of Xianbei bald tree in Hexi and the invasion of Xiongnu made it suggested to forcibly move out the foreigners who moved in, but Emperor Wu did not do so. Because the friction between Hu and Han has not improved, when the imperial court was weakened, five chaos broke out in the surrounding Hu nationality.
Intervention in Politics after Home and the Eight Kings Rebellion
In 290, Emperor Wu of Jin died, and Emperor Hui succeeded to the throne, with consort Yang Jun as assistant minister. The ambitious queen Jia Nanfeng came to power. At that time, Yang Jun was arrogant and opposed to his family. Sima Liang, the king of Runan, was afraid that Yang Jun would hurt him and fled to Xuchang. In order to consolidate his power, Yang Jun appointed his cronies to take charge of the imperial army, which made the imperial clan king and some ministers dissatisfied. In 29 1 year, entrusted by Sima Wei, the king of Chu, Jia abolished his influence and appointed Runan and Wei Guan as the general manager. Soon, Jia took advantage of the discord between Chu and Ru 'nan, dismissed Ru 'nan and Wei Guan, killed Chu by false imperial edict, and appointed Zhang Hua and Jia Mo to be in charge of state affairs. At this point, the family successfully seized power. Fortunately, Zhang Hua and others, such as Qi Xin, worked together to fulfill their duties, and the political situation was stabilized. At this time foreigners invaded again. In 294, Hao San, a Hun, rebelled and was quickly put down. In 296, under the leadership of Qi Wannian, his younger brother Liu joined forces with Ma Lanqiang and Lushuihu in the northwest, and the Jin Army was defeated and killed at the beginning of the week. In 299, the Qi Wannian rebellion was put down. After Guo Qin, Jiang Tong also suggested that the conference semifinals be deported. His book On Migration and Accommodation put forward a relatively complete proposition, but Jin Shi was powerless.
Because Prince Sima Yu was not born to Queen Jia, Queen Jia intended to abolish it. In 300 years, the prince was rebelled by his family and was abolished. Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, used Sun Xiuji to provoke Jia to kill the prince. Later, Zhao joined forces with Sima Tang, the king of Qi, to send troops to get rid of his henchmen on the grounds of revenge against the prince and Zhao's dictatorship. In 30 1 year, Zhao established himself as emperor, rebuilt the old friendship, and abdicated as the emperor's father. In March, the King of Qi, the King of Hejian Sima Yu and the King of Chengdu Sima Ying joined forces with the King of Changshan Sima Ai (later called Changsha King) to attack Zhao Wanglun. In May, Zhao and his henchmen were eliminated, restored, and the King of Qi ruled the party. In 302, Wang Ying of Chengdu and Wang Qing of Hejian sent troops to crusade against Wang Tong of Qi, and Wang Fan of Changsha responded in Luoyang, the capital. Finally, the King of Qi and his henchmen were removed, the King of Changsha took power, and Wang Ying in Chengdu was remotely controlled by yeyu.
In 303, Chengdu Wang Ying joined forces with Hejian Wang Yong to attack Luoyang in order to get rid of Changsha Wang Fan stationed in Beijing, but was repeatedly defeated by Changsha Wang Fan. At the beginning of 304, Luoyang was short of food, and Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, colluded with the imperial army, captured the king of Changsha and surrendered in Kaesong. Wang Qi in Changsha was roasted to death by General Zhang Fang of Hejian Wang Qing, and Wang Ying in Chengdu forced Huidi to make him his younger brother, Hejian Wang Qing as the prince, and Wang Yue in the East China Sea as the official minister. After Wang Ying's victory in Chengdu, slate returned to leaf, and the political center moved northward. Then Wang Yue of the East China Sea gathered all his forces and attacked Chengdu and Wang Ying with Hui Di. In the end, Jin Huidi was captured, and Wang Yue of the East China Sea fled to the East China Sea (now north of Tancheng, Shandong Province). General Zhang Fang of Hejian Wang Yong occupied Luoyang.
However, Ma Teng, the elder brother of Wang Yue in the East China Sea, and Wang Jun, the secretariat of Youzhou, joined forces with Wu Huan, Zhu Jie and other forces to defeat Chengdu Wang Ying. Wang Ying, a native of Chengdu, fled to Luoyang with Emperor Jinhui and took refuge in Hejian Wang Qing, who owns Guanzhong and Luoyang. Finally, Chengdu Wang Ying was abolished, and Hejian Wang Qing changed Sima Chi to his younger brother. In 305, Wang Yue of Donghai once again set out to attack Shandong and the West. In 306, Wang Yue of the East China Sea invaded Chang 'an. Hejian Wang Qing and Chengdu Wang Ying were defeated and finally killed. Wang Yueying in the East China Sea sent Hui Di back to Luoyang, and then Jin Huidi was poisoned. Zhang Yu Wang Sima Chi succeeded to the throne and was ruled by Sima Yue, king of the East China Sea. The rebellion of the Eight Kings is over.
Five nomadic tribes plague China people.
(5) The distribution map of foreign nationalities in northern China before the chaos. At that time, there were Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Bian, Qiang, Lushuihu, Wuhuan, Ba and Goguryeo. During the Eight Kings Rebellion, Sima's influence in the local area declined, and the local power continued to expand. Foreign nationalities defected one after another, and Cheng Han became independent one after another. Li Xiong, an Adi, became king in Yizhou in 304. Two years later, he proclaimed himself emperor and became a national title, which was known as Han in history. In 304, Sima Ying was besieged by Wang Jun and sent Liu Yuan, the leader of Xiongnu, back to Bing to send troops to support him. Liu Yuan took the opportunity to declare independence. In 308, Liu Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han, later. The independence of Li Xiong and Liu Yuan ushered in the period of Five Hu and Sixteen Countries. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, Jinshi faced the crisis of collapse.
In order to expand the territory, Liu Yuan sent Liu Cong to plunder Luoyang, while general Schleswig and Wang Mi plundered the Kanto countries. Liu Yuan died in 3 10, and Liu Cong killed the new emperor Liu He and became emperor himself. In the same year, Schleswig-Holstein plundered Jianghan area through Wancheng and Xiangyang, and returned to the north the following year. At that time, there was another locust plague in Kanto, and Luoyang was short of food. Sima Yue led the courtier general to crusade against Schleswig, and abandoned Emperor Huai in Luoyang.
3 1 1 year, the conflict between Emperor Huai of Jin and Sima Yue broke out, and he was secretly ordered to be punished by Xun Hei. Later, Sima Yue died of illness, and Wang Yan led the army to bury him. When he traveled eastward to Ku County (now Luyi County, Henan Province), he was attacked by Xerox, and the elite of the Jin Army was slaughtered, and the ministers surrendered and were killed. At this time, Luoyang was empty, and Liu Cong, Wang Mi, Schleswig-Holstein and other soldiers attacked it, with more than 30,000 officials and people, and Jin Huaidi was taken away, which was called "the disaster of Yongjia" in history. In 3 13, Emperor Huai of Jin was killed, Abatti Giresse Concorde succeeded to the throne in Chang 'an, and Liu Cong sent Liu Yao to attack continuously. In 3 16, Xian Di Chen of Jin surrendered, and was finally humiliated and killed, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. Subsequently, all ethnic groups established countries in the north, which was known as "Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries" in history.
After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were still three areas loyal to the Jin Dynasty in the north, namely Liu Kun in the north of Bingzhou, Pipi in Youzhou and Zhang Shi in Liangzhou. However, Liu Kun of Bingzhou was defeated by Schleswig first and took refuge in Youzhou section. Duan Pijia was ordered by the Eastern Jin Dynasty to execute Liu Kun, while the latter was defeated by Schleswig. Finally, after Zhang Shi died in Liangzhou, his younger brother Zhang Mao surrendered to Liu Yao of Zhao. At this point, the influence of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in North China was completely eliminated.
History of Eastern Jin Dynasty
Scholars crossing south and civil strife
Si Marui, the Emperor of the Eastern Jin, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, originally belonged to the Wangyue side of the East China Sea. At that time, Jiangdong was less affected by the war in the Central Plains and was rich in wealth. However, because the Wu people were not interested in the rulers, they even intended to recover the State of Wu. The Wu family took the family and Shen Shi as the second richest households in Jiangdong, followed by Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu in Wuxian. Three rebellions occurred in Jiangnan in 303, 305, 365 and 438+00, all of which were decided by Zhou Guiping of Yixing, which made Jiangnan stable, and was called Sanding Jiangnan in history. After the Eight Kings Rebellion in 307, Si Marui listened to Wang Dao's suggestion and moved to Jiankang. After moving to the south, Wang Dao stabilized the political power with the policy of "peace of mind in town and house". With the help of local celebrities and Uncle He, he won the support of the Wu family. Then, under the call of Wang Dao, a large number of northern imperial families and royal families went south to support Si Marui, making the Jiangnan States join the second place and making the Eastern Jin Dynasty partial.
After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty in 3 17, Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty in Jiankang and became the Emperor of Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. However, after the stability of the Jin Dynasty, a large number of overseas Chinese clans (formerly northern clans) were cited, and Wu was suppressed. Zhou Gui and other Wu people were dissatisfied and deliberately rebelled, but this failed, and Zhou Gui died of depression [2]. His son, Zhou Xie, followed suit with the intention of rebellion, and his uncle, Zhou Za, leaked the secret without success. However, the division of the two families in the post-Jin period led to their disintegration and gave birth to four pro-Jin families. However, the political and economic conflict between the overseas Chinese and the Wu family still exists because of the overseas Chinese's continuous invasion of the Jiangnan economy [3] and the suppression of Nan's entry into the DPRK. In addition, the clan discriminated against the Han nationality and competed with the court; The opposition between the central government and the square town and the rise of careerists made the Eastern Jin Dynasty always in turmoil.
Due to the threat of foreign invasion in the north, the Eastern Jin court relied on the support of imperial clan and Fang town to stabilize the situation, which made many powerful imperial clan intentionally defect and seize power. At that time, the Jin and Yuan emperors relied heavily on the king and served as prime ministers of military dictatorships in Wang Dao and Wang Dun, saying that "the king and the horse ruled the world together". Wang Dun was always arrogant and wanted to control the imperial court. In order to contain the king's power, Emperor Jin Yuan used, manipulated and others to contain him and defend the capital. Wang Dunwan was resentful and sent troops to capture Jiankang in 322. Diao Xie and others were killed, which is known as the Wang Dun Rebellion. Emperor Jinyuan died of fear and anger, and Prince Shao succeeded him. At that time, Wang Dun wanted to usurp the throne and moved the capital to Guzhen (now dangtu county, Anhui Province), but he was critically ill in 324. Jin Mingdi ordered the Crusade and succeeded in quelling the chaos. Because Wang Dao was not rebellious, Wang was still highly valued by Jinshi.
In 325 AD, he died, and the title of Prince succeeded him. His purpose was to become the Golden Emperor. Wang Dao and his wife Yu Liang help the government. At that time, the military towns were divided into Tao Kan guarding Jingxiang area and Soviet troops and Zuyue guarding Huainan area. Tao Kan suspected that it was because of Yu Liang's intervention that he didn't help the government. In order to guard against Tao Kan, Yu Liang appointed Wen Qiao to guard Wuchang. In 327, Su Jun and Zuyue rebelled against Yu Liang's policy of consolidating the central government. The following year, Su Zulian army captured the capital and threatened Jin Chengdi. Yu Liang fled to Xunyang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province), which was known as the Soviet Rebellion. At that time, Tao Kan watched, and Joe urged him to make a crusade against the Soviets. Soviet troops were killed in the war. In 329, Wen Tao's allied forces regained the capital and successfully quelled the chaos. Afterwards, Yu Liang confessed that he was transferred to Wuhu and the court was ruled by Wang Dao. Tao Kan died in 334, and Yu Liang took the place of subrogation, still remotely controlling the imperial court and making bad friends with Wang Dao. After 339 years, Wang Dao and Yu Liang died one after another, and Yu Yi came to power and mastered the military power of Jingzhou.
Northern Expedition and Seizing Power
After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Jin people who moved south hoped to launch the Northern Expedition and recover their occupied homes in the north. However, because the clan has settled in the south of the Yangtze River, the rich assets in the south make the willingness to return to the north low. However, the imperial court was worried that careerists would use this to expand their power, and if they made meritorious deeds, they would win the hearts of the people and achieve the purpose of usurping the throne, so they did not support the large-scale Northern Expedition [4].
At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the imperial court took an offensive and defensive attitude to resist the north [5]. In 3 17, Zu Ti planned the northern expedition, but Emperor Wu of Jin only gave a small amount of troops and ordered him to move forward. He recruited refugees to build an army and cooperated with the local quayside. Finally, he successfully recovered the territory south of the Yellow River and held a stalemate with Xerox across the river. However, due to the civil strife in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the court was worried that his prestige was too high. In 32 1 year, Dai Yuan was appointed as the governor of Hebei, thus ending the plan to recover Hebei. Zu Ti died of grief and anger, and his lost land was taken back. Wang Dun didn't have to worry about Zu Ti's death, and then he defected. Zu Ti's army was commanded by his younger brother, and finally defected with the Soviet army .. After Jin proclaimed himself emperor, Yu Liang and his brother presided over the Northern Expedition. They planned to launch the Northern Expedition with Jingzhou as the center. However, due to the resistance of the court, it was not realized. After the death of the Yu brothers, Huan Wen was appointed as the secretariat of Jingzhou. He yearned for the deeds of Liu Kun and Tao Kan and took the Northern Expedition as his responsibility.
In 346, when Emperor Mu was in Jin Dynasty, Huan Wen crusaded against Cheng Han (in 338, Cheng Han usurped the throne for Li Shou and changed his country name to Korea), and was killed the following year. Huan Wen was so famous that his family was jealous. Sima Yi, the ruling party, led Yin Hao to compete with him. Shi Hu died in 349 AD, and the Jin Dynasty sent Chu Taizu to the North Expedition, which failed. Huan Wen hoped for the Northern Expedition many times, but it was rejected by Jinting, so Yin Hao was in charge of the Northern Expedition. In 352, Yin Hao joined forces with Qiang to explore Yao Xiang to the former Qin Dynasty, and was defeated by Fu Jian. The following year, Yin Hao made another northern expedition and was attacked by Yao Xiang. In 354, Jin Ting had to replace Huan Wen who was in charge of the Northern Expedition. Huan Wen made three northern expeditions, and in February of the same year, he conquered the former Qin Dynasty. However, due to Fujian's clearing tactics, the Jin Army was defeated, and Huan Wen was finally defeated for lack of food. In 356, Huan Wen crusaded against Yao Xiang, defeated Luoyang and built the imperial tomb. In 358, he suggested moving the capital to Luoyang, but the clan opposed it. After Emperor Ai of Jin and Princess Jin (namely Sima Yi) proclaimed themselves emperor one after another, Huan Wen had taken control of the imperial court. At that time, the northern part of China was dominated by Qin and Yan, and Luoyang was occupied by Yan Qian. In order to prepare for usurpation, Huan Wen crusaded against Yan Qian in 369. At that time, the Yan army suffered a crushing defeat, and 8 Jin Army entered Fangtou (near Xun County, Henan Province) to confront Mu Rongchui, the general of Yan State. Finally, the Jin army retreated for lack of food, and Mu Rongchui led the army to kill him, and the Jin army was defeated. In 37 1 year, Huan Wen abolished Jin Emperor Sima Yi as the King of the East China Sea and changed Sima Yi to Jian Wendi. The following year, Jian Wendi died, and Emperor Jinxiao succeeded to the throne. In 373, Huan Wen wanted "Nine Tin" to represent Jin. Minister Xie An and Wang declined this matter, and soon Huan Wen died of illness and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was saved.
Flying water crisis
On the eve of the Battle of Feishui, when the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty confronted the filial piety emperor, Xie An was in power, and Huan Chong was the secretariat of Jingzhou, guarding the Jingxiang area. Guangling, Xie Xuan Town, and Xie An defend Huainan area. In order to strengthen the central military power, Xie An appointed Liu Laozhi as a staff officer, recruited private capital in Huainan and established the northern government soldiers.
Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, intended to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty and unify the world 370 years after the Qin Dynasty destroyed Qianyan. In 373, it captured two states of Liang Yi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 378, Fu Pi was sent to besiege Xiangyang, and Zhu Xu stood firm. Break it the following year and capture Zhu Xu. He sent Peng Chao to besiege Cheng Peng, but was defeated by the northern government soldiers in Xie Xuan. After Lv Guang pacified the Western Regions in 382, Fu Jian pointed the finger at the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In May of the following year, Huan Chong led 10 army to retake Xiangyang, and Fu Jian sent Fu Rui, Mu Rongchui and others to defend. In August, Fu Jian thought that the time had come, and led the whole country south to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with a huge momentum [6]. He personally led 600,000 infantry to Xiangcheng, sent Fu Rong as a pioneer, and led 270,000 soldiers to attack Shouyang, Liang Cheng and others to control the Huaihe River. Jin Ting was in shock. Xie Anli remained calm, appointed Xie Shi as the former governor, and Xie Xuan as the pioneer. Together with Xie Yan, Huan Yi and others, he led 80,000 northern government soldiers to the north for rescue.
In June 383 AD, after Qin Jun striker conquered Shouyang, Fu Jian quickly sent a command to send Zhu Xu to surrender to Xie Shi. However, Zhu Xu tried his best to expose the truth about Qin Jun and suggested a quick decision. 165438+ 10, Xie Xuan sent Liu Laozhi with 5,000 chosen men to attack Luo Jian, and 8 Jin j marched westward, confronting Zaishui. 65438+ In February, Xie Xuan suggested to Fu Jian to retreat for a decisive battle [7]. General Qin Jun thinks it's safer to stop the enemy at the water bank, while Fu Jian thinks it can take the initiative to kill halfway. When the retreat, 8 jin j across the sea assault, Zhu Xu shouted lost. At this time, Qin Jun chaos, Xie Xuan and others came after him, Qin Jun completely collapsed, Fu Rong died, Fu Jian was shot in the arrow, and returned to the north alone, escorted by Mu Rongchui. The overall victory of the Jin army in this battle is of great significance in the history of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is called the Battle of Feishui.
After the war, Xie An was in charge of the military affairs of each state, preparing for the northern expedition of the fragmented former Qin Dynasty. In 384, Xie An ordered Xie Xuan and Huang Shiqian to lead the northern expedition, and Xie Xuan and others went north from Guangling to conquer Juancheng and Optics Valley, and built Qingzhou School (water conservancy project) [8] to transport grain and grass. Shandong and Henan were recovered in this campaign, and the territory was drawn to the south of the Yellow River. Jingzhou army also successfully recovered Sichuan and Xiangyang areas. Xie Xuan continued northward, and striker Liu Laozhi once hit Yecheng. However, Sima Daozi, who was under the dictatorship of the imperial court, was afraid of Xie's great achievements, and put forward the idea of "paying back the levy after a long time", which led to Xie Xuan's return to Huaiyin and the final defeat of the Northern Expedition.
Lineal rebellion and Huan Xuan's claim to the throne.
Sima Daozi, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty, trusted him very much. After the Battle of Feishui, Xie Xuan was excluded by Sima Daozi and finally died one after another. The court gradually became chaotic, and Wang Gong and others led the northern government soldiers. After Huan Chong's death, Huan was led by Huan Xuan. In 390, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty was dissatisfied with Sima Daozi, so Wang Xun and Wang Ya entered the court, Wang Gong was appointed as the secretariat of Yanzhou, and Yin Zhong was appointed as the secretariat of Jingzhou. Sima Daozi led Wang Guobao and Wang Xu to contend, and the cronies scuffled. In 396, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin was killed by the noble Zhang, and the prince succeeded to the throne as Emperor Jin 'an, which was very stupid. In 398, Wang Gong and Yu Kai impeached Wang Guobao and led a crusade. Yin Zhongkan came all the way to help him, and Wu won the hearts of the people. Sima Daozi was afraid and had to kill Wang Guobao and make peace with Wang Xu. Later, Sima Daozi listened to Sima Shangzhi's suggestion and appointed Wang Yujiang as foreign aid. The following year, Wang Gong joined forces with Yin Zhong, the secretariat of Jingzhou, and Huan Xuan, the secretariat of Guangzhou, to send troops again. Sima Daozi made his son Sima Yuan Xian the commander-in-chief, and Wang Yuling resisted. Wang Yu was defeated and the allied forces captured the capital. Sima Yuan Xian bribed Liu Laozhi to defect, and Wang Gong was defeated. Yin Zhong and Huan Xuan learned that they had retreated to Xunyang, with Huan Xuan as the leader. Finally, the two sides reconciled. In order to divide Yin Zhongkan's forces, the imperial court appointed Huan Xuan as Jiangzhou secretariat, Yin Zhongkan as Jingzhou secretariat and subordinate Yang Bi as Yongzhou secretariat. In 399, Huan Xuan killed two teachers of Yin and Yang and their territory.
Sima Yuan Xian was worried about the unreliability of the northern government soldiers, so he recruited rich people in Jiangdong to establish a new army, which was called "Le Shu" in history. However, this made "East China" run rampant, which led to civil unrest. In 399, Sun En led many people to capture Huiji, which was known as Sun En's rebellion. Sun Enshi worships the five gates of rice road and is deeply believed by clans and civilians. 400 years after the expansion of Sun En, Jiangdong Haozu [9] and Wudou Midao responded one after another, and Jiangdong Eight Counties completely fell. 40 1 year, Sun En Songhai Road directly attacked Dantu, which shocked the capital. Liu Laozhi sent Liu Yuzhi to Haiyan to defeat Sun En, and Sun En left by boat and was defeated by Emperor Wu of Song. In March 402, Sun En was defeated by Xin Jing, the coastal satrap, and threw himself into the sea. Yu Zhong was led by his brother-in-law Lu Xun.
In 402, Sima Yuan Xian took the lead in the Western Expedition to avoid Huan Xuan's sneak attack. Liu Laozhi is the pioneer and Sima Shangzhi is the rear. Huan Xuan also led the army eastward and defeated Sima Shangzhi. Liu Laozhi thought Sima Yuan Xian was useless and defected, and led the Huan army into health. Huan Xuan took control of the imperial court, killed dissidents, successively killed Sima Yuan Xian and Daozi, seized the relieving of Liu Laozhi, killed some northern government soldiers and generals, and promoted Emperor Wu of Song. At first, Huan Xuan intended to reform the imperial court, but in the end, he was arrogant and dissipated, and his decrees were impermanent, and he gradually lost the hearts of the people. In 403, Huan Xuan usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor. The following year, Emperor Wu of Song and the old generals of Beifu, He Wuji and Liu Yiju, recovered Jiankang, and Huan Xuan withdrew from Jiangling with Emperor Jin 'an to the west. Subsequently, Huan Xuan led the army eastward and was defeated by Liu Yi. Finally, Huan Xuan fled to Shu, where he was killed by Qian Feng. Huan Zhen and Huan Qian resisted again with the help of Emperor Jin 'an, until the influence of Huan was eliminated in 405, and Liu Yucai was able to welcome back to Emperor Jin 'an and take control of the court.
Hejin
Emperor Wu of song took control of the imperial court, and the secretariat of Jingzhou gave Liu a red eye, intending to send troops. In 4 12, emperor Wu of song took the lead in the eastward expedition, and Liu Yi committed suicide after his defeat. Shu Qiao was built by Qiao Zong, a rebel in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 405, Mao Kun, the secretariat of Yizhou, led an army to crusade against Jiangling Huanzhen. The Shu army refused to go out, so it pushed Qiao Zong as the main force of the rebel army. Then he captured Chengdu, killed Mao Kun, and Qiao Zongli made himself king of Chengdu. In 408, the Jin Dynasty sent Liu Jingyi to lead a crusade, but failed. In 4 13, emperor Wu of song sent Zhu Lingshi, the satrap of Xiling, to lead the army westward and capture Chengdu. Qiao Zongbing committed suicide and died in Shu.
Lu Xun is the heir of Sun En, and Huan Xuan was appointed as the prefect of Yongjia to appease him, but he continued to harass the coast. In 404, Lu Xun captured Guangzhou from the sea. The following year, the Jin Dynasty ordered him to appease the secretariat for Guangzhou. In 4 10, Lu Xun took advantage of Emperor Wu of Song's northern expedition to Southern Yan, and his brother-in-law Xu Daofu made two northern expeditions, which led to the fall of Liu Yi in Sanluo County (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province), and took advantage of it to capture the capital Jiankang, known as the Lu-Shu Rebellion. By this time, Emperor Wu of Song had come back, and Lu Xun and Xu Daofu were fighting among themselves. Lu Xun's long-term attack on the capital was unbreakable, and he retreated to find Yang. In June 5438+10, Xu Daofu attacked Jiangling and was defeated by Liu Daogui, the garrison commander. In February of 65438, Lu Xun was defeated by Jin Jun and retreated to Guangzhou. 4 1 1 year, Emperor Wu sent troops to kill Xu Daofu. Lu Xun was finally annihilated by Du Huidu, the secretariat of Jiaozhou, and committed suicide by drowning. At this point, the confusion has been solved.
After eliminating some dissidents, Emperor Wu of Song launched two northern expeditions in order to claim the throne. At that time, Southern Yan and Murong Chao invaded repeatedly. In 409, Emperor Wu of Song led an army to attack Southern Yan. The following year, Optics Valley, the capital of Southern Yan (now Qingzhou), was attacked, Murong Chao was captured and Southern Yan was killed. Later, due to Lu Xun's rebellion, Emperor Wu of Song returned to Li. After the Qin Dynasty, because of the repeated invasions by Helian Bobo, the ruler of Xia Dynasty, the country declined greatly, and a young ruler, Yao Hongchu, was established. In 4 16 and 12, emperor Wu of song went north again, connecting Xuchang and Luoyang. In the second year, Liu Bing besieged Guanzhong in two ways, and finally captured Chang 'an. Later, Qin died. However, in the winter of this year, Liu, who stayed in Beijing, died suddenly. In order to avoid changes in the imperial court, Emperor Wu of Song had to return to China. He ordered his youngest son, Liu Yizhen, and other generals to defend Chang 'an. Later, the generals coaxed each other, and Helian Bobo, the ruler of Xia Dynasty, led the army to attack. In the winter of 4 17, Emperor Wu of Song ordered Liu Yizhen and other generals to lead the army eastward, and was pursued by Xia Jun, which weakened him and ended the Northern Expedition. After the fall of Guanzhong, Emperor Wu of Song began to actively beg for mercy. In the same year, Emperor Wu of Song killed Emperor Jin 'an and made his brother Devon emperor of Gong Jin. In 420, Emperor Wu of Song abolished the independence of Gong Jin and established the Song Dynasty, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history for the sake of Song Wudi and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified North China in 439, it entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.