The representative painters of cubism are Picasso and Braque. Picasso once said, "When we engage in cubism, we don't intend to engage in cubism, but we want to express what we have." Braque admitted: "Cubism, or rather my cubism, is a means I created and used to make painting conform to my talent." The combination of their two temperaments, and through the efforts of Grice and Legge, enabled them to reunite, which formed a dynamic cubism.
The development of cubism has experienced three periods: Cezanne period of 1907- 1909; The period of analytical cubism from 1909 to 19 12. First of all, they broke the traditional painting method that can only be expressed according to a fixed viewpoint, and then arranged on the same painting plane. With the deepening of exploration, they found that such "analysis" often makes the picture lose its original shape more and more and fall into an abstract shape. Therefore, from 19 12 to 19 14, they entered the period of "comprehensive cubism". Their point of view is that instead of depicting the external form of objective objects, it is better to introduce objective objects into painting, so that the figurative objects themselves can be integrated with abstract structural forms.
Cubist painters have no systematic theoretical guidance, and everyone explores according to their own ideas. Picasso said, "I want to paint according to my imagination, not according to what I see." Braque also said: "The painter does not want to constitute an anecdote, but creates a painting fact."
The emergence of cubism is also the inevitable development of art itself. In traditional painting, painting only according to the objective nature shows only a part and side of nature. With the changes of modern life of modern people: objectivity and microcosmic, speed and variability, and the limitation of machines on people, painting is required to show such diversity and complexity; Plato's view of geometric beauty in ancient Greece and Cezanne's view of deliberately describing the structure and eternity of things, together with the enlightenment of African black sculpture, led to the emergence of cubist art "The Girl of avignon"
At the beginning of the 20th century, a series of changes have taken place in French painting circles: Fauvism works were exhibited in the salon in the autumn of 1905, and exhibitions commemorating the death of the master were held in Cezanne Art Museum and 1906. These unconventional exhibitions had a decisive influence on Picasso and a large number of young painters with the spirit of exploration.
1907 In the spring, Picasso synthesized various influences and created the epoch-making Maiden of avignon. The motive for creating this painting is that when the painter accidentally visited the Museum of Anthropology in Paris, he was attracted by the simple, weird and rough shapes of African indigenous art, especially the black sculpture, and got inspiration from it, and began to create the "black art period". However, Cezanne's later nude paintings of Bath women also gave him concrete inspiration.
This painting has no uniform composition, the color is dull and blunt, and the figures who are pointing fingers have no sense of volume. The deformed faces of the girls in the painting are the result of Picasso's exploration of Iberian and African black sculptures. The influence from all directions makes this painting a bit eclectic and contradictory. The painter tried to combine geometric figures with geometric figures in a closed background, but the whole idea, picture image and space treatment all announced that a new direction of modern painting-cubism art had been born.
Horta de Hebraud factory.
Picasso's research on Cezanne found: "Cezanne didn't really paint apples, he painted the weight of the space on these circles." After knowing Braque, I began to explore and create analytical cubism. This factory landscape painting is the result of analyzing cubism.
In this painting, the spatial objects are decomposed into many geometric shapes and reassembled as needed, which excludes the traditional perspective concept and painting method, but obtains a new unified "three-dimensional space": an emotional reaction, imagination, memory and feeling produced by the impact of optical illusion on the viewer's vision. Painters describe objects comprehensively and generally with their simplified and simple techniques. "Analytical Cubism" is based on rationalism to analyze the form of everything, so it can create an artistic image that still conforms to the objective truth but is different from it.
Three musicians
In the early 1920s, Picasso re-used a classical, immortal and colorful style, and at the same time explored a cubist style with bright colors, flat painting techniques and geometrically abstract image combinations. The three musicians in the painting are made by geometric abstract color block modeling, plane composition and plane painting. The theme of the work is joyful and there is a solemn atmosphere at the same time.
Guernica.
1on April 26th, 937, the German fascist air force bombed the Spanish town of guernica, Bascou, to test the power of the bomb, killing 2,000 innocent people. This incident shocked the whole world and also the painter Picasso. He created this huge painting to protest against the atrocities of German fascists.
The symbolic significance of the image is: the bull symbolizes brutal fascism; A horse symbolizes tragedy; Above the horse's head is an electric light representing the "eye of the night". There are frightened women in the picture, raising their hands for help. There is no plane bomb in the painting, but it is full of terror, death and shouting. The background of the painting is full of darkness, and bright lights illuminate this bloody scene, like a cold and cruel nightmare hanging over the whole painting. The painter takes black, white and gray as the tone contrast, which has strong harmony and is a combination of concreteness, abstraction and surrealism. It has romantic spirit, rigorous structure and distinctive theme.
Braque (1882- 1963)
Georges braque was born in Argento, near Paris. His father was an amateur painter. /kloc-Braque, 0/8 years old, came to Paris and lived in a humble room in Montmartre to paint. Two years later, he entered Bona Studio of National Higher School of Fine Arts, and was deeply influenced by Pu Sang, Connor and Impressionist art. 1906 began to turn to the new painting of Fauvism. 1907, they met Picasso and they explored new paintings together. He is the founder of cubism on an equal footing with Picasso and the only painter who experienced barbarism and founded cubism in this century.
1907, Cezanne's works of art were exhibited in Paris, which greatly stimulated Braque. Cezanne's concept of "dealing with natural objects with cones, cylinders and spheres" was deeply imprinted in his mind. From then on, he gave up the color of Fauvism and used khaki, light green and gray to draw geometric figures. When his works were exhibited in the salon, Matisse, the judge at that time, said that "this is the accumulation of cubes". Critic Walker wrote: "He despised form and turned landscape figures, houses and everything into geometric shapes and cubes." Since then, cubism has become the name of the painting school.
Braque and Picasso jointly explored and created new painting forms, and collage and fusion appeared in their works one after another. Braque was drafted into the army in World War I and continued to paint after the war. Later, it gradually broke away from the stereotype of early cubism, and the geometric language was revised and became a relatively free and low-key form. The color is simple and harmonious, and the picture moderately compromises the interest of naturalism, and it is calm, harmonious and beautiful, forming a new artistic realm.
Estaque's house
Braque and Du Fei went to Cezanne's hometown of Estaque to paint the scenery. He swept away the unconstrained colors in the past and replaced them with gray-brown and gray-green tones and abstract geometric shapes to describe natural scenery, and began his cubist painting exploration.
duet
Braque's artistic exploration changed again around 1930. The lines in his works are no longer rigid, the curves are more moving and the images are as three-dimensional as possible. He said in 1935: "I found myself recording the shadow of the world in several mirrors of the world itself." For the world, he tried to understand it as a whole in the depths of life, using sections and their projections on the plane to represent objects, increasing the angle of feeling, making the outline of the body flow and bend, and having a sense of shaking. Colors become ordinary, and there are subtle changes in simplicity. White can make sound, brown is alive, black shines, purple becomes transparent, and his lines are elegant and free. These artistic features can be appreciated from this duet.
Grace (1887- 1927)
Juan gris was born in Madrid and died in boulogne on the Seine.
Grace entered Madrid Art and Craft School in Spain earlier. /kloc-came to Paris at the age of 0/7. He applied for French nationality, but he didn't get it until his death. In Paris, he was attracted by the achievements of his compatriot Picasso. They kept close contact and devoted themselves to the creation of cubism. In the early days, Grice was an analytical cubist. He first analyzes objects, and then, not on the changing surface of objects, but in their continuous postures, he tries to capture objects, thus creating complex and strange but expressive overlaps on the screen. The representative work of this period is Picasso.
Grace later went to the comprehensive cubist creation. He believes that there is a certain separation between the shape and structure of painting and color, and sometimes color is difficult to express in one stroke. Therefore, in the sticker, the details can be interchanged without destroying the firmly established shape and structure. In 1920, he claimed: "I started my work by organizing my pictures, and then I characterized each object." In fact, he started from imagination, trying to concretize abstract things and create some special individuals. Cezanne turned the bottle into a cylinder, and he turned the cylinder into a bottle or a bottle. It is inferred that he only has an abstract theoretical mind, arbitrarily subverting all normal artistic creation themes and abandoning all human nature. In fact, the real greatness of Grice's art lies in his proximity to music. He created a pure, elegant, serious and static overall effect and abandoned all details. German expressionism is mainly composed of two groups: the Bridge Club in Dresden (North Germany) and the Young Knight Club in Munich (South Germany).
Qiaoshe was founded in 1905. Its founders are Karhi and Heickell, followed by Nold and Pestan. Karhi said in a declaration: "Everyone, everyone who belongs to us, directly and without hypocrisy shows what drives them to create." They appreciate the works of Van Gogh and Gauguin, hold a positive attitude towards Monk and a pious attitude towards primitive art, but each of them absorbs what they need from different angles. They always describe the changing world in nature and cities with melancholy, emptiness and puppet-like expressions. The stylistic exploration of "Bridge Society" has a strong emotional color. In form, smooth, relaxed, free and soft lines are used at first, then gradually tend to be tense, tortuous and oblique, and finally become short and hard, which is just a general painting style.
Another expressionist group, the Green Knight, is active in Munich, the capital of Bavaria, South Germany. Its members include Mark and Klee. The loose geometric structure based on internal cubism and his bold absorption of color optics greatly inspired the members of "Green Knight", who regarded him as the founder of "modern art". The purpose of the Young Knights is the same as that of the Bridge Club, but the expression language mostly adopts lyric abstract language. They are more interested in the invisible inner spirit than any visible external world, hoping to give this inner spirit a visible shape and color, so as to integrate art with profound spiritual content. Mainly in Kandinsky's art.
Heickell (1883- 1970)
Erich Heckel was born in Dubern, Saxony. 2 1 year-old entered the Dresden Institute of Technology to study architecture and participate in the creation of the bridge club. Early works are rich in color. After traveling to Italy at the age of 25, he changed the tone of the picture and gradually became harmonious.
In Heickell's artistic creation, he is good at depicting characters' thinking, anxiety and morbid mental outlook with dramatic plots. He seems to be suppressing his inner passion and making the picture tend to be harmonious and stable.
Nold ( 1867- 1956)
Emil nolde was born in a peasant family in Schleswig, northern Germany. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he entered the sculpture school in Sauermann, Fort Ferens to study woodcarving, and then studied at Karlsruhe Institute of Arts and Crafts. At the age of 32, he went to the Julian Academy of Fine Arts in Paris for further study.
Nold joined the Bridge Club on 1906. He is the most talented painter in this group. He can express the meticulous factors and strength of nature, primitiveness and spirit harmoniously through concise forms and passionate colors, especially his colors. He is a painter who expresses people's feelings with colors and plays loud and pleasant music with colored notes. The bright color treatment in his paintings was inspired by Impressionism. As he himself said, "color is my note, which is used to draw harmonious and contradictory sounds and chords." In his works, he pursues a cold and burning emotional expression, which radiates his subjective feelings. The beating and strong colors in his paintings bring people into a turbulent world, a primitive indulgence.
Nold's personality is a combination of farmer, hermit and prophet. After Hitler came to power, his art was declared "decadent" and banned.
Mark's Big Green Horse
"Green Knight" is the name of German expressionist art group. In the first two decades of the 20th century, it was brewed, produced and active in Munich. The German name of "Green Knight" is der Blaue Reiter, which should be translated into "Blue Knight" in theory, but it is called "Green Knight" in China's art world. Originally, it was ok to call it "blue rider" in Chinese, but because "blue rider" is always inseparable from horses, there are indeed many horses in the group. If the horse defined by the same adjective in German is called "blue horse" in Chinese. Horses are green horses, and people are "green knights".
Mark's rhubarb horse
In spirit, Mark is closest to the romantic and lyrical tradition in Germany. In his early works, the color is symbolic, the shape is curved, full of volume and powerful structure. Later, his works became abstract.
Keli (1879- 1940)
Paul klee was born in a family of music teachers in the suburb of Bern. Kelly loved literature and art since childhood, wrote novels and poems in middle school, and was an amateur violinist. 19 years old studied painting at the Kaller Studio in Munich, and was admitted to the Munich Academy of Fine Arts at the age of 2 1 year old, and cooperated with Kandinsky at the Chutwick Studio.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Klee traveled to Italy to inspect Renaissance art, so he knew a lot about classical art. 1905 came to Paris to admire Impressionism, and moved to Munich the following year to join the 19 12 "Green Knight" group. After the war broke out, he enlisted in the army and began to paint until the end of the war. Later, he applied to teach at Bauhaus College. After Hitler came to power, he was deported and died in Locarno.
Klee's art is a complex cultural phenomenon, and his ever-changing artistic language is dazzling and unpredictable. This is because his thoughts always wander freely between reality and fantasy, hearing and vision, concreteness and abstraction, so people regard him as a surrealist painter. In his works, the combination of shapes, lines and color blocks sometimes comes from the symbol of a concept, sometimes from the naive imagination of childishness, sometimes from the rhythm of the objective form itself, and sometimes from the sound world of music. Klee can always grasp the wonderful pictures keenly. No matter how you look at it, the artistic language used by Klee, or concrete or abstract symbols, comes from his feelings about objective things and is refined and processed from his understanding of objective forms. In the process of creation, the painter's own quality played a role, and he tried to express his thoughts and feelings with creative language.
Kandinsky (1866- 1944)
Wassily kandinsky was born in Moscow and died in Nai-sur-Seine. At the age of 20, he entered the law department of Moscow University. When he was engaged in folk history research, he was widely exposed to Russian folk art and decorative art. At the age of 30, as a doctor of law and a university teacher, he decided to devote himself to painting and enter the Munich Academy of Fine Arts in Germany to study painting. After graduating at the age of 34, he became a professional painter. As a painter, Kandinsky traveled to Italy, France, the Netherlands and Belgium. At one time, I had a strong interest in neo-impressionism's stippling method. Combining my hobbies and the study of Russian folk art, my works at this time showed a strong, rough and simple folk painting style with few classical traditions. Some are realistic, such as blue rider, and some are colorful, such as Couples on horseback, which have not formed a stable personal style. 19 10 years later, the painting style changed suddenly and turned to abstract expressionism.
19 10 by chance, he found the abstract meaning from an inverted sketch, which made him realize that concrete things outside often interfere with people's appreciation of the beauty of art itself, so he gradually turned to the exploration of abstract pictures. When World War I broke out, Kandinsky returned to Russia. After the October Revolution, he served as the curator of Moscow Painting Museum, participated in the establishment of "Proletarian Culture Association", served as a professor at Moscow University, and 192 1 founded the Russian Academy of Art. Because the Soviet Union advocated realism, Kandinsky's abstract art could not exist, so he returned to Germany and applied to teach at Bauhaus College to become an excellent art educator. From then on, he completely replaced his early style with geometric abstraction. 1933 Bauhaus College, which moved to Berlin, was closed by the Nazis, Kandinsky's works were declared decadent art, and the painter was forced to move to Paris until his death.
How to understand Kandinsky's abstract art?
Kandinsky believes that painting can come from a strong demand for abstraction and is not necessarily bound by the appearance of the objective world. As for imagination, it is a subjective perspective of the relationship of existence, and we must seek a new symbolic form and color harmony. In Kandinsky's mind, painting is like a big collision between different worlds, and a new world is born in the struggle between them. The origin of every work, like the origin of the universe, is the product after the catastrophe, and the result is like extracting a symphony from the chaotic noise of various musical instruments. Creating a work is like creating a world. In Kandinsky's paintings, there is a free expression of inner spirit, desire and passion from his composition structure and line color blocks. The combination of lines and color blocks has no fixed format, which is the product of the painter's emphasis on spiritual expression.
Mondriaan (1872- 1944)
Peter mondriaan was born into the principal's family of a missionary school in Amsford, the Netherlands. He began to learn painting at the age of 65,438+04. At the age of 20, he became an art teacher in a local middle school and began to engage in academic and realistic creation. Later, he drew nutrition from impressionism, symbolism and post-impressionism. It was not until 19 1 1 that he saw Picasso and Braque's early cubist works in Holland, and then he rushed to Paris the next year and began to paint in cubist ways. At first, people used the simplest primary colors such as red, yellow, blue and green to describe the landscape. In his later years, he expressed the landscape in an abstract plane in a positive way. 19 14 returned to the Netherlands to establish de stijl and advocate new modeling.
Mondriaan regards neo-modelism as a means, and through this abstract symbol, he simplifies colorful nature into a related object of expression. He believes: "Only pure modeling can complete the final abstraction. In plastic arts, authenticity can only be expressed through the balance of form, color and dynamic movement. Pure means is the most effective way to achieve this. " This idea enabled him to make a non-congruent and opposite balance through right angles, by simplifying colors into primary colors and adding black and white. As he himself said: "I ruled out curves step by step until my work was finally completed by straight lines and horizontal lines, forming a cross, where each separated from the other." A straight line and a horizontal line are manifestations of two opposite forces. This balance of opposites is everywhere and controls everything. "
In the paintings of mondriaan 19 14, the curve has disappeared, and the vertical and horizontal structure is dominant; 19 19, through the dynamic balance of vertical and horizontal structure and the use of primary colors, he completed his ideal of expressing the universe and reached the realm of harmony between man and nature.
composition
Mondriaan believes that the geometric form composed of vertical lines and parallel lines is the most basic element of artistic form, and only geometric form is the most suitable to express "pure reality". He hopes to use these basic elements and the purest colors to create an external and internal balance, a material and spiritual balance.
The artistic thought of creating this balance is rooted in the social reality at that time. After the great war, society was generally in a state of unrest. He created this kind of quiet and balanced art, trying to comfort people's uneasy hearts.