At that time, the GDP of the Song Dynasty accounted for 50% of the world, and capitalism had sprouted!

The peak of China's feudal dynasty was the Song Dynasty, not the Tang Dynasty. Song Dynasty is the dynasty with the most prosperous economy, the most advanced science and technology, the most prosperous culture, the deepest art and the richest people's living standard in the history of China. Song Dynasty was the most brilliant dynasty in China, and it was also the country with the most inventions in the world at that time. The Song Dynasty was also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in China's history appeared in the Song Dynasty. At that time, three of China's so-called four great inventions were invented or began to be applied on a large scale, including gunpowder, compass, printing, paper money, vertical textile and important reforms in porcelain-making technology. In the Song Dynasty, navigation, shipbuilding, medicine, technology and agricultural technology all reached unprecedented and unparalleled heights in ancient times. The Song Dynasty also developed a new science, technical science. These brilliant achievements are directly related to the overall civilization of the Song Dynasty. The GDP of Song Dynasty accounts for 50% of the world. The comprehensive strength of a country, both in quality and quantity, was the largest in the world in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty has reached the peak of the feudal dynasty, and the seeds of capitalism have emerged.

I. [Economy and Commerce in Song Dynasty]

Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that didn't implement the policy of "restraining business" for a long time. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been managing pits and organizing the development of tea salt. As a result, a large number of farmers liberated from the land invested in commercial handicrafts, and the private economy was stimulated and developed by leaps and bounds. Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Boxin called on people to "accumulate more money, live in a city house to bequeath their children and grandchildren, and sing and dance until the end of their lives". Song Taizong also wrote a letter "Let the two systems know how to discuss politics and prosperity", so that officials can learn how to manage money and seek wealth. Song Shenzong, on the other hand, believed in "managing money first" and promulgated the imperial edict of "managing money first". These policy orientations led to the vigorous development of the commercial tide, the rapid development of commerce and the rapid development of banking, which prompted the earliest paper money and banks in the world history to appear for the first time in the Song Dynasty. Banks can make loans and pay in different places. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, firearms factories, paper mills, printing plants, weaving factories, official kilns and so on. Workers in this factory are paid on time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were seven or eight thousand craftsmen in the Military Equipment Institute. There are more than 1200 apprentices in the branch of the association. Jin Ling College has more than 400 weavers. In addition to public factories, some private factories have also appeared and flourished in large numbers. Due to the unprecedented economic prosperity, the number of coins minted in Song Dynasty was very large, such as 5.06 million coins minted in Song Shenzong. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan minted 320,000 coins.

The forms and types of money in Song Dynasty were too rich. Copper coins and silver ingots were the standard currencies in the Song Dynasty. Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some of them contained alloy components. Besides, there are some silver coins. The coins of the Song Dynasty were the highest and best coins in the ancient history of China in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The exquisite calligraphy engraved on the coins of the Song Dynasty was mostly written by famous artists and emperors, and the seals were covered with grass, ancient seals and thin gold seals. All kinds of exquisite coins make people fondle them, and the art of coins in Song Dynasty is the highest. At that time, Song Qian was the favorite and strongest currency of neighboring countries. Song's money became a treasure of the national treasury. Although there are imitations of Song coins in Liao countries, Jin countries and other countries, Song coins are the most widely circulated in Jin countries. Up to now, the most Song money has been unearthed. Today, it has been unearthed in many areas, as far away as Japan and as far west as Europe and Africa. It serves to show the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying a lot of copper coins, the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan around 998 AD (the first year of Xianping). This is the earliest paper money in China and the world. But this kind of paper money is only equivalent to a guaranteed token. There are several kinds of banknotes printed and issued by the Song government, such as Jiaozi, Yin Qian, Guanzi and Huizi. 1023 (the first year of Tiansheng), the Song government opened the first official institution in charge of issuing paper money-Yizhou Jiaozi Department, which was the earliest central people's bank in the world. In A.D. 1024, the Song government began to print and distribute "Jiaozi". This kind of "Jiaozi" copper plate, with birds and animals, patterns, patterns or stories in color printing, is extremely exquisite. This kind of paper, like public debt, is issued at different levels. The jiaozi was originally divided into two years, and the old jiaozi was abolished and recycled when the new jiaozi was issued. Since A.D. 1072 (the fifth year of Xining), although it still occurs every two years, the circulation period of each crossing has increased to four years. Jiaozi face value is a fixed face value from consistent to consistent, based on iron money, with issuance reserve, which has basically the characteristics of modern standard currency. Its application is more and more extensive. The use of bills provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song government set up Huiji in Hangzhou to manage its printing. One thousand, two thousand, three thousand, two hundred, three hundred, five hundred and six denominations were printed. The meeting takes three years as the "boundary", which expires when it expires, and the old and the new alternate. From 1 17 1 to 1240, a total of 18 clubs were published. Later, the government stipulated that the 17th and 18th clubs could circulate permanently. This is pure paper money issued by the government in the true sense. Paper money has gradually replaced copper coins as the main medium of exchange. The rapid development of commerce has played a driving role.

In Song Dynasty, the traditional practice of heavy punishment and light people was adjusted, and both justice and benefit were paid equal attention, and economic legislation was attached great importance. Laws and regulations cover all aspects of social and economic activities, and specially set up monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law, tea law and so on. The Song Dynasty became the most active period of economic legislation in ancient China, with frequent legislative activities. The content of laws and regulations involved all aspects of social and economic activities, and the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations had unprecedented imagination. Song's economic laws and regulations pay attention to the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which accords with the law of commodity economy. The huge financial revenue in Song Dynasty was the result of the rapid development of national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce and the improvement of productivity. Abundant social and financial resources enable the government to ensure government revenue without imposing excessive taxes on the people. This eased social contradictions and entered a virtuous circle of governing the country. In Song Dynasty, the economy, especially the secondary and tertiary industries developed greatly, and people's living standards reached an unprecedented height. In A.D. 1077, the total tax revenue of the Northern Song Dynasty was 70.7 million yuan, including 21620 thousand yuan for agriculture, accounting for 30%, and 491/0 million yuan for industry and commerce, accounting for 70%. It is no longer agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue, but industry and commerce. By the Song Dynasty, China's agricultural society was already moving towards the industrial and commercial society. There were also advertisements for copperplate printing in handicraft industry in Song Dynasty. It is more than 300 years earlier than the advertisements printed by western capitalism. Su Dongpo, a great scholar, once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil rice, and her business increased greatly. Shen Kuo's theory of money circulation speed has reached the level of modern money theory. In addition, "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers appeared in the Song Dynasty. The earliest seeds of China capitalism in the world were born in the prosperous commercial tide of the Song Dynasty.

The Song Dynasty was the period when the citizen class in China was formally born. A large number of craftsmen, businessmen and small business owners formed the middle class in the Song Dynasty. They are rich in economy and have their own independent value pursuit. The rich and leisurely life, aesthetic taste and life taste of the citizens contributed to the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty culture, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry and novels all prospered and developed in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time, there appeared a big city in China, which was dominated by commerce rather than administration. The traffic development in Song Dynasty was the highest in the feudal history of mankind. In the Song Dynasty, there was a postal kiosk every ten miles and a post station every thirty miles. Official roads are scattered all over the country, extending in all directions. The Song government attached great importance to postal services and ensured their normal operation. "By the Baita Bridge, selling land classics, the pavilion is short and appropriate." The Tibetan scriptures are maps, and the maps of the Song Dynasty are quite accurate. The four capitals in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, Daming in Beijing and Yingtianfu in Nanjing. The population of big cities in Song Dynasty was concentrated, and the capital city of Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty were both big cities with a population of more than one million. In the Song Dynasty, there were six people with a population of more than 200,000, such as Quanzhou. The number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to 46. Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, had a population of only100000. The clock is hung on the towers of all the main roads in this city. Every clock is watched. He knocked on the bronze bell, which echoed even in the narrow alley, and then he showed people the time in words. The Northern Song Dynasty was rich and powerful 160 years. The capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan province) is "ten times the capital of Han and Tang dynasties". The capital of song dynasty is not only developed by dry road, but also by water transport. "Every year, the title is clear" and "Lianpian Cao Ge walks into China". "There are millions of households on the side, and no one burns wages." In the Song Dynasty, the capital of song dynasty used coal (called burning stone in the west) instead of wood to make a fire for cooking and heating. At that time, the west used wood to chop firewood for cooking and heating. 1949 After liberation, all major cities in China did not reach this point. The birth of the new citizen class and the rich and comfortable life made the Song people have a strong sense of consumption, which greatly stimulated the prosperity and development of the tertiary industry such as teahouse, wine market and entertainment industry. Unlike the cities in the Tang Dynasty, the cities in the Song Dynasty were dark at night, and Song Cheng was a bright city in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not impose a curfew like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a nightlife. In the evening, the Song people lit lights in their rooms, homes and yard doors, so there were lights everywhere. People who walk at night carry all kinds of lanterns. So the whole city is flashing at night. At night, the whole city is brightly lit and sold until dawn. Hundreds of operas and performances were staged in fixed entertainment places such as "Wazi" and "Goulan", which were watched by the public. In the evening, the restaurant business is booming until the sun rises again and the streets are crowded with people. "One or two noodle restaurants on the street and noodle restaurants in the west of the city have been buying and selling all night and have been making friends." "In the rest of Qiaodaofang Lane, there are also night markets selling fruit candy and other things, and some people sell divination on the street, such as selling food on a stretcher above the table until midnight." Although it rains and snows heavily in winter, there are also night markets to sell. "."Wine is full of miscellaneous songs, and every night is like the first half of the first month. ","Liangyuan romantic singing and dancing, wine like a knife. "I remember how happy I was when I was a teenager. I lit up Fan Lou at night. Suddenly looking back, the man was in the dim light. " When will the West Lake Dance stop outside the Qingshan Building outside the mountain? "Warm winds make tourists drunk, and Hangzhou has become a Bianzhou." Tourists are not only a few Song people such as royalty, dignitaries, but also the general public and most Song people in the city. Song lived such a rich and happy life. In the Song Dynasty, there was no poverty of "frozen bones on the road" and "although the country was torn apart, mountains and rivers lived forever, and vegetation came back in spring". Pessimism and despair. When will the West Lake Dance be optimistic and prosperous?

After the Song Dynasty passed through Hangzhou as its capital, a large number of people from the north and the Central Plains moved south. National elites gathered in Hangzhou. Make the south more prosperous. People who migrate are afraid that future generations will not know where their ancestors came from, and ancestral temple culture has developed. The population of Hangzhou was only 200,000 in 1 102, and reached1240,000 in 1274. Most of the population in Hangzhou is from outside. The development and management of the Song Dynasty in the south laid the foundation for the prosperity of the south. Since then, the South has been the most economically developed area in China.

Second, [Song's Science and Technology]

Song porcelain was the national symbol of China at that time. The five famous kilns in Song Dynasty are Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Jun kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. It can be said that the first commercial industry in the human world was the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty. Song porcelain is the perfect combination of the most exquisite art and precise craftsmanship. Clever integration and unification of charm civilization of Song porcelain and popular culture. Porcelain from famous kilns in various places is produced in large quantities, which is not only used by royal nobles, but also cherished and used by officials, scholars and citizens. Porcelain varieties produced by various kiln methods of Song porcelain emerge in an endless stream. Amazing everyone who sees it. Many techniques of Song porcelain have been lost. Many technological levels of Song porcelain are difficult to achieve even in modern times. The porcelain of the Song Dynasty is very exquisite, and it can be said that the famous kiln porcelain left over from the Song Dynasty is almost priceless. In the Song Dynasty, the popular silk craft in China changed from practical to exquisite and precise. Silk in the Song Dynasty was extremely developed. Very complicated loom, including 1800 moving parts. Various embroidery methods make China's silk more artistic and aesthetic. Rich foreigners wear coarse cloth, while civilians in China wear soft silk and satin. Some farmers also put on silk. "The pawn wears a suit and the farmer walks on tiptoe."

Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in Northern Song Dynasty, studied astronomy, calendar, medicine and mathematics. Shen Kuo wrote "Meng Qian Bi Tan", which recorded a lot of scientific and technological achievements and discoveries, such as the discovery of geomagnetic angle, the recording of triboelectrification, and the discussion of optical problems. Shen Kuo also put forward the idea of land collision, which didn't appear in the west until19th century. Meng Qian Bi Tan is praised by the west as the earliest encyclopedia of science and technology in the world. With the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery in Song Dynasty, the viewpoint of material cycle of agricultural ecosystem in Song Dynasty is completely consistent with the viewpoint of modern ecological agriculture being built by human beings today in principle. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the medical scale and level of the Song Dynasty have been greatly improved, and the Song Dynasty also created forensic medicine. Injustice Collection is the first systematic forensic work in China, which is more than 300 years earlier than similar monographs in the West. In Song Dynasty, oil, coal and natural gas were widely used. Iron-making with coke in the Song Dynasty was more than 500 years earlier than in the West.

The earliest use of hot weapons in human history was Song. The March of an army with a compass is also a song. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, the government attached great importance to the manufacture of gunpowder weapons. Song Jun used artillery and gunpowder arrows in the war to destroy Nantang and seize Jinling. In A.D. 1000 (the third year of Xianping), Tang Fucheng presented new gunpowder weapons such as rockets and fireballs, which were commended by the Song government. Since then, gunpowder has become a necessary equipment in Song Jun. Later, the Northern Song government set up a gunpowder workshop to manufacture gunpowder arrows, artillery and other weapons. , mainly flammable, and weapons, such as thunderbolt and thunderbolt, are more explosive. In A.D. 1044, Ceng Gongliang and others compiled a military work "General Theory of Wu Jing", which recorded three gunpowder formulas and various gunpowder weapons with illustrations. In A.D. 1 16 1 year, a crossbow throwing Grenade appeared in Song Jun. In A.D. 1259, a musket with giant bamboo as barrel and gunpowder inside was manufactured.

In Meng Qian Bi Tan, Shen Kuo recorded four methods of installing magnetic needles: floating method, finger claw method, bowl lip method and hanging method. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people invented a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation career to a new era. At that time, China's shipbuilding technology was the most advanced in the world. Merchant ships in the Song Dynasty were the largest ships that people could imagine at that time. Some ships have six masts, four decks and twelve sails, which can carry 1000 people. These ships not only have almost miraculously accurate charts, but also geometricians and astrologers, as well as people skilled in using natural magnetic compasses. Through the compass, you can find the way to the end of the land world in the vast sea. Song Dynasty was the most important maritime trading power at that time, and Quanzhou and Mingzhou were the largest maritime trading ports at that time. Maritime trade tax is the main financial source of the government, accounting for half of the fiscal revenue. During the Northern Song Dynasty, China had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to Arabia, East Africa, India, Japan and Korea in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It is precisely because of the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty and the economic policy of development and opening up that unprecedented exchanges of technology and materials between the East and the West have been brought about in human history. China's advanced and superb technology, such as papermaking, printing, compass, etc. , quickly spread to the west. The splendid civilization created by China Dasong made westerners experience civilization for the first time in the barbaric period. All aspects of China civilization have influenced the West, laying a solid foundation for the later Renaissance and the development of Western civilization.

Song Dynasty is the most prosperous period of ancient mathematics in China and the peak of ancient mathematics in China. Many outstanding mathematicians emerged in the Song Dynasty, and a large number of weighty mathematical works appeared. The most abstract mathematics in the Song Dynasty achieved great success and stood out in the gap between Greek civilization and the West. Mathematics has been paid attention to in the Song Dynasty, and the research results of mathematics have begun to have an application environment in the Song Dynasty. Mathematician Qin believes that the research results of mathematics "can understand the world and learn from everything" and "the taste is to ask and answer questions and apply them". Mathematician Ye Li openly criticized and despised scientific practice, and degraded mathematics into such long-standing fallacies as "cheap skills" and "playthings". He said: "Although skills rank at the bottom of the six arts, it is much more affordable to give them to others." In Song Dynasty, China was several centuries ahead of the West in mathematics. Unfortunately, after the Song Dynasty, China's mathematics began to decline. Although there was sporadic development of ancient mathematics in China in Yuan Dynasty, there was no overall environment for the continuation, development and application of mathematics in China. China Song Dynasty is a miracle of mathematics and the world, but it is also a tragedy of China science. ......

3 [Political Democracy in Song Dynasty]

Zhao Kuangyin is proud of the warlord regime and is well aware of its harm to the people of the whole country. Song Taizu's right to quench his thirst by drinking poison drew lessons from the warlord regime in the Tang Dynasty [in essence, the country was torn apart]. Strengthening centralization and promoting the reunification of the motherland is a far-sighted strategy. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin not only did not kill meritorious ministers, but also stipulated by law that the emperor could not whip ministers in court in the future. Don't abuse your officials. The liegeman shall not kill anything except rebellion. Song Taizu handed down the "oath card" of "Don't kill the scholar-officials and the letter-writers" and "If the descendants swear this, the sky will fall". Emperors of all previous dynasties strictly carried out this ancestral training. Even Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, who killed Yue Fei because of the war, only killed him three times. This is extremely rare in other dynasties. The rulers of the Song Dynasty attached great importance to learning lessons from China's past history. Sima Guang compiled the famous History as a Mirror. Marked by the establishment of political participation, the Song Dynasty implemented the collective leadership system of Zaifu, which is a more rational symbol of centralized operation. To a certain extent, the emperor must also listen to the opinions of the Zaifu collective. It should be said that the supreme ruler cannot handle state affairs or decide the fate or even life and death of ministers by his own emotions. The "civilization" of state governance is the trend of historical development. The Song Dynasty founded the country with benevolence and righteousness, and the political situation was clear. In Song Dynasty, there was no local power, nor did eunuchs, queens and consorts monopolize the governance of the country. There was no literary inquisition in the Song Dynasty, and officials would not lose their heads, copy the whole family and wipe out the nine clans just because they said something wrong or wrote wrong words. The system of speaking officials was specially established in Song Dynasty. Song Renzong stepped up his remonstrance with Taiwan Province and argued with the court. Governing the country by culture is a symbol of China's transition from a barbaric society to a modern civilization. The liberal political atmosphere makes officials dare to attack state affairs and express their political opinions. As a result, a large number of officials in the history of China, such as Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, emerged in the Song Dynasty. In the history of China, only in the Song Dynasty can there be a quarrel with Emperor Injong in the court like Bao Zheng, and Bao Zheng's saliva splashed on the face of Emperor Song Renzong. Even if Song Renzong was angry again, he didn't do anything to Bao Zheng. Bao Zheng still dares to speak and do, and he has been promoted. "Renzong's life is over, and the suspected prison is from the light." Song Renzong is very tolerant of difficult cases. It can be seen that the Emperor of Song Dynasty was enlightened and democratic. The whole society respects intellectuals, whose status is unprecedented. Throughout the Song Dynasty, talents were especially cherished and officials were given preferential treatment. Even if Lu Duoxun and Ding Wei tried to occupy the throne in the Song Dynasty, such a serious crime would only be banished. The so-called officialdom did not form in the Song Dynasty, and lower-level officials could sue higher-level officials. Even the prime minister of "one person below, ten thousand people above" is not immune. Among them, Bao Zheng impeached his immediate superior and several officials higher than him. Figures like Bao only existed in the enlightened Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was common for people to sue officials. Anti-corruption regulations have been posted in front of government offices at all levels, and people can appeal and sue officials until they win the case.

Song Taizu recruited 300 people to Tianzhu to collect Buddhist scriptures and cultural relics. Song Taizong personally met with Brahmin monks and Muslims in ancient India. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Christians, Jews and other Christians owned their own houses, churches and temples. Coupled with the prosperity of Confucianism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that China in Song Dynasty was an open country with many religions. Only in the Song Dynasty did Christianity, Judaism and Islam compete with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Long before Kyle Poirot arrived in China, a large number of European businessmen came to China to do business. Now in the west, it is found that as early as 127 1, an Italian businessman and scholar Jacob D 'Ancona arrived in Quanzhou, China, and wrote his biography. At that time, there were a large number of Venetians, Jews, Britons, Saracens, Franks, Ceylons, Indians, Little Javanese, Pisa people and some blacks living and doing business in Quanzhou, as well as people from Alexandria and Bruges. A large number of Europeans and Asians do business or settle in China. At that time, there were a large number of mixed-race children in Quanzhou. Among them, the Song Dynasty assimilated a large number of Jews. This is unprecedented in human history. It is only recorded that Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, has a large Jewish family 17 households, who settled in China after accepting the chapter of "summer belongs to me, keeping ancestral customs and leaving the capital of the Song Dynasty". The assimilation of Jews showed the prosperity of the Song Dynasty in all aspects. It can be seen that the civilization and technology of China in Song Dynasty spread and influenced the West. People of all faiths lived in harmony in an enlightened, prosperous and powerful society in the Great Song Dynasty. Harmony without difference is the overall portrayal of the Song Dynasty.

The Song Dynasty became the second period of academic freedom in the history of China since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For the first time in the Song Dynasty, there were signs of the confluence of craftsman tradition and philosophical tradition. Four famous academies in Song Dynasty (Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy and Songyang Academy) became holy places for Confucian disciples to learn culture. "Daolin 300, Academy 1000". Song Renzong Zhao Zhen likes to study and worship Confucian classics. For the first time, Zhao Zhen put The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean in Mencius University together for students to learn. Four Books and Five Classics are compulsory courses for imperial academy. The highest military institution is called the martial arts school, which is equivalent to a military university. Song also has specialized science and technology schools, such as arithmetic and medicine. In addition, there were a large number of learning places in the Song Dynasty, such as home schools, libraries, bookstores and so on. "Every lane must have one or two. I often hear the sound of chanting. " When you are older than you, there are people who choose from the first supplementary middle school occasionally. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 1700 students in the Imperial College, which used to be the official residence of Yue Fei. The Imperial College has dormitories and stadiums. College candidates come from all directions. The admission ratio is 3%-6%. Imperial academy implements the five-year three-shed system. Those who have just entered imperial academy are studying in the outer dormitory. One year later, those who passed the study entered the inner dormitory for two years. Those who pass the study will be promoted to the upper dormitory. Study in the upper house for two years, and those who pass the exam will graduate. The meals of college students are completely arranged by the government, and each student will spend about 3 thousand yuan a year. The Song government only gave the students of Taixue College food expenses, which cost more than 5 million yuan every year. Rejuvenating the country through science and education not only promotes the prosperity of science and technology, commerce, literature and art, but also promotes the pluralistic thinking of politics and the establishment of democratic and enlightened political revenge ideological factions.

The political stage of the Song Dynasty was not a backwater. There were democratic party struggles, reformists, conservatives, hawks, pacifists and so on in the Song Dynasty. Reformists and conservatives are not simply two factions. Not fixed. In A.D. 1042, Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu carried out the "Qingli New Deal". A.D. 1069 Wang Anshi's political reform. Sima Guang opposed the political reform, so did Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. But there are different views on opposition and opposition. Su Shi opposed hasty reform when the reformists were in power, and abandoned all new laws when the conservatives were in power. Sima Guang and Wang Anshi respect each other, but they have different political views. Although the views and positions of the two factions are different, they are not for personal gain, but for national interests and people. Party struggle in Song Dynasty is a model of democratic politics.

Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in China history that insisted on the recruitment system. Before and after the Song Dynasty, China still carried out the policy of compulsory conscription. Recruitment system means that the state does not force you to be a soldier, but you are willing to be a soldier. Of course, your country gives you money when you are a soldier. The soldiers in the Song Dynasty were all recruited mercenaries, and these mercenaries all had very heavy salaries, and the military expenditure paid by the state for this was also amazing. The huge fiscal revenue of the government sometimes makes ends meet. 1065 (the second year of Pingping), national income116.138405, expenditure 120.343 170, and fiscal deficit of 4.2 million. This move was satirized by some modern scholars as "redundant soldiers" and "poor and weak". "Redundant soldiers" and "accumulation of poverty and weakness" are the result of the democratic and enlightened national policy of the Song Dynasty, not the pressure from foreign enemies. Over-democratic policies and long-term peaceful and prosperous life have also weakened Song Jun's fighting capacity.

The Song Dynasty made some progress in the military system, the separation of military and political organs from the command system, and the separation of mobilization system from the command system, all of which are the characteristics of modern military. The Song Dynasty insisted on enriching Qiang Bing for more than 300 years without relying on the defense facilities of the Great Wall. It cannot be said that the Song Dynasty was too weak and the Song Army was too weak. Song is not an attack, but a matter of national policy. The total strength of Song Dynasty far exceeded that of Liao, Jin, Mongolia and other countries. However, Song's mobile troops and frontline troops were not as good as other countries. The cost of war in Song Dynasty was much higher than that in backward countries. Song Junbing dispersed. Because Song Jun has a vast territory and a large population, there is a lot of wealth to be kept. These are all Song Jun's burdens. The invading army has no burdens and can go wherever it wants. After the capture, there will be a lot of wealth and beauty. The best defense is attack, and the long-term national policy of peace has made Song Jun lose its ability to attack.

In the era of cold weapons, the more brutal, the stronger, the more backward and the more ferocious. If you are backward and poor, you have the motivation to plunder people who are richer than you.

In the late Song Dynasty, although the force was relatively weak, it used its powerful comprehensive strength to invade neighboring countries such as Liao and Jin countries economically and culturally. Promoted their sinicization. It promotes the development and progress of the world. Liao gradually abolished slavery and discriminated against Han people. Jin was an admirer of Song civilization. Jin Guo's palace in Beijing is completely modeled after the palace in the capital of Song Dynasty. The emperor of Jin wore the imperial clothes of the Song Dynasty, and the rank of civil servants was the same as that of the Song Dynasty. The rulers adopted the imperial examination to select scholars, and the forty-ninth grandson of Confucius was also made a duke by the gold master, who personally saluted Confucius. From astronomical measurements to the compilation of calendars and court music, Jin people imitated and used the Song system. Jin Guo also prints paper money countries. Su Dongpo's new book, just published in the Song Dynasty today, may be popular in the streets of Jin State tomorrow. As can be seen from the copper coins left by the Jin Dynasty, money is a typical China copper coin with only Chinese characters. Judging from the architectural style and technology of Lugou Bridge, Jin people have completely become "China" people. In just a few decades, Jin plundered, absorbed and borrowed a lot of wealth and culture from Song Dynasty. From backward primitive civilization to feudal civilization. By the early days of the demise of the Jin State, there was no difference between the Jin State and the Southern Song Dynasty. Jin became the second richest country in the world after Song Dynasty. However, Jin Guo also lost its once barbaric fighting power in the rich and powerful life.

The demise of a country and dynasty is not necessarily due to its own decay and internal chaos, the fatuity of the monarch and the poverty of the people. A prosperous country may be caused by a strategic decision-making mistake or a war failure in the face of external barbaric forces. The emperors of the Song Dynasty and their rulers were more enlightened and successful than the rulers of other dynasties. The demise of the Song Dynasty was not inevitable, but accidental. There are many reasons for the demise of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was not defeated by one nation or one dynasty at a time, but by many nationalities and dynasties. Mongolia attacked the most prosperous and powerful Song State in the world only after it wiped out Western Liao, Western Xia, Huaci Mozi and other countries, wiped out the Middle East, conquered more than half of Europe, ruled more than half of the world and conquered all the neighboring countries in the Song Dynasty. Song people were too civilized, but they used advanced technology, gunpowder and warships to muzzle the powerful Mongolian Coalition forces for decades. Song dynasty was the country that persisted for the longest time under the brutal iron hoof of Mongolia. Song is the creator of civilization, while Mongolia is the plunderer of civilization. The failure of the Song people was because they were too civilized, and the demise of the Song Dynasty was due to the rapid development of the Song Dynasty, which was incompatible with the barbaric world at that time. ......