Regulate glucose metabolism
Insulin can promote the uptake and utilization of glucose by whole body tissues, and inhibit the decomposition and dysplasia of glycogen. Therefore, bovine insulin has the effect of lowering blood sugar. When insulin secretion is excessive, blood sugar drops rapidly, and brain tissue is most affected, which can lead to convulsion, coma and even insulin shock. On the contrary, insufficient insulin secretion or insulin receptor deficiency often leads to increased blood sugar; If the renal sugar threshold is exceeded, sugar will be excreted from urine, causing glycosuria; At the same time, due to the change of blood composition (containing excessive glucose), it will also lead to hypertension, coronary heart disease and retinal vascular diseases.
The hypoglycemic effect of bovine insulin is the result of many effects:
(1) Promote target cell membrane carriers in muscle and adipose tissue to transport glucose in blood to cells.
(2) Covalent modification can enhance phosphodiesterase activity, decrease cAMP level and increase cGMP concentration, thus increasing glycogen synthase activity, decreasing phosphorylase activity, accelerating glycogen synthesis and inhibiting glycogen decomposition.
(3) Activate pyruvate dehydrogenase by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase to accelerate the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A and accelerate the aerobic oxidation of sugar.
(4) inhibit gluconeogenesis by inhibiting the synthesis of PEP carboxykinase and reducing the raw materials of gluconeogenesis.
(5) Inhibit hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue, slow down fat mobilization, and increase the utilization of glucose in tissues.
(2) regulating fat metabolism
Medical literature on insulin
Bovine insulin can promote the synthesis and storage of fat, reduce free fatty acids in blood and inhibit the decomposition and oxidation of fat. Insulin deficiency can cause disorder of fat metabolism, decrease of fat storage, enhanced decomposition and increase of blood lipid, which can cause arteriosclerosis for a long time, and then lead to serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; At the same time, due to the strengthening of fat decomposition, a large number of ketone bodies are produced, leading to ketoacidosis.
(3) Regulating protein metabolism.
On the one hand, insulin promotes the intake of amino acids and the synthesis of protein, on the other hand, it inhibits the decomposition of protein, which is beneficial to growth. The effect of pituitary growth hormone on protein synthesis can only be shown in the presence of insulin. Therefore, insulin is also one of the indispensable hormones for growth.
(4) Other functions
Bovine insulin can promote potassium and magnesium ions to cross the cell membrane and enter cells; Can promote deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and adenosine triphosphate.