On September 26th, China-Poland Peace and Friendship Exhibition was held in Taierzhuang Ancient City, Shandong Province. Cai, director of the Cultural Office of the Polish Embassy in China, Pavel Uckel, director of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial Hall in Poland, and others came to the scene and brought Warsaw 1944 plane exhibition and Nie Zhongsheng-the destruction and reconstruction of Warsaw 1939- 1955 short film exhibition.
1 939 September1day, Germany invaded Poland without declaring war. Image source: Warsaw Uprising Memorial Hall, Polanka Pavilion Museum
"Poland and China had very similar fates during World War II, and both were trampled by the Nazis. At the same time, the people of China and Poland always fought back bravely when the country rose and fell. China has Taierzhuang witnessed the historical moment of the Anti-Japanese War, and Poland has Warsaw witnessed the tragic moment of the people's uprising. " Cai mentioned the significance of this exhibition.
Seventy-three years ago, after five years of brutal German occupation, Warsaw, the capital of Poland, began its struggle for freedom and independence. The Polish people rose up against two totalitarian forces, and the city and the citizens at that time paid a huge price for it. As soon as Adolf Hitler received the news of the Warsaw Uprising, he gave an order: leave no one alive and erase the city. About 1944 Warsaw Uprising 15000 people died, more than 90% were civilians, and the city was razed to the ground.
After March 1940, the victims of the Katyn tragedy disappeared.
Paviu Uckel, director of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial Hall, also rushed to the exhibition site. "This exhibition will introduce one of the most important events in Poland in the 20th century from a macro perspective. We have learned a story about Poland from different aspects, such as Poland before the war, the international situation before World War II, the crime of genocide during Nazi Germany's occupation of Poland, the underground government phenomenon in Poland, and the Warsaw Uprising in Poland. Today, more than 70 years later, after the brutal repression and unprecedented looting of the uprising, Nie in Warsaw has gained a new life and is full of vitality. The battle of Taierzhuang is also of great significance to China. These histories prove that when chaos comes, people who are eager for freedom and independence can win the final victory through fighting. "
During the period of 1943, the international Big Three conference was held in Tehran, and the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain made decisions on the post-war world order.
The outbreak of World War II.
1,1At 4: 45 in the morning of September, 939, the Germans launched a surprise attack and quickly invaded Poland with a "blitzkrieg". In the face of the overwhelming German army, Poland's small army won several encounters, but failed to resist the German attack, and Warsaw was surrounded by the German army. /kloc-in September of 0/7, according to the treaty reached by Hitler and Stalin, Soviet troops crossed the eastern border of Poland and began to occupy the eastern part of Poland. The Polish government had to decide to evacuate government officials from Poland and go abroad. In the face of the powerful German offensive, Warsaw fell on September 28th. On the same day, the Soviet Union and Germany signed a friendly agreement in Moscow, delineating their borders along the Pisa River, the Narva River, the Bouguer River, the Viswalker River and the Sang River. At that time, the remnants of the Polish army were still fighting in some areas, and the last batch of regular troops were disarmed on June 6, 65438.
Polish civilians killed in the war.
Poland under German occupation
1In the autumn of 939, Germany occupied about 189000 square kilometers of Polish territory with a population of about 22 million. Some of them were incorporated into the Third Reich, and the rest were under the jurisdiction of the Polish Governor's Office. The invaders exercised terrible rule over the occupied areas, aiming at bringing the Poles to their knees and weakening the resistance will of the Polish people. From the beginning, the Germans carried out the relocation policy, arrested Poles for public and secret executions, and forcibly arrested Poles and sent them to Germany for hard labor. The horrible labor camps have become the main tools of terrorist rule, genocide policy and human cruelty. Another tool of the Holocaust is the network of prisons and torture institutions managed by the Gestapo, the German secret police.
Polish commandos began training in Britain in 194 1.
The Polish government has been carrying out underground activities. During the exile in London, the President, the government and the commander-in-chief of the Polish army formed a legitimate central authority and played a leading role. In China, the Deputy Prime Minister, as the representative of the government, exercises supreme power and is responsible for the operation of underground government agencies in China. The Polish underground government not only organized armed resistance against the Germans, but also cared about the Polish people, supported the implementation of the secret education plan, and carried out activities such as intelligence, culture and news propaganda. The underground judicial system is effective. Representatives of major political parties and organizations form an advisory body to perform the functions of the special parliament. The underground government of Poland has an army, as a continuation of the regular armed forces of the Republic of Poland, which has never stopped fighting since 1 September, 9391day. This army was originally called "Polish Victory Army", later called "Armed Fighting Alliance" and finally renamed "Polish Salvation Army". This underground army is well-trained, insisting on armed fighting with sabotage and guerrilla warfare, collecting intelligence and preparing for the domestic armed uprising.
From 65438 to 0943, the war entered a new stage. Allied forces launched an attack in Italy, the Soviet Red Army began to March on Berlin, and the situation in Poland also changed greatly. The news that the allied forces landed in Normandy 1944 on June 6, the Soviet Red Army marched into the Vistula River, and the attempted assassination of Hitler on July 20 kept coming, which made the resistance atmosphere in Warsaw even higher. The Germans began to withdraw their government agencies and troops from Warsaw. In view of the above situation, the commander of the Polish National Salvation Army and government representatives jointly decided to launch an uprising to liberate Warsaw before the arrival of the Soviet Union, thus taking over Warsaw and becoming the only liberator.
Warsaw has become a mass grave.
W moment
At 5pm on Tuesday, August 1944, the uprising codenamed "Time W" began. Only 25,000 Polish National Salvation Army took part in the uprising, because all the insurgents failed to reach the designated meeting place. Rebel soldiers are poorly equipped. Only one-tenth of them have weapons, and most of them are molotov cocktails or homemade grenades. They have to face 20 thousand well-trained and heavily armed German guards stationed in various fortresses in the city. Polish troops had no tactical advantage when attacking the main targets in the initial encounter, but they still occupied most of the old city and most of the central city, including the Baldwin Building, the tallest building in Warsaw at that time, which was as high as 16 floors. However, the Germans still resisted at several strongholds and continued to control the city.
After the armed uprising, Warsaw was divided into several isolated areas, and the sewer system became the only possible communication channel between various areas of the city, and also the channel for transporting ammunition, food and the evacuation of armed forces. The biggest problem of the uprising troops is the lack of anti-tank weapons. British anti-tank guns are very suitable for combat, but the number is far from enough.
On the farms of the Third Reich, employees were forced to work in Poland, where their wives were separated.
Although the insurgents occupied nearly three quarters of Warsaw a few days before the uprising, the Germans still controlled Warsaw. They continue to control most strategic places: bridges, railway stations, airports, some administrative buildings and military camps. They attacked the freedom fighters with planes, tanks and armored vehicles. During the whole Warsaw Uprising, the insurgents fought against the German army about 190. Despite the iron determination of the Polish defenders, the enemy systematically destroyed the resistance strongholds one by one. In September, the insurgents concentrated on defending the strategic fortress along the Vistula River, hoping that the Soviet troops would land on the right bank of the river smoothly. After two months of bloody fighting, only the military forces in the city center are still fighting. Finally, the insurgents surrendered on June 2 1944 and stopped all armed actions in Warsaw.
Leave no survivors.
On the eve of Warsaw Uprising.
When Hitler got the news of the Warsaw Uprising, he issued an order: "No prisoners. Warsaw must be razed to the ground and set an example for all Europe. " The Germans strictly carried out this order from the beginning of the uprising and slaughtered soldiers and ordinary citizens of the Polish National Salvation Army throughout the city. The Germans regarded the uprising troops as bandits, refused to treat prisoners of war in accordance with the Geneva Conventions, raped and plundered everywhere in the captured land, and all women, children, the elderly, the sick and the disabled were spared. Even hospitals marked with the Red Cross were bombed and medical staff were executed on the spot. The atrocities in Wola district are appalling, and 40,000 men, women and children were dragged out of their homes by the Germans and slaughtered.
As the fighting continued, people's initial enthusiasm and excitement gradually turned into doubt and pain. This mainly lies in providing food and water to hundreds of thousands of residents, and taking care of refugees, homeless people and a large number of people fleeing from the German-occupied areas. Living under threat for a long time has strengthened people's beliefs. Every day, a large number of people gather in surviving churches and small churches in basements and courtyards to pray. By the end of August, the situation was even more severe, and famine began to appear in Warsaw. People hunt dogs, cats and pigeons everywhere. The streets are empty, and people can only live in basements and shelters. Warsaw is a mess? V city.
Every August 1 day, the people of Warsaw gather in front of the Warsaw Uprising Martyrs Cemetery to pay homage.
The Germans brutally drove all the residents out of Warsaw, and then looted the city, leaving it in ruins. Even before the uprising failed, the Germans had begun to expel residents from the areas they occupied. After the fall of Warsaw, the Germans began to expel Warsaw residents in an organized way, and hospitals, orphanages and nursing homes were all cleared out. A long queue of refugees, carrying luggage, went to the railway station under the supervision of the German army, waiting to be transported to the transit station, and then went to a new destination after selection. The migration of the entire Warsaw population is unprecedented in Europe. In fact, the capital of a big European country ceased to exist in just a few months. After emptying Warsaw of its residents, German special operations forces began to plunder the city and then razed it to the ground.
Paviu Uckel, director of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Poland, said: "The Warsaw Uprising is one of the most important events in Polish history in the 20th century, and it is also one of the most heroic events. The purpose of the uprising was to liberate the capital by the Polish army and welcome the Soviet troops into the city as the host. This is the last attempt to save Poland from slavery. The Warsaw Uprising was not only a heroic armed struggle lasting 63 days, but also of great significance. In just two months, a free and democratic Polish independent government has effectively operated within a few square kilometers of Fiona Fang. "