Zhang Yunyu (1917-2008)1955 was awarded the rank of senior colonel, and was promoted to the rank of major general in 196 1 year, and won the second-class medal of independence and freedom, the second-class medal of liberation and the * * China People's Medal of Honor. General Zhang Yunyu has a big head, a black face and a beard. He is a tall man, with a voice like Hong Zhong's, and there are dark spots like beans on his forehead in his later years. The general is knowledgeable, familiar with Chinese and foreign famous works, familiar with Sun Tzu's Art of War, good at thinking, slow and soft-spoken, hard-working, reserved and open-minded, fond of dancing and writing, and writing poems, quite like a Confucian general. Anyone who meets General Zhang Yunyu for the first time will think that a humble Beowulf is ridiculous. Wu Dongfeng interviewed General Zhang Yunyu, the "nuclear commander". On June 1 65438+1October1day, 2003, the author visited General Zhang Yunyu at the official residence of General West Diaoyutai in Beijing for the first time and praised him as "the head is an unsung hero". "The general replied," He is nameless, but he is not a hero. " In a few words, his heart reveals itself and reveals itself. There is an unimaginable scene in the interview notes: scientist Jiang Jizong, studying in Germany. One day, the general and Jiang sat in the desert and had a heart-to-heart talk. Jiang Yan has never been married. General Zhang Yunyu said to him, "Be brave in love, and don't be afraid of hitting a nail." Then, Zhang Yunyu casually recited a poem from Faust: Beautiful girl, can I take you home with your hand? I'm not a girl and I'm not beautiful. This is the way home! I know for myself. Jiang Jizong looked at Zhang Yunyu in front of him like a "black Li Kui jy" and was greatly surprised. He repeatedly said: "I didn't expect that the chief executive would recite Goethe's masterpieces. I didn't expect that, I didn't expect that! "Two generals Zhang Yunyu, Zanhuang County, Hebei province. He lost his parents when he was a child, graduated from the first senior primary school in Zanhuang County, and then studied at Zanhuang Normal School. 1937 Join the Eighth Route Army. The first guerrilla captain, because of his academic background, was good at thinking and diligent in thinking. Most of his previous positions were chief officers of the headquarters, such as the chief of staff of the regiment, the chief of staff of the division, the chief of staff of the army, the chief of staff of the Corps, and the chief of staff of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. 1955 was awarded the rank of senior colonel, and 196 1 year was promoted to the rank of major general. Participated in Huaihai, crossing the river, Guangdong and Guangxi, and advancing into the southwest. The general is resourceful, decisive and meticulous in commanding operations, and has the nickname "Mr. Kong Ming" in the 15 Army. 1in March, 940, the seventh regiment of guerrillas in the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan border region was ambushed by the Heishui River, and more than 200 Japanese troops 100 and puppet troops who came to grab grain were completely annihilated. The Japanese army immediately returned fire. Zhang Yunyu, then deputy head of the Seventh Regiment, and the political commissar of the Seventh Regiment jointly commanded the Seventh Regiment to stop the enemy, capture the Japanese army alive, seize the mountain artillery and return home in triumph. In the meantime, the enemy plane attacked, and the general calmly commanded the machine gun shooter to fight back bravely in the nearest place and shot down a Japanese plane. Zhang Yunyu's wisdom and courage came from this. San 'anping, a small town in Xianghe County, Hebei Province, is located next to Ping Jin Highway and is an important land transportation hub in Ping Jin. 1946 On July 29th, about 100 US Marines took 12 trucks and a command vehicle from Tientsin to Peiping, and went to Anping Town (several miles southwest of Xianghe). Suddenly, they confronted 300 uniformed China soldiers (53rd regiment). The two sides fought for four hours, one American officer died, two soldiers died and thirteen soldiers were injured (Zheng Jiemin telegraphed Chiang Kai-shek). China 53rd regiment suffered seven injuries and one death. According to the cloud, China's army found American troops in the battle and immediately withdrew from Anping. This is the "Anping incident" that shocked the Chinese people reported by the media at that time. 1in the summer of 946, General Zhang Yunyu, then the chief of staff of the First Division of Taihang Military Region, participated in the mediation of Anping Incident as a representative of the 25th Regiment of the Military Adjustment Department of Beiping. In the mediation of Anping incident, an exchange of words between General Zhang Yunyu and representatives of the US military attracted attention. The general recalled that the "Anping Incident" was a very influential event at that time, and senior figures such as * * *, Chiang Kai-shek, Marshall, Li Zongren and * * * were very concerned. The result of event mediation is "nothing". Why do we have to do that？ General Zhang Yunyu just smiled and asked again. The general smiled and said, "The Kuomintang-Communist War is coming, so why bother Gu Anping?". "Anping incident was a very influential event at that time. General Zhang Yunyu did not expect that he had fought side by side with the US military at the negotiating table, and five years later he fought side by side with the US military on the battlefield in Shangganling. After the Anping Incident, General Zhang Yunyu went to Nanjing with * * * to participate in the * * * delegation and was incorporated into the Staff Committee. The general recalled that September 3 was the anniversary of the victory of anti-fascism, and the delegation rented an American film "Woman Warrior" to be shown in the 30 th courtyard of Meiyuan New Village. In the film, there are news documentary pictures of American troops dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The general did not expect that after 12 years, he could still conduct nuclear weapons tests in China. " "Busy thinking" is the most commonly used mantra of General Zhang Yunyu. 1946, when General Zhang Yunyu was transferred to the position of Deputy Head of the 33rd Regiment of the First Military Division of the Taihang Military Region, it attracted the great attention of Qin Jiwei, then commander of the Taihang Military Region. Qin Jiwei praised "Comrade Yu Yun" many times in the report of the meeting, and paid attention to the study. "Huaihai Campaign hit stevie hoang Corps, and the battle of Nakano Plain was once blocked. Cui, then the brigade commander of attack force 27th Brigade, told a story to the Chief of Staff of 15 Army. One afternoon, a squad leader and two soldiers of the 27th Brigade launched an attack 60 meters in front of the enemy line, and were covered by the enemy's heavy artillery fire, so they could not get in and there was no hope of retreat. The monitor had a brainwave, pulled out the engineer's shovel, dug the prone position bunker first, and then dug the standing position bunker. The two soldiers also set out at the same time to dig trenches behind enemy lines. In the evening, he was connected with the trench of the troops behind him and escaped smoothly. General Zhang Yunyu, chief of staff of the then 15 Army, was informed of the incident. After several days' thinking, he put forward a complete idea for the 27th Brigade to carry out close combat in time, using trenches to meet the enemy and conquer the enemy's front positions: the layout of trenches and traffic trenches should be pyramid-shaped, the first trench should be used as an assault position, and the distance from the enemy's positions should be subject to the fact that the enemy's grenades cannot be dropped. The second road is longer than the first one, as a reserve, heavy machine guns and artillery positions. The third way is longer, and it should be possible to set up a flat-fire gun. The fourth lane is the longest, which is used to set up the gun bending position and the ambulance station. The longitudinal direction is connected by several traffic ditches, and the width should be convenient for troops to move, carry stretchers and erect wires. With such a position, when attacking, you can charge at close range; Defensive, you can fight the enemy one after another to prevent the enemy from attacking and breaking through. I thought it was impossible for Bo Huang to be eliminated without this. Cui recalled that in the final stage of the war, the 27th Brigade adopted the trench-digging approach tactics and captured Xiaozhangzhuang in one fell swoop. During the war, Nakano's squadron went to the 27th Brigade to study close combat. After the founding of China, Orfila, General Zhang Yunyu served as the chief of staff of the Army, the deputy chief of staff of the Corps and the chief of staff of the Corps, and took part in the southwest bandits and the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. In the Battle of Shangganling, which shocked China and foreign countries, General Zhang Yunyu was diligent and ingenious. General Qin Jiwei called him "the most assured chief of staff". Qin Jiwei recalled in his later years that an important reason why 15 Army played well in Shangganling was that 15 Army built an underground "tunnel city" on the defensive position before the Battle of Shangganling. This is the result of Qin Jiwei's military commanders resisting the interference of different opinions, sticking to their own opinions and "going their own way". Qin Jiwei recalled: "I exchanged views with Zhang Yunyu and the teachers, and they held the same view. "At that time, there were many arguments against digging tunnels, but Zhang Yunyu really understood Qin Jiwei's concept of preparing for war, squeezed through the crowd, firmly supported it, and perfected the practice of this huge fortification project. Every time the tunnel is built to the most critical moment of the Shangganling war, Qin Jiwei will send Zhang Yunyu to the front line of Shangganling to understand the fighting situation and provide decision-making basis. On the evening of October 20th, 65438+ year/KLOC-0, on the fifth day of the Shangganling War, Zhang Yunyu and several staff officers braved the enemy's gunfire and rushed to the 45th Division to learn about the situation. The headquarters of the 45th Division is in Deshan County, four kilometers behind Vu Thang Mountain. Cui Xiang, the 45 th division commander, reported that it was a great shock. There were more than 3,500 casualties in the army, with only 200 people left in the 134 regiment and 135 regiment, more than half of the casualties in 2/KLOC-0 infantry company, and the 45th Division did not have a complete organizational company. The troops fought hard, but they were tenacious. Up and down a company, only a few people are left. Song Xin 'an, the combat minister of the 45th Division, couldn't help crying when talking about the casualties of soldiers. Zhang Yunyu immediately warned: "Now is not the time to cry. He added, "We should not only see casualties, but also see the meaning of casualties; We should not only see our casualties, but also see that the enemy has paid a greater price than us. Even if this'100 kilograms' is reimbursed, it will be laughed off. Zhang Yunyu criticized very seriously: "As a commander and staff officer, you can't always talk about this and listen to that on the battlefield, otherwise how can you fight?" What we have to consider now is how to continue fighting. "Li recalled that Qin Jiwei very much agreed with Chief of Staff Zhang's point of view." According to Zhang Yunyu, "The people of the 15th Army shed blood without tears" was an important slogan put forward by Qin Jiwei to boost the morale of the officers and men of the 15th Army. In the Battle of Shangganling, the 45th Division of the Volunteer Army 15 Army held its ground and relied on tunnel works to stubbornly resist the enemy's impact. Li Lutian recalled that Zhang Yunyu's chief of staff went to Shangganling on the 3rd when the artillery fire was the fiercest, which played a vital role in the decision of 15 Army to fight in Ganling. He braved the bullets, inspected the terrain with the commanders of various divisions, and chose the path of movement and attack; Work with government officials to study how to support the tunnel struggle; Discuss with the artillery unit to determine the artillery configuration. In particular, the choice of Katyusha position can be described as painstaking. In Shangganling, whenever General Zhang Yunyu asked the front-line officers and men, "How many people are there in your company?" The answer is always: "Chief, just give the order, and we promise to recapture the position!" Zhang Yunyu was not satisfied with this answer. In the face of unprecedented casualties, he and Zhao Fatian, vice captains, put forward the suggestion to Qin Jiwei to give up the water position in due course and turn to tunnel operations. Zhang Yunyu's suggestion is as follows: We can't stand the artillery battle with the enemy, and there are many casualties in the movement. The best way is to temporarily turn to tunnel struggle. This can avoid the enemy's strengths and promote mine. Digging holes during the day and fighting at night, attacking the enemy occupying our water position with small teams, consuming and exhausting the enemy, and creating conditions for counterattacking and recovering the water position. In such fierce and repeated struggles, we must not only fight against the enemy's ambitions, but also fight against the enemy's laws. Qin Jiwei greatly appreciates Zhang Yunyu's suggestion. He made a decision on the spot and made a final decision: "It seems that this battle has developed into a campaign scale. The Battle of Shangganling is a special battle, and we must learn to fight big battles on small hills. " Therefore, Qin Jiwei specially asked Zhang Yunyu to report to the health team overnight. Wang Jinshan, deputy commander of the Third Corps, Wang, chief of staff, and Liu Youguang, director of the Political Department, collectively listened to the report and approved the operational plan of the 15th Army on the spot. Then, Zhang Yunyu was assigned to Deshan County for unified command. Some experts in military history believe that Zhang Yunyu's proposal is the guiding ideology for the 15 Army to change from tactical counterattack to campaign counterattack in Shangganling War, and it is also the key link for the campaign to change from passive beating to active attack. During the Battle of Shangganling, Zhang Yunyu, as the chief of staff, always maintained absolute harmony with the general Qin Jiwei. Qin Jiwei said that he met two good chiefs of staff in wartime, one was former chief of staff He, and the other was current chief of staff. June1964 65438+1October 16 China exploded its first atomic bomb at the nuclear test site in Lop Nur, Xinjiang. 1958 In August, Zhang Yunyu was appointed as the director of the nuclear weapon test range, and in June he was renamed as the base commander 196 1. The general lived incognito in the desert wilderness, walked in the Gobi desert, and suffered hardships in the nuclear base for thirteen years, so he was called the "nuclear commander". General Zhang Yunyu told the author that the atomic bomb base was originally located in Houkeng, more than 0/00 kilometers away from Dunhuang/Kloc, Gansu. That autumn, Zhang Yunyu conducted a field survey, but found that the local soil was porous, which made it difficult to show the project construction. Immediately, he suggested to his superiors to choose a new address and was approved. In mid-February, the 65438 regiment led Zhang, Shi Guohua, Director Zhu of the Surveying and Mapping Bureau of the General Staff Department and others to take four jeeps and four living cars, carrying drinking water, oil, tents, food, vegetables, canned food, firewood and a radio station for ten days, and went west through Yumenguan to the selected site in Lop Nur. 1959 in February, Zhang Yunyu, Chen Shiju, Wan Yi and other generals jointly wrote a special report to the Ministry of National Defense, suggesting that the nuclear test site be located in the northwest of Lop Nur. On March 13, the Ministry of National Defense gave an official reply. The author asked the general why the proving ground was located in the northwest of Lop Nur. The general was very excited and said, "How wide it is! The explosion center is eastward, and there is no one in more than 400 miles. The south is actually the Gobi Desert, where there is a Lop Nur. There are villagers near Tiekelike in the west, about 200 kilometers, with a good wind, nothing. Nuclear experiments, missiles and underground nuclear tests are all available. "General Zhang Yunyu was the last signatory of China's first atomic bomb explosion. 1964 65438+1October 16 am 10, Lop Nur, Xinjiang, sunny and blue. Zhang Yunyu and two colleagues drove to the iron tower containing China's first atomic bomb for final inspection before detonation. After the inspection, he took down the table of operating procedures on the wall and signed it: "196410/0/0/month 16, Zhang Yunyu"; After that, the key to the nuclear device was handed over to General Zhang Zhenhuan, who was in command in the main control room. Many years later, General Zhang Yunyu clearly recalled the scene at that time, and still felt that "the pen was heavy and his fate was ill-fated". (From left) Yuan, Liu Bailuo, Zhang Aiping, Bi Qingtang and generals like to write poems and lyrics. The general said that his poems were "captured" in the eventful years. Or in the desert battlefield, or riding a horse on a mountain road, or in Ramadan, the natural scenery comes into view, and you can record things in real time and express your feelings impromptu. Yesterday, we caught a poem, and now we have caught a sentence, so Zhang Yunyu's Poems was published. Zhang Yunyu, commander of the nuclear weapons test base, witnessed the first atomic bomb test, the first missile nuclear test and the first hydrogen bomb test. And his own poems. Write down the scene of the first nuclear test: bright lights, loud voices, vast Gobi soaring into the sky, laughter touching landslides. Write down the scene of the first missile nuclear test: the rocket from the east cut through the sky, the morning light was defeated by a nuclear bomb, and the goddess Wushan in Luoshui lay red, orange, yellow and purple in the west wind. I still remember the first flick test scene: the mushroom cloud was high and heavy, and a claw dragon appeared on the earth. The thunderbolt hand picked up by the sky enthusiastically picked up the wind in all directions. From 1983 to 1985, General Zhang Yunyu wrote to State Councilor and Minister of National Defense Zhang Aiping three times, asking him to retire. I was very happy after I realized my wish. 65438+1October 14, the general celebrated his 68th birthday with the small character "Sauvignon Blanc". As the saying goes, once flowers bloom and fruits bear fruit, more and more flowers and fruits are not satisfied with trees. Cool thin, the First Hospital. Unexpectedly, unexpectedly, the old inkstone was foggy. Just like the first road. (Wu Dongfeng, original copyright, please indicate the source) The information in this article comes from interviews with Cui, Wang Wancheng and Li, and refers to Memoirs of Qin Jiwei published by * * Publishing House and Battle of Shangganling (published by Bayi Publishing House).