First, the disappointing dialect calls sweeping "sweeping". This is a good hygiene tradition. As the saying goes, "make up for a thousand things, and you will see your ancestors when you wash them." "Sweep them and you will see your ancestors when you wash them." Generally speaking, the patrol day is scheduled for the tenth to twentieth day of the twelfth lunar month. Every household chooses a sunny day in the "double day" ("double day" is the auspicious number of Puxian people), and moves everything that can be moved at home outdoors, washes it first, exposes it in the sun, and then dries it and disinfects it. Then "sweep" indoors.
2. Sacrifice to the kitchen stove. Holding a "sacrifice to the stove" on February 24th of the lunar calendar/KLOC-0 is to send the stove to heaven. Burn a piece of paper at the time of worship and give it to the kitchen god, praying for the jade emperor's blessing and adequate food and clothing. f2N*_ Jl~U
The third and twenty-fifth day
December 25th of the lunar calendar is a big day when Pu Xian customs are made public, commonly known as the 25th. This day, usually sunny, is said to be a day of "God bless the people". This day is also a day to do good deeds and accumulate virtue. Money and food promised to God for various reasons should be sent to the Town God Temple (or the temple in the village), and the manager will turn it into charity for the poor and beggars. On this day, we must do good deeds, for example, if we don't pay back our debts, we can't recover them.
Fourth, make rice cakes.
From/kloc-0 to February 26th, every household will make tofu and buy new year's goods, especially rice cakes.
Pu Xian has also prepared other new year's goods, such as tofu. After 1980s, seasonal food gradually replaced the traditional rice cakes and food of well-off families.
Verb (short for verb) resigns.
On the day before "New Year's Eve", usually called "Chu Xiao", every household sets off firecrackers and puts up new Spring Festival couplets. That night, every family lit candles in the hall, piled up red oranges and fruits like towers, and inserted "three spring" paper flowers on them for the "coming year meal" on the stove, and prepared rich sacrifices and "tribute silver" for the god of heaven and earth, named "the year of resignation". t！ New qb e9]6H
New Year's Eve is commonly called "being old" and New Year's Eve is called "thirty years old". Every abortion is called "29 years old", and the family drinks at the same table "around the stove". Generally prepare a 10 bowl of banquet dishes, the fish is not chopped, and the crab 10 feet. After the banquet, firecrackers are set off, and elders should give their children lucky money, which is generally all night, commonly known as "shou sui".
Since the 1980s, with the improvement of people's living standards, the younger generation of adults often give lucky money to their elders. To show filial piety.
During the Chinese New Year, Putian folks have the custom of making "red balls" and "sweet potatoes". One is to worship ancestors, the other is to eat seasonal food, and the third is to take the meaning of family prosperity, good luck, peace and harmony, and family reunion.
The production of "red ball" skin has certain skills. After soaking glutinous rice in water, take it out and drain it, pound it into rice flour (commonly known as "rice sacrifice") by hand, then sieve it, take the finest powder and dry it for later use. When in use, add a proper amount of boiled water and "edible red" and knead it into pink dough, knead it into a round strip, and then pick it into equal portions by hand.
The fillings of "red balls" are mostly sweet and salty. Sweet with brown sugar; Salty ones must be seasoned with chopped green onion, shredded mushrooms and fried peanut paste, which has local flavor. The stuffing of "red ball" is divided into three categories: one is mung bean (mung bean is washed and shelled). Commonly known as "mung bean stuffing"; One is to use glutinous rice as stuffing, commonly known as "glutinous rice stuffing"; First, dry sweet potato powder is used as stuffing, because rice was rarely produced in mountainous areas and coastal areas in the past, and the staple foods all year round are "sweet potato" and "dry sweet potato". When I was "old", I made a group of "sweet potato stuffing", but I didn't forget the simple folk customs of bitter days.
When making "red balls", housewives should have a clever division of labor. The dough should be moderate in thickness, neither too thick nor too thin; The size of the dough stuffing should be even, neither too big nor too small, and the two should be properly matched. Otherwise, the face bag will be crushed after it is stuffed, and sometimes the "red seal" will be too small to look good. When making "Red jiaozi", housewives demonstrate and guide women and children to roll jiaozi, knead jiaozi, print and line "Kuiye" (scientific name "He Kun"), cut off the extra corners, put them neatly in the cooker, cover the lid and steam for about 25 minutes, then they can be taken out.
The block printing used by "Red Group" is commonly known as "Red Group Printing". This is an exquisite handicraft. The stamps are engraved with the words "rich", "expensive", "longevity" and "happiness", and flowers and birds are also engraved around them. Sweet potato is the main raw material. First, peel fresh sweet potatoes, wash them, cut them into pieces, steam them, pick them up, and chop them into pure and soft sweet potato paste. "A little red" means a prosperous family, and "Qi" (dialect) means developed and prosperous. "Sweet potato" is characterized by its strong flavor, soft fragrance and delicious taste. It is a seasonal and economical farm dish.
"Red ball" and "sweet potato rising" are the unique food culture of Putian people during the New Year.
The fourth day is past the New Year's Eve, but I am old (it is the fifth day in Xianyou area).
In the forty-first year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1562), Japanese invaders invaded Fujian, occupied Yuheng in Ningde, Tian Niu in Fuqing and Linton in Putian, set up strongholds and set about burning, killing and looting. Xinghua Fucheng (now Putian City) was captured by the Japanese army at midnight on November 29th of the lunar calendar and occupied for two months. Xinghua city was completely burned and more than 30,000 people were killed. At that time, Putian men, women and children rebelled, were cut off by the Japanese, or burned to death and crucified. It's terrible. The Japanese thieves' inhuman atrocities shocked the world. On the 25th day of the first month of the following year, due to the stench of dead bodies in the city, the Japanese army had to temporarily retreat to Pinghai until the arrival of Qi Jiguang, an anti-Japanese hero, and Xinghua City was recovered. At this time, people who fled to the mountains went home on the second day of February. On the one hand, we bury the bodies of relatives and friends, on the other hand, we clean up the broken homes. At this time, the New Year's Day has passed, people will visit each other on the second day of February, and then they will grow old on the fourth day of February.
Later, in order to commemorate this tragic day in Putian, Putian folks celebrated their birthdays on the evening of December 30 of the lunar calendar as usual, which lasted for too long. Therefore, Putian people agreed to change the fourth day of the second lunar month to the fourth day of the first lunar month (around the stove). Because the February of the lunar calendar is busy with farming, if it is done on the second day of the second lunar month, the 30th night of the lunar calendar will be changed to "younger" and the fourth night of the first lunar month will be called "older". At the same time, it is agreed that the second day of February is the second day of the first month, which is an ominous day to visit relatives and friends, commonly known as the taboo day. Up to now, Putian people don't visit each other or visit relatives and friends on this day every year.
The customs of Xianyou County, which is also in Putian City, are different from those of Putian City (formerly Putian County). Putian is the "old" on the fourth day of the first month, and Xianyou County is the "old" on the fifth day of the first month. This is because after the Japanese army captured Putian City, it invaded Xianyou County on a large scale the following winter, killing and looting everywhere. The people of Xianyou City fled everywhere and were displaced, unable to reunite for the New Year. It was not until Qi Jiguang arrived and the enemy fled that the people reunited. Since the 43rd year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1564), people in Xianyou customarily set the fifth day of the first month, and Wu, a resident of Wuzhai, died in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. In order to commemorate him, the villagers designated the fifth day of the first month as a mourning day. The custom of "getting old" on the fourth and fifth day of the first month in Puxian area has been passed down to this day.
the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
The Spring Festival is the most solemn traditional festival in custom. In Puxian area, the first day to the fifth day of the first month is called "five years old". On the first morning, the door was opened and firecrackers were set off. All families worship the ancestors of the gods and provide noodles, candles and cannons. After the ceremony, the whole family ate noodles, each with a bowl, wishing the whole family a long life. On the second day of the second year, we did not communicate with each other, did not visit each other, and did not pay New Year greetings to each other. Only people who have been here on the first day don't avoid it. On the third day of the third year, all families held "Welcome the New Year", which was a response to the example of "Sending the New Year" at the end of last year. On the fourth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, there is a custom of "begging for grass from the bodhisattva" along the way: children hold idols, surrounded by cars and drums, and collect firewood from households. In the afternoon, my mother invited flowers, hoping to protect her from having children early. At dusk, firewood was set up in front of the temple and a fire was lit. Every family holds a worship ceremony. When the firewood is completely burned, many people use long tongs to compete for the unburned firewood and return home quickly. "Mother Fire" wants wealth to be like fire.
Shen danchun JIU
The ninth day of the first month is said to be the birthday of the Jade Emperor. At midnight on the eighth day, families light candles, burn incense, bow to the sky and pray for good luck all the year round. On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, believers from all over Putian flocked to Lingyun Temple in Tiger Mountain to worship the Jade Emperor, or went to the Jade Emperor Temple in Shishiyan, west of Pucheng. Both of them invited Puxian Opera that day, which was very lively. It is said that newlyweds can have boys by taking Jade Emperor Road on the ninth day of the first month.
On the tenth day, officials and gentry invited each other to drink, and the number was "Pass the wine." This used to be an old custom in Chang 'an, and later it was renamed "Spring Wine". One or two days before the ceremony, officials and gentry wrote down the names of the invitees with posts and sent people to sign from door to door. At that time, a big banquet was held, and many seats were attended on a high-status day. Inviting "spring wine" is an essential thing for officials and gentry to celebrate the New Year. Working people do not have this custom. They only take their children when visiting relatives and invite each other to eat some tea cakes, sweets or other snacks.
Yuanxiao Yuanxiao lasts from the sixth day of the first month to the twentieth. Every village has different days. The fifteenth day of the first month is the first full moon night in a year, and it is the Lantern Festival, commonly known as "Yuanxiao Heart".
The Lantern Festival in Puxian is quite lively. Although the time, content and form of the Lantern Festival in Puxian County are not exactly the same, they all reflect the keynote of "God is the mainstay, and God and the people share happiness", especially in rural areas. Each village (called "Beijing" in the past) holds a lantern festival around its own village community, which usually lasts for three days, and some even jointly hold a lantern festival. In rural areas, to celebrate the Lantern Festival, people usually perform a performance to reward the gods and set off fireworks outside the "walk". In order to celebrate the Lantern Festival, married men in each commune take turns to be "blessing heads" every year, responsible for burning incense, cleaning, offering sacrifices to commune gods, collecting robes and sacrificial vessels of commune gods, etc. On the Lantern Festival, they will hold the communal stove and walk around with shrines to make every household burn incense.
When celebrating the Lantern Festival, various customs are also popular all over the country. Every household in Li Community who got married and gave birth to a boy the year before must present a gift to God or light 1 pairs of giant candles during the Lantern Festival snack, which is called "happiness candle". This is a special custom. The women who got married the year before dressed up at the Lantern Festival snacks and sat in front of the temples in their respective Li communities to let people know the charm of the bride.
The second day of the second lunar month is the "Zhonghe Festival". This day is commonly known as "the first tooth". Families offer sacrifices to God and ancestors. Merchants prepare banquets and invite shop assistants to be the "first teeth". In rural communities, if there is no Lantern Festival in the first month due to heavy rain and other reasons, it will be reissued on this day, commonly known as "February 2".
Xianyou countryside called "February 2nd" as "Fu Tou".
Besides, there are some common ones: Spring Festival is an ancient festival in China, and it is also the most important festival in a year. How to celebrate this festival has formed some relatively fixed customs and habits in thousands of years of historical development, many of which are still handed down today.
sweep the dust
"On the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month, dust sweeps the house". According to Lv Chunqiu, China had the custom of sweeping dust during the Spring Festival in the Yao and Shun era. According to the folk saying: Because of the homonym of "dust" and "Chen", sweeping dust in the Spring Festival means "getting rid of the old and not being new", and its original intention is to sweep away all bad luck and bad luck. This custom has placed people's desire to break the old and create new ones and their prayers to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. Whenever the Spring Festival comes, every household should clean the environment, clean all kinds of electrical appliances, remove and wash bedding curtains, sweep six yards, dust cobwebs and dredge culverts in open channels. Everywhere is filled with the joyful atmosphere of cleaning and welcoming the Spring Festival cleanly.
paste up Spring Festival couplets
Spring Festival couplets are also called door couplets, spring stickers, couplets, couplets and peach symbols. They depict the background of the times and express good wishes with neat, dual, concise and delicate words, which are unique literary forms in China. Every Spring Festival, no matter in urban or rural areas, every household should choose a pair of red Spring Festival couplets and stick them on the door to add festive atmosphere to the festival. This custom began in the Song Dynasty and was popular in the Ming Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the ideological and artistic quality of Spring Festival couplets had been greatly improved. Liang Zhangju's monograph Poetry of Spring Festival couplets discusses the origin of couplets and the characteristics of various works.
There are many kinds of Spring Festival couplets, which can be divided into door heart, frame pair, cross string, spring strip and bucket square according to the place of use. The "door core" is attached to the center of the upper end of the door panel; The "door frame pair" is attached to the left and right door frames; "Cross-dressing" is posted on the crossbar of the door; "Spring strips" are posted in corresponding places according to different contents; "Dou Jin", also known as "door leaf", is a square diamond, often attached to furniture and screen walls.
Stick the window grilles and the word "fu" upside down.
In the folk, people also like to stick various paper-cuts on the windows-window grilles. Window grilles not only set off the festive atmosphere, but also integrate decoration, appreciation and practicality. Paper-cutting is a very popular folk art in China, which has been loved by people for thousands of years. Because it is often pasted on the window, it is also called "window grilles". With its unique generalization and exaggeration, window grilles show auspicious things and good wishes incisively and vividly, and decorate festivals with colorful colors.
While putting up Spring Festival couplets, some people have to put large and small "Fu" characters on doors, walls and lintels. Sticking the word "Fu" during the Spring Festival is a long-standing folk custom in China. The word "Fu" symbolizes good luck and wishes for a happy life and a bright future. In order to fully reflect this yearning and wish, some people simply put the word "Fu" upside down, indicating that "Fu has arrived" and "Fu has arrived". Others elaborate the word "Fu" into various patterns, such as longevity, longevity peach, carp yue longmen, abundant grains, dragons and phoenixes, and so on.
New Year picture
Hanging New Year pictures during the Spring Festival is also very common in urban and rural areas. Thick black and colorful New Year pictures add a lot of prosperity and festive atmosphere to thousands of families. New Year pictures are an ancient folk art in China, which reflects people's simple customs and beliefs and places their hopes on the future. New Year pictures, like Spring Festival couplets, originated from "door gods". With the rise of block printing, the content of New Year pictures is not limited to monotonous themes such as door gods, but has become rich and colorful. Some New Year pictures workshops have produced classic color New Year pictures, such as Fu Lushou's Samsung, God bless the people, abundant crops, prosperous livestock and welcoming the New Year, to meet people's good wishes of celebrating and praying for the New Year. There are three important producing areas of Chinese New Year pictures: Taohuawu in Suzhou, Yangliuqing in Tianjin and Weifang in Shandong; Three schools of New Year pictures have been formed, each with its own characteristics.
The earliest existing collection of New Year pictures in China is the woodcut New Year pictures of the Southern Song Dynasty, which depict four ancient beauties: Wang Zhaojun, Zhao, Ban Ji and Lvzhu. The most popular folk painting is the Year of Marrying the Rat. It depicts an interesting scene in which a mouse marries a bride according to human custom. In the early years of the Republic of China, Zheng of Shanghai combined the monthly calendar with the New Year pictures. This is a new form of New Year pictures. This new year's picture, which was combined into one, later developed into a calendar and has been popular all over the country.
stay up late or all night on New Year's Eve
Keeping the Lunar New Year's Eve is one of the most important activities, and the custom of keeping the Lunar New Year's Eve has a long history. The earliest record can be found in the Local Records of the Western Jin Dynasty: on New Year's Eve, all parties give gifts to each other, which is called "the year of giving back"; Wine and food are invited, which is called "not old"; Young and old get together to drink and wish a complete song called "age division"; Everyone stays up all night, waiting for dawn. This is the so-called "shou sui".
On New Year's Eve, the whole family get together, eat New Year's Eve, light candles or oil lamps, sit around the stove and chat, wait for the time to bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year, and keep vigil all night, which symbolizes driving away all evil diseases and epidemics and expecting good luck in the new year. This custom gradually became popular. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, wrote a poem "Shou Sui": "Cold words and winter snow, warm with spring breeze". To this day, people are used to celebrating the New Year's Eve.
In ancient times, observing the age has two meanings: the old man's observing the age means "resigning from the old", which means cherishing time; Young people keep their age in order to prolong the life of their parents. Since the Han Dynasty, the time for the alternation of the old and new years is generally at midnight.
firecracker
There is a folk saying in China that "open the door and set off firecrackers". That is, when the new year comes, the first thing for every household to open the door is to set off firecrackers to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. Firecracker is a specialty of China, also known as "Firecracker", "Firecracker" and "Firecracker". Its origin is very early, and it has a history of more than two thousand years. Setting off firecrackers can create a festive and lively atmosphere, which is a kind of entertainment in festivals and can bring happiness and good luck to people. With the passage of time, firecrackers are more and more widely used, and there are more and more varieties and colors. Every major festival and happy celebration, as well as marriage, building, opening, etc. We should set off firecrackers to celebrate and make good luck. At present, Liuyang, Hunan, Foshan and Dongyao, Yichun and Pingxiang, Jiangxi, Wenzhou, Zhejiang and other regions are famous fireworks towns in China. The firecrackers produced have many colors and high quality, which are not only sold well all over the country, but also exported to all parts of the world.
Pay new year's call
On the first day of the new year, people get up early, put on the most beautiful clothes, dress neatly, go out to visit relatives and friends, and wish each other good luck in the coming year. There are many ways to pay New Year's greetings, some of which are led by the same patriarch from door to door. Some colleagues invited several people to pay New Year greetings; Others get together to congratulate each other. This is called "group worship". Because it takes time and effort to pay New Year greetings at home, some elites and scholars later congratulated each other with stickers, thus developing the later "New Year cards".
When paying New Year greetings during the Spring Festival, the younger generation should first pay New Year greetings to their elders and wish them health and longevity. The elders can distribute the lucky money prepared in advance to the younger generation. It is said that lucky money can kill evil spirits, because "old" and "special" are homophonic, and the younger generation can spend a year safely with lucky money. There are two kinds of lucky money, one is to put colored rope in the shape of Jackie Chan at the foot of the bed, which was recorded in Yanjing year; The other is the most common, that is, parents wrap the money distributed to their children in red paper. Lucky money can be given in public after the younger generation pays New Year's greetings, or it can be secretly put under the child's pillow by parents when the child falls asleep on New Year's Eve. It is still very popular for elders to give lucky money to younger generations.
Eating custom in Spring Festival
In ancient agricultural society, housewives began to prepare food for the New Year from the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. Because curing bacon takes a long time, it must be prepared as soon as possible. Many provinces in China have the custom of curing bacon, among which Guangdong is the most famous.
Steamed rice cake, because of its homophonic "high year" and diverse tastes, has almost become a must-have food for every household. The styles of rice cakes are square yellow and white rice cakes, which symbolize gold and silver and express the meaning of making a fortune in the New Year.
The taste of rice cakes varies from place to place. Beijingers like to eat jujube rice cakes, 100-fruit rice cakes and white rice cakes made of glutinous rice or yellow rice. Hebei people like to add jujube, red beans and mung beans to rice cakes and steam them together. In northern Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other places, it is customary to eat yellow wheat fried rice cakes during the New Year, and some people will also stuff them with bean paste and jujube paste, while Shandong people steam rice cakes with yellow rice and red dates. The rice cakes in the north are mainly sweet, steamed or fried, and some people simply eat them with sugar. There are sweet and salty rice cakes in the south, such as those in Suzhou and Ningbo, which are made of japonica rice and have a light taste. In addition to steaming and frying, you can also slice and fry or cook soup. Sweet rice cake is made of glutinous rice flour with sugar, lard, rose, osmanthus, mint, vegetable paste and other ingredients. They are fine in workmanship and can be steamed directly or fried with egg white.
The night before the real Chinese New Year is called Reunion Night. A wanderer who has left his hometown has to go home from thousands of miles away. During the Spring Festival, the whole family will sit around and wrap jiaozi. Jiaozi's practice is to use flour to make dumpling wrappers first, and then use leather bags to fill them. The contents of stuffing are varied, and all kinds of meat, eggs, seafood and seasonal vegetables can be stuffed. The orthodox practice in jiaozi is to cook it with clear water, remove it and mix it with vinegar, minced garlic and vegetables. There are also methods of frying jiaozi and baking jiaozi (fried dumpling). Because the word "he" in dough mixing means "he"; Jiaozi's "jiao" and "glue" are homophonic, and "harmony" and "glue" have the meaning of reunion, so jiaozi is used to symbolize the reunion of acacia; It is very auspicious to make friends with older people; In addition, jiaozi, which is shaped like an ingot, has the auspicious meaning of "making a fortune" when eating jiaozi in the New Year. The whole family get together to make a package for jiaozi, so it's fun to celebrate the Spring Festival.