Dourgen
Defeat is greater than victory, and it is greater than merit. At the moment of political upheaval in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, they repeatedly hyped in various political forces and became a "new star" on the political stage.
First of all, the Ming government attached great importance to Wu Sangui. At the beginning of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), after a long battle with the rebels in Li Zicheng, the main force of the Ming army was completely annihilated. Li Zicheng uprising strategist out of Xi' an, north crossing the Yellow River, even Linfen, Taiyuan, Calm, Fu Xuan, Datong, targeting Peiping. Facing the fate of extinction, the Ming Dynasty bet on Wu Sangui, who was armed to the teeth outside the customs. Many courtiers, such as, Wu, etc. , has been at large, demanding the withdrawal of Ningyuan's division to defend the capital. Emperor Chongzhen summoned Wu Sangui's father, Wu Xiang, for the first time in February to ask about Wu Sangui's army, and promoted Wu Xiang as the commander-in-chief of the Chinese military government. Then, on March 5th, Wu Sangui was added as Ping Xibo, and Fei Cong urgently transferred him to Weijingshi. For a time, public opinion in the ruling and opposition parties almost unanimously regarded Wu Sangui as the only savior to save the Ming Dynasty.
Before Wu Sangui received the imperial edict to withdraw Ningyuan, Ningyuan was already an isolated city surrounded by the Qing army, because it lost three cities: Housuo, Qiantunwei and Zhongqiansuo. In order to save his own life, Wu Sangui has given up Ningyuan. Therefore, after the evacuation notice was issued in Beijing, only ten days later, Wu Sangui evacuated 500,000 soldiers to Shanhaiguan. Then, he led his troops from Shanhaiguan to Beijing and arrived in Yongping on the 20th. However, before Wu Sangui led his troops to Beijing, the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by Li Zicheng rebels on March 19. The demise of the Ming Dynasty made Wu Sangui lose confidence. In order to find a new owner, Wu Sangui speculated among various political forces for more than a month.
Yongping and Beijing are hundreds of miles apart. When Wu Sangui arrived in Jizhou on March 23rd, he learned that Li Zicheng had gone to Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. Facing the military and political situation of disparity between the enemy and ourselves, in order to maintain its privileged position, Wu Sangui initially decided to surrender to Li Zicheng. Just then, Li Zicheng sent soldiers Li Jia and Chen Yi to Wu Sangui's army. Wu Sangui's "determination to surrender Li" is not a change of position, but a speculative move under the disparity between the enemy and ourselves. He hopes that his surrender can at least guarantee the existing privileges and the safety of his small property in Beijing. Maybe he has the fantasy of becoming a hero of the new dynasty. However, Wu Sangui's fantasy was shattered by the revolutionary measures after the peasant army entered Beijing. Shortly after Wu Sangui decided to surrender to Li Zicheng and sent envoys to Beijing, from March 25th, Liu Zongmin and Lee Guo, a peasant army, began to torture and hunt down captured Ming officials in Beijing, including Wu Sangui's father Wu Xiang. Wu Xiang also privately wrote a letter to Wu Sangui, asking him to "come and save his father". Two or three days later, these messages arrived with Wu Xiang's private message in Wu Sangui's army which was marching westward. This was a blow to Wu Sangui's Mei Jiang campaign. Dramatically, just when Wu Sangui learned that his father was handcuffed, or earlier, Li Zicheng also noticed the importance of Wu Sangui's consolidation of political power, instructed Liu Zongmin to release Wu Xiang, and ordered him to write a letter to surrender Wu Sangui.
At the same time, Wang Zeyao, Zhang Ruoqi and Zuo Maotai were sent to carry Wu Xiang's calligraphy and a large number of silver coins.
Yuanyuan Chen
Wu Sangui's army should be further persuaded to surrender. In terms of time, this group of people arrived in Wu Sangui only one or two days later than Wu Xiang's private letter to Wu Sangui, but the contents of the two letters were diametrically opposite, which made Wu Sangui think that Li Zicheng's surrender was just a scam, and he wanted to lure himself into Beijing and be eliminated again. So he immediately stopped westward and led his troops back to Shanhaiguan. In his reply to his father Wu Xiang, he expressed his break with Li Zicheng. The rebellion in Wu Sangui was caused by the exile of Chen Yuanyuan. Many historical records in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties recorded that Chen Yuanyuan was occupied by Liu Zongmin, an important general of Li Zicheng, during the Shen Jiazhi Rebellion. When Wu Sangui learned about this, he betrayed Li Jiangqing in a rage.
Shortly after Wu Sangui sent an emissary for help, on April 13th, Li Zicheng led sixty thousand troops into the customs. At this time, Li Zicheng was carried away by a series of victories since the beginning of the year and underestimated the seriousness of military confrontation at that time. In his view, not only his military strength far exceeds that of Wu Sangui, but even Wu Sangui's father Wu Xiang and his family are under his control. Wu Sangui did not surrender on the way eastward, but it will be easily destroyed in the war. He didn't even think about the realistic possibility that Wu Sangui colluded with the Qing soldiers to enter the customs. So when the army set out, he also took two sons of Emperor Chongzhen and Wu Xiang, taking Wu Sangui's political surrender as the main purpose of this trip. Li Zicheng's thought of underestimating the enemy and his fantasy of political settlement were just used by Wu Sangui. He learned that Li Zicheng personally led the army eastward, so he sent Shanhaiguan gentry, Confucian scholar Li Yousong, Tan, Liu Tailin, Liu Taishan, An, and other six people to meet Li Zicheng's army in Sanhe County, not far from JD.COM, and surrendered to delay the time and wait for the Qing soldiers. After the messenger sent to the Qing army for help returned to Shanhaiguan with Dourgen's reply, Wu Sangui immediately wrote to Dourgen, asking him to "speed up the Tiger Brigade and go straight into the mountains and seas". Li Zicheng didn't discover Wu Sangui's real intention of false surrender until he went to the customs and Wu Sangui sent representatives to contact him to surrender and escape, but it delayed the favorable opportunity for light soldiers to quickly enter the customs and seize the customs. However, after receiving Wu Sangui's second letter for help, Dourgen, after a day-and-night forced March, arrived 15 miles away from the city gate on the 21st. At this point, Wu Jun has been fighting with the peasant army in Shihe for a day. Li Zicheng failed to capture Shanhaiguan before the arrival of the Qing army, putting himself in a passive position. The arrival of the Qing army made the Qing and Wu allied forces surpass in number.
On April 2 1 day, the Qing army arrived near the gate that night and began to engage in tense warheads.
Battle of Shanhaiguan
Department, "the sound of moving in the middle of the night is everywhere." The commander-in-chief of the Qing army, Dourgen, took advantage of the critical situation in Wu Sangui to force Wu Sangui to abandon the policy of attacking Li and completely surrender to the Qing Dynasty. To this end, the Qing army entered the next day and was forced to close the door for five miles. "That is, the soldiers are not allowed to enter." Station troops and rejoice in the ridge, hold high the banner and wait. At this time, due to the powerful offensive launched by the peasant army recently, Shanhaiguan was in danger, and there were signs of disintegration inside Wu Jun. At this extremely urgent moment, Wu Sangui learned the news of the arrival of the Qing army and immediately "sent an envoy to ask, but the nine kings still did not believe, and the inviter repeatedly asked, but the nine kings began to believe, but it was not enough." Wu Sangui sent messengers to invite him for the first time, but Dourgen refused to go forward, of course, because he didn't know the real meaning of Wu Sangui and the actual situation in the city, which was a kind of military caution. However, after the "inviter repeatedly asked", that is, after knowing the above situation, it is obviously an opportunity to force Wu Sangui to make greater concessions. Sure enough, at the critical moment of life and death, after "eight round trips" by Qing and Wu, Wu Sangui made new concessions to the Qing army, went straight to the camp of the Qing army to meet Dourgen, shaved his hair, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and ceded a large territory north of the Yellow River, including Beijing. At the same time, Wu Sangui also proposed "no harm to the people, no violation of the Mausoleum, visiting the East Palace and the location of the two kings, and establishing Nanjing" as a condition for allowing the Qing soldiers to enter the customs, which was agreed by the Qing army coach Dourgen. In this way, on the one hand, Wu Sangui was cleared by politics, on the other hand, the Qing Dynasty allowed him to establish the last prince of the Ming Dynasty. Although the two aspects of this agreement are directly contradictory, it is a new breakthrough of the Qing-Wu alliance and plays an important role in ensuring the failure of the peasant army in Li Zicheng.
Lead troops south
After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, various political forces were in sharp contrast.
Wu Sangui [3]
Changes, the Qing government implemented the policy of bribing senior officials, and bureaucrats who died in the Ming Dynasty surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. Wu Sangui also gave up the idea of establishing ming prince. As the representative of the landlord class of Han nationality, there is still a considerable distance between Wu Sangui and the Qing government. First of all, Wu Sangui's beggars attacked Li under the banner of "revenge for his father".
At the beginning of the Qing soldiers' entry into the customs, this banner was once allowed by the Qing rulers because it was beneficial for the Qing government to unite with the Han landlord class to suppress the rebels in Li Zicheng. But in the long run, this banner contradicts the general goal of the Qing government to replace the Ming Dynasty and establish national rule. Secondly, Wu Sangui maintained a certain relationship with the remnants of the Ming Dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty. He even said, "I can't bear to add another arrow." . Third, unlike other relegated officials, Wu Sangui also has an army under its own independent command.
Therefore, at the beginning of entering the customs, the Qing government showed its favor and suspicion, and did not grant it the right to do things. In addition to strictly guarding him politically and militarily, he just used his hatred for the rebels in Li Zicheng to lead troops against Li.
In June of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Wu Sangui left Shandong to pacify the rest of Li Zicheng, and in September, he went west to Li Zicheng from King Azige of England.
In August of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), after the main force of Li Zicheng was basically eliminated, the Qing government transferred it back from the front line and "left Jinzhou". Wu Sangui was well aware of this arrangement of the Qing government. From then on, he never mentioned "revenge for his father" again, but turned the tables and called Emperor Chongzhen "the old master" and repeatedly declared that he was "loyal to the new dynasty".
In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), the Qing government transferred Wu Sangui to the customs, and together with the Eight Banners general Li Guohan, took Hanzhong Town and wiped out the remaining anti-Qing rebels in the northwest. During this period, in order to show his loyalty to the "new dynasty", Wu Sangui not only brutally suppressed the remnants of the peasant army, but also spared no effort to exterminate some descendants of Zhu Ming who rose up against the Qing Dynasty. The change of Wu Sangui's thoughts and actions made the central government of the Qing Dynasty rely more on him, and the remnants of the anti-Qing rebels in the northwest were eliminated.
In the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), the Qing government ordered Sangui and Li Guohan to lead troops into Sichuan to attack the rest of Zhang Yijun. In the past few years, Chongqing, Chengdu and two other important towns in Sichuan have been pacified.
In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), he became the general of Pingxi, went south to Yunnan and Guizhou, and attacked the last regime in Nanming-Li Yong regime in Guangxi.
Guardian cloud cabinet
In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Wu Sangui captured Yunnan.
Kangxi emperor
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), he left Myanmar and captured Wang Gui. For more than ten years, Wu Sangui led his troops from northwest to southwest, making a special contribution to the Qing Dynasty's rule of the whole country. Therefore, the Qing dynasty changed the original control over his use to free use. Not only after Li Guohan's death, he was put in charge of all aspects, but also in all military activities, "fake and cheap, no longer neutral, employers, officials and soldiers must not be bound, and money and households must not be late." At the same time, in his position, he was promoted again and again. After the capture of Yunnan in the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), he was ordered to set up a government to guard Yunnan and take charge of the military and political affairs.
In November of the first year of Kangxi (1662), he captured and beheaded the prince of Gui, became the prince of Jinjue, and also ruled Guizhou. His son Wu also chose the Shang princess known as "Heshuo forehead", and added Shao Bao and Prince Taibao.
When Wu Sangui established a government in Yunnan and its power and momentum reached its peak, the contradiction between him and the central government of the Qing Dynasty began to intensify. After Yungui was pacified, he dreamed of "turning Yunnan into a major city in the world" and deliberately turned Yunnan into his own separatist territory.
The Qing Dynasty was open to these activities in Wu Sangui. So at the beginning of Yunnan-Guizhou pacification, we began to reduce Wu Sangui's power.
In the second year of Kangxi (1663), the seal of General Pingxi was confiscated on the grounds that Yunnan-Guizhou military operations had stopped. Then, he "cut off the right of employing people to make up titles and moved out of the department."
In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), he took advantage of his few words to take charge of the affairs of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and ordered the governors of the two provinces to obey the central authorities. At the same time, he was deprived of judicial privileges. "Those who fled from Pingxi Francisco are all tried by this headquarters, and Zhang Jing is not allowed to interfere." Wu Sangui retaliated by "making trouble with Miao, borrowing things to fight" and expanded his army to claim it back. The contradiction between Wu Sangui and the Qing government was more acute.
Arise against the Qing dynasty
The twelfth year of Kangxi (1673).
The situation of the San Francisco rebellion
Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, who was guarding Guangdong, invited him back to the old Liaodong. Emperor Kangxi took advantage of the situation and made a decision to move the capital to Francisco. Then, Geng Zhongjing, the king of Jingnan who was guarding Fujian, was asked to withdraw his vassal. Under the pressure of the situation, Wu Sangui also hypocritically wrote to the court, requesting to withdraw the bannermen, in fact, hoping that the court would comfort him. Emperor Kangxi knew Wu Sangui's real intention very well. Wu Sangui and the imperial court, in his view, have long opposed it. "Withdrawing is also an objection, and not withdrawing is also an objection. If you don't start today, you can still do it. " Therefore, he resolutely decided to allow him to withdraw from the vassal, and also sent a special envoy to Yunnan to resolutely manage the withdrawal of the vassal. In November, Wu Sangui killed Zhu Guozhi, the governor of Yunnan, claiming that people all over the world were calling on the military marshal, and put forward the idea of "prospering the Ming Dynasty and taking Lu" and rose up.
Because Wu Sangui's autocratic rule in central Yunnan lasted for fourteen years, at the beginning of the rebellion, Wu Jun took advantage of the Swiss connection to govern Guizhou, Hunan, Hengzhou and other places. The henchmen of Fujian Jingnan, Guangdong Pingnan and Wu Sangui in various places, such as Zheng Jiaolin, Tan Hong and Wu Zhimao in Sichuan, Rosen and Sun Yanling in Guangxi, Wang in Shaanxi and Cai Lu in Hebei, have also raised the banner of rebellion and responded in succession. For a time, the situation was very favorable for Wu Sangui. In his view, the combat effectiveness of his army is far better than the Eight Banners, and raising the anti-Manchu banner can win the support of the vast number of Han intellectuals. As far as command ability is concerned, the young Emperor Kangxi is no match for himself. He thought he was a shoo-in, but the actual situation was just the opposite of Wu Sangui's wish. First, although Wu Sangui is powerful, it has no strategic vision. After his departure, he did not "sprint across the river to the north", but tried to promote political success with military victory; Instead of "going down to Jinling, crossing the Yangtze River and breaking the north-south passage" or "going out to Bashu, taking Hanzhong and setting up a solid rear", we divided our troops into Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei to compete for some towns with low strategic value one by one. Delayed the fighter plane and gave the Qing government time to calmly arrange a counterattack. Secondly, since the Qing army entered the customs for 30 years, ethnic contradictions have long been reduced to secondary contradictions. Wu Sangui's call for anti-Manchu phase is nothing more than carving a boat for a sword, divorced from reality. Moreover, Wu Sangui's self-expression since the Qing Dynasty is too full. At the moment when ethnic contradictions were most acute and ethnic struggles were fiercest, he vowed to "be loyal to the new dynasty" and do his best to suppress anti-Qing rebels everywhere. Once upon a time, he wanted to "raise Daming's cultural relics together." Wu Sangui's self-expression shows that he is a cynical, duplicitous, capricious and ambitious man, and some honest intellectuals of the Han nationality even scoff at him and are ashamed to associate with him. Therefore, Wu Sangui's call for "anti-Qing and regaining sight" did not have any important influence among the majority of Han intellectuals. Although he represents the interests of the Han nationality, most Han intellectuals still see through his true colors.
On the contrary, according to Wu Sangui's estimation, Emperor Kangxi was young, but his political talent was outstanding. (early) morning
Geng Zhongjing
At the beginning of withdrawing from the vassal state, he was ready for the possible consequences of withdrawing from the vassal state, so after learning the news of Wu Sangui's rebellion, he kept calm and handled it properly. First, he stopped withdrawing from Pingnan and Jingnan San Francisco, isolated Wu Sangui politically, and then executed Wu, the son of Wu Sangui, and his companions in the capital, to combat Wu Sangui's arrogance and consolidate the rear. At the same time, in order to divide and disintegrate Wu Sangui's subordinates, Emperor Kangxi also announced that the relatives of Wu Sangui's subordinates who worked in various provinces were not involved in each other. Militarily, Emperor Kangxi also made careful arrangements. He appointed Wang Leerjin of Shuncheng County as the general of Ningnan Jingkou, led the troops to pacify Wu Sangui, and sent capable generals Shuo Dai, he ye, Mahada and Ke Kun to Jingzhou, Yanzhou, Taiyuan and Sichuan. Although at the beginning of the army, the Qing army was defeated. However, because of their political counter-insurgency, economic independence, and short-term reversal of military defeat, Wu Jun, which was attacking frontally, could not cross the Yangtze River, and the two sides were temporarily deadlocked on the battlefield.
The 15th year of Kangxi (1676) was an important turning point in the military situation of both sides. Because of the three-year war, Wu Sangui felt a serious shortage of troops and financial resources, and Wu's confidants in various places also left Germany in succession, each with his own plans. On the contrary, the Qing government, backed by the national military and financial resources, fought back in several ways, forcing Wu Jun to be on the defensive. On the Hu-Guang front, the general of the Qing army, An Wang Qin Yue Yueshi, went out of Huxiang and Lianke Pingxiang, aiming at Hengzhou. In the northwest battlefield, everything has been successful since Tu Hai was appointed commander-in-chief at the beginning of the year. In June, the poor king was forced to surrender On the eastern front, Taizikang also led his troops from Zhejiang to Fujian, and even became an important town. 10, Geng was forced to surrender and the Qing army entered Fuzhou. Affected by this, Sun Yanling, who was entrenched in the Guangxi Department, and Shang Zhixin, who was entrenched in the Guangdong Department, also expressed their desire to resist Wu Jiangqing. 1February, Sun Yanling was killed because of something, and Shang Zhixin sent messengers to the army of the Prince of Jane in Jiangxi to surrender.
Hengzhou proclaimed himself emperor
The 13th year of Kangxi (1674) was the first year of "King of Zhou", and it was united with Wang Geng of Jingnan, Fujian.
Customs clearance documents in the first year of Zhaowu
Shang Zhixin, the son of Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, Guangdong, launched an uprising with anti-Qing forces from all over the country.
On the fifth day of November in the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), Wu Sangui led the troops to Hengyang via Tanzhou, and took the Hengzhou Magistrate's Office (the seat of the old Hengnan District Government in Hengyang City) as the "pavilion" to take command of various military forces.
The counterattack of the Qing soldiers defeated Wu Sangui's front and sharpness. In order to boost morale, save the crisis and stabilize the morale of the army and the people, Wu Sangui built an altar on the first day of March in the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1March 23, 678) and held a coronation ceremony in front of the peak of Hengzhou Mansion (now Hengyang City), calling it the "Zhou" emperor with the title "Zhou". Back to Yanmen is "Zhengyangmen", and the main street is called "Chessboard Street". In the name of the capital, with his wife Zhang as the queen, Sun Wushi as the great-grandson of the emperor, and adding civil and military officials, they made new calendars and cast "Zhao Wu" and "Yong" coins. The Great Zhou Empire ruled Hengzhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. In August, we opened Corus, and 60 students were admitted. Built 95 palaces, symbolizing the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), at the beginning of June, Wu Sangui led Ma Bao, a general in the capital city of Hengzhou (now Hengyang), and led 50,000 troops south to attack Yongxing, a battleground for military strategists. He won two wars and made great contributions to the Qing army. In the first world war, he killed the commander in chief, Ilib, and the commander of the Guards, Huck III, and seized the camp outside the Qing River (Yongxing stood in the thunder water, which connected Hengzhou). The striker who lost the first world war led the reinforcements led by Shuo Dai, the deputy governor Tuodai and Yi. The camp was washed away, the south bank of the river fell, and the Qing army was forced to return to Guangdong, which caused a serious military blow to the Qing army and Kangxi.
In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), in the middle of June, Queen Zhang died, and Wu Sangui's spirit was frustrated.
In July of the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), Wu Sangui personally deployed a massive attack on Guangdong and Guangxi. In Hengzhou, generals Hu, Hu, Hu and Hu led hundreds of troops into Guangdong and Guangxi, and succeeded several times, especially in Guangxi, which was recovered by Wu Jun except Wuzhou. The North Vietnamese War was presided over by Wu Sangui's nephew Wu Yingqi, and the Qing army failed to cross the river several times.
die a natural death
In August of the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), Hengzhou was extremely hot and Wu Sangui was in a bad mood.
San Francisco rebellion
Anxiety is too heavy, anger is too strong, and suddenly I got the disease of "stroke choking cough", and then I got the disease of "diarrhea". The doctor treated me too much, but it didn't work. Wu Sangui instructed the confidant minister to welcome Emperor Sun Wushi Zhen to Hengzhou, and entrusted the affairs. Late at night on August 18th, Wu Sangui died in the palace of the capital Hengzhou (now Hengyang). He is 67 years old and has only been emperor for more than five months.
In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), on August 22nd, Wu Sangui's nephew, son-in-law, confidant general, Hu and Xia Guoxiang gathered in Hengzhou, elected Premier Wu's military affairs and sent Hu back to Yunnan, and welcomed him to attend the funeral in Hengzhou. When Hu arrived in Yunnan, he conveyed the opinions of the people to Guo Zhuangtu, who stayed behind, and prepared to escort him to the throne in Hengzhou (now Hengyang). Guo Zhuangtu has a daughter who married Wu Shifan. In order to protect his rights, he urged Wu Shifan to leave Yunnan and go to Hengzhou to inherit his throne. In September, a meeting of General Wu was convened and presided over to discuss future policies and plans. Its most important plan is to "abandon Yunnan and ignore it, and strive for the world in the north: one army plans Jingzhou, slightly Xiangyang, and directly takes Henan; An army went down to Wuchang, downstream and passed by Jiangbei. Don't be afraid of difficulties, don't cherish your body, Coson Ning will die, don't back down, fight to the death, gouge out the heart of the Central Plains and cut off the southeast grain transportation. Even if I can't get along, I should have it south of the Yellow River. " Although Wu was a commander-in-chief with foresight and courage, the generals wanted to protect small property in Yunnan, and this proposal was rejected without careful discussion. 1 1 month, Hu and others wrapped Wu Sangui's body in cotton and secretly transported it to Guizhou. General Ma Bao stayed in Hengzhou (now Hengyang). Wu Shifan was welcomed to Guiyang, where he became emperor. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi, in the first year of Yuan Dynasty, Wu Sangui, the grandfather, was the "Emperor Mao Gao" and Wu, the father, was the "Emperor Xiao Gong". The official system was decided by Sangui, and Guo Zhuangtu's daughter was promoted to queen.
In the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1678), on the seventh day of February, Prince Jane restored Hengshan County. In mid-May, Wu,, abandoned Hengzhou, fled to Yongzhou and Chenzhou, and entered Guizhou. In September, the Qing army regained the imperial capital Jinzhou (Hengyang), ending Hengyang's short history as an imperial capital. Taking this as an opportunity, the Qing government strengthened political rebellion and military strikes. In the 18th year of Kangxi (1679), Hunan and Guangxi were restored.
In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), he went to Sichuan and Guizhou and entered Yunnan.
In the spring of the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), the division surrounded Kunming and divided troops to recover nearby counties. 10, Kunming ran out of food, Wu Shifan committed suicide, and the others surrendered. A large-scale civil war that began in Wu Sangui and lasted for eight years was completely pacified.