The first year of the Republic of China (19 12) was named Han Opera. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Han Opera artists took part in anti-Japanese national salvation activities and formed a mobile performance team of Han Opera. Wuhan Han Theatre was founded in 1962, with the main actor.
The development process of local operas in southern Shaanxi developed from folk songs, folk songs and minor tunes in the Hanshui River basin, and the tone was pronounced in Hanzhong area, which was similar to that in the Han Dynasty in Hubei. Good at literati drama, rich in Bashan flavor, elegant timbre, euphemistic singing, soft speech, humorous language, delicate performance, simple and generous, singing Bashan strong, known for Sichuan style. Plate type can be divided into upward adjustment and downward adjustment, and upward adjustment is mostly used to express sadness, desolation and indignation; Downward adjustment shows a more comfortable, bright and unrestrained mood. Before the 1960s, Diao Han Huang Er was performed in Hantai District, Xixiang County and zhenba county of Hanzhong City.
Diao Han Chun Er's original birthplace is * * * Haoping River. The earliest class club activities can be traced back to the second year of Qianlong (1737). 1958, according to old artists Feng Rencai and Qiu, there was a wall on the music building (stage) of Dongmen Temple in Haoping, which read, "In August of the second year of Qianlong, the winning class will rest here." Yang Lutai (Yang's family tree), an artist from Haoping River who was born in 36 years of Qianlong, once led a Taifeng class to perform in Haoping River from the end of Qianlong to Jiaqing, and became famous for a while. During the period from Jiaqing to Daoguang-year, Yang Lutai and his son continued to be the foremen of singing, and founded classes in Shaheba and Qujiahe of Xixiang for the first time, with more than 60 apprentices, and trained two generations of artists, namely "Red" and "Lai". The most outstanding artists of "Lai" generation are Cha Laisong and Qu Laishou, and the most outstanding artist of "Hong" generation is Stanley Ho. Two generations of artists scattered in Ankang, Hanzhong, Shangluo, Guanzhong, Sichuan and other places as foreman performances, constantly running classes and apprentices in various places, making Diao Han and Huang Er spread and develop in various places. In the process of its popularity, influenced by local languages, folk songs and local operas, Hanzhong, Ankang, Guanzhong and Shangzhen were successively formed, and many classes, societies and artists appeared in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
Han Opera belongs to Pihuang Opera, which was called "Chu Opera" and "Chu Tune" in the early stage, then "Han Tune" and "Han Opera", commonly known as "Huang Er". There is a proverb in northern Hubei that "one is clear, two is yellow, and three is yue tune", while in eastern Hubei there is another saying that "one is clear, two is elastic", calling Han opera "random elastic" or "elastic". There used to be titles such as "Huguang Tune", "Huang Qiang" and "Pihuang" in the literature. It was still called "Diao Han" before the Revolution of 1911, and it was renamed "Han Opera" in the early years of the Republic of China. Its main vocal cavity is Xipi and Huanger, which created the ensemble of Pi and Chun in local operas, thus forming the vocal cavity system of Pihuang. Han opera is popular in Hubei province and its neighboring areas in the Yangtze River and Hanshui River basins, and in Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan and other provinces.
Huang Er originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huang Er in Huiban, Anqing, Anhui. Siping Opera introduced into Hubei was developed by Hubei artists. Xipi evolved from Shanshan Bangzi and was introduced to Xiangyang in northwest Hubei. The original name of Han opera is Chu tune. This is recorded in some documents in the middle of Qing Dynasty. For example, in the fifty years of Qianlong (1785), Wu Taichu wrote "Lan Yan Xiaopu", which recorded Yao Qing's "Aika Chu tune resumed" when he was a famous actor. Chu Ling and Wang Xiangyun are good at selling cakes, singing Jingjiang Yangko and Husha Mianyang ditty. Fan Kai in the Qing Dynasty also recorded in Hankou Talk that "Li Cuiguan, a famous Chu-tune actor in Hankou, was transferred to Rong Qing Division, and was good at Drunken Maids, Penny Chasing Boat and Jade Hall Spring".
The combination of Han tune, Xipi and Chun Er is a long-term and gradual integration process. This kind of fusion is recorded in Ye's "Zhi Zhu Ci in Hankou" published in the 30th year of Qing Daoguang (1850): "The tone reversal in the song is the most bleak, and the urgency is that the Xipi is slow and yellow, the voice must be round and bright, and the gas must be long." There are more than a dozen classes in Hankou, but today there are only three. "The above description is what Ye Yuan Tiao saw when he revisited Hankou in the 13th year of Daoguang. The book also describes the artistic inheritance relationship between the predecessors and actors at that time, saying that "Xiaojin was famous that day and his throat was like a flute. "In the past 20 years, Hu Lang has been famous and romantic." As can be seen from his account, as early as the end of Jiaqing, there were more than ten troupes singing Chinese tunes in Hankou. They sing Xipi and Huanger. There are both positive and negative voices, and it is already a drama with complete vocal cavity. Therefore, the confluence time of Hubei Han tune and leather spring should be in Jiaqing period.
During the Jiaqing and Daoguang years of Qing Dynasty, Hubei Han tune artists Mi Yingxian, Yu Sansheng, Wang Honggui and Li Liu went to Beijing successively, and they sang Piquan Tune in Zhongzhou Rhyme and Huguang, which led to the situation that "the class is called Huizhou Tune and the tune is called Han Tune". According to the genealogy of Diao Han artists Mi Yingxian and Yu Sansheng found in Hubei, it can be proved that some Huizhou classes in Beijing at that time were dominated by Diao Han artists. Mi Yingxian (1780- 1832) was once honored as the capital because he played Guan Yu in the Battle of Changsha. Yu Sansheng (1802- 1866) came to Beijing in his early years and was in charge of Chuntai class, one of the famous "four classes of Huizhou School" in Beijing at that time. At that time, the Spring Troupe was also famous for its baritone actors and China naughty Huang as the lead singer.
During the Jiaqing and Daoguang years in Qing Dynasty, the urban economy in Hubei was prosperous, and there were many business trips, temples and theatres, which provided conditions for the prosperity and development of Han tune. In the history of Hubei's development, Han Opera is divided into four schools according to popular areas: Xianghe, Jinghe, Fuhe and Hanhe, and Hubei dialect is called "Lu". Xianghe Road, centered on Xiangyang and Fancheng, is popular in Yuhua, Gucheng, Nanzhang and Zhongxiang, among which Hongxing Class is the most famous. Xiangfan is also the birthplace of Xiangyang tune, or Xipi tune. Fuhe Road, centered on Anlu, is popular in Suixian, south of Zaoyang, north of Huangpi and Xiaogan, with Anlu Guilin Class being the most famous. Jinghe Road, centered on Jingzhou and Shashi, is popular in Yichang, Zhijiang, Gongan, Shishou, Jianli and other places along the Jinghe River in the Yangtze River Basin. Hanhe Road is divided into upper and lower roads. With Hankou as the center and Huanggang and Daye as the center, the road is popular in Sun Yicheng, Xishui, Qichun, Yangxin and Tongshan.
After Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty, influenced by the war, the Han tune once declined. After Hankou was turned into a commercial port during the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, famous actors and famous teachers from all walks of life gathered here again, and held three classes of "Tian", "Shuang" and "Xi", and trained a number of famous actors from other countries, such as Tian Quan, Wang Tianzhong, Wu Chou, Chen Liuyang, Huang Shuangxi, Qi Xiaoxi, Luo Jinxi, and Tao Sixi. After the Revolution of 1911, Chen Guoxin, Zhang Jiantang, etc. Man Chun Tea Garden has successively opened three classes, Tian, Chun and the eldest son, and trained a number of outstanding actors, including Zhou Tiandong and Zheng Tianlong. During this period, Han opera ushered in a new period of prosperity, and the number of Han opera artists increased greatly. Yu Hongyuan, Fu Xinyi and Chen Guoxin. At this time, the Han Opera Association was organized, with the largest number of registered members reaching 7,000, and some artists from mobile class clubs were not included. During the Great Revolution, Han Opera broke through the old rules, absorbed female artists to perform, and held training classes (also known as Xinhua Women's Class), which trained a group of outstanding actresses represented by Xinhua Chai. During this period, Han opera flourished again in Wuhan. Han Opera artists have extensively studied and exchanged various operas, especially Peking Opera, which has improved and developed the performing arts of Han Opera.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Han opera artists responded to the call of the state and actively participated in anti-Japanese national salvation activities. Under the leadership of Guo Moruo, Tian Han, Hong Shen and others, ten mobile propaganda teams of Han Opera were organized, led by Fu Xinyi, Wu Tianbao and Zhou Tiandong, and went to Sichuan, Hunan, western Hubei and other rear areas to perform. In Chongqing and Chengdu, he has performed such repertoires as Battle of Fei Shui, Fishing Songs in Jianghan, Wen Tianxiang and Yue Fei. Until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. Fu Xinyi also held a training course on Chinese opera in Beibei, Chongqing. After graduation, the students formed the "Wuyi Han Opera Troupe". After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression successfully returned to Hubei, it was renamed Huangshi Han Opera Troupe.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Han Opera got another chance to prosper. More than 20 China theatrical troupes have been established in this province. 1962, Wuhan Han Theatre was established in Wuhan, with Chen Bohua as the president and Wu Tianbao, Guilin Hu and Li Luoke as the vice presidents, shouldering the heavy responsibility of research and innovation of Han Opera. During the period of 1958, Hubei Opera Research Institute held a refresher course for China opera actors, and Hubei Opera School and Wuhan Opera School opened China opera courses respectively, which gathered outstanding teachers from all walks of life and trained a group of China opera talents. A number of processed traditional plays, such as Cosmic Front, Two Plums, Broken Bridge, Star-Han Map, Pound for Water, Dou E for Chopping, Home of the Urgent Son, Detailed Review of Tao, etc., have won awards or been well received in previous national and Hubei opera performances. Among them, Cosmic Frontline was made into a black-and-white film by Northeast Film Studio on 1954. Two plums were filmed in black and white by Wuhan Film Studio on 1959. The newly edited historical drama The King's Flag was made into a color film by changchun film studio 1978. The transplant drama "Borrowing Cattle" was made into a color film by Zhujiang Film Studio 1966. Dramas such as Shen Taoda, Panhe Bridge, Snow Sweeping and Bowling were made into information pieces.
Cultural Features The vocal cavity of Han Opera is mainly Xipi and Huanger, and Luoluo cavity is also widely used. The tunes are aria, Kunqu opera, miscellaneous cavity and minor. High-pitched and agitated, bright and smooth. The last corner won with graceful performance and mellow and deep singing; Danxing's singing is rich and colorful, and he expresses his feelings with his voice, which is rich in sound and emotion.
Xipi, also known as "Xia Qiang", has a Lami string, which is loud and vigorous, hearty and smooth; Flexible rhythm, strong plasticity and wide application range. The xipi board is relatively complete, including flexible board (called slow xipi), positive board (called middle xipi), allegro (called fast xipi), xipi stack and xipi, as well as swinging board, loose board, guide plate and rolling board. Among them, Xipiduo is the most widely used and unique independent plate. Its aria is multi-cavity and few-tune, with compact rhythm, which is suitable for narration. It is a kind of plate commonly used in Xipi. Er Quan, also known as Upper Handle, has long chords, soft and euphemistic tunes, smooth stretching and stable rhythm. There are two-spring adagio, two-spring crib, second-rate crib, splint, swing board, loose board, coil board, guide board and so on. The second rate is the main plate type, which is divided into fast and slow. Xipi and Huang Er also have some unique special tunes and specific vocals in their traditional singing. Such as Xiangyang tune, nine-cavity eighteen-board, lantern pole, western-cavity, yellow-cavity, horseshoe tune, pipa words and so on.
There are also some qupai with beautiful and lively tunes and distinct rhythms in the aria of Han Opera, including Kunqu Opera, Luoluo Opera (seven and a half sentences), Wei Opera, Guaibai, Yinniu Silk, Fengyang Song, Yuanyang Bird, Guan Tune, etc., as well as folk songs and qupai. It is mostly used in small plays with strong comedy color and strong life flavor. Han opera is also rich in qupai. There are more than 400 traditional vocals and instrumental music. According to the different musical instruments used, it can be divided into suona qupai, flute qupai and Sixian qupai. According to the performance and application scope of tunes, they can be divided into seven categories: military music, ritual music, feast music, material music, joy and sorrow music and divine music. These qupai have rich performance functions, such as connecting voices, matching characters and rendering atmosphere. Some plays, such as God Bless the People, Caochanghui, Da Fengxiang, Five Talents, etc. , are specialized in singing Qupai repertoire.
The accompaniment of China opera has its own unique style. Different vocals use different accompaniment instruments. Huqin is Pihuang's main accompaniment instrument, while suona, Huang Er, Luoluo and Kunqu Opera are mainly accompanied by suona or flute. In recent decades, musical instruments in civil and military fields have been greatly improved, for example, Huqin was changed to Jinghu; Han Gong and cymbals were changed to treble Gong and Su Bo. Han opera is rich in gongs and drums, with various styles of play. There are about 160 kinds of basic gongs and drums. Generally speaking, it can be divided into five combinations: big fight, small fight, Sichuan fight, dry fight and wet fight. Among them, Sichuan University, which is composed of horsemen, side drums, gongs and cymbals, has the characteristics of distinct rhythm and strong atmosphere. It can play a unique role in portraying rough and fierce characters and setting off the fiery atmosphere on the field. Mainly used for Xipi's singing, dancing and martial arts accompaniment. For example, in the colorful and silent dramas such as Ma Wu Noisy Pavilion, Zhagao Tanwei and Shuangmaiwu, it is effective to use [Sichuan University] to set off the free and easy rough character of the rebellious protagonist.
The functions of Han Opera, Hubei Qing Opera and Hubei Yue Tune are called "One Clear, Two Yellow and Three Yue Tunes" among the people. Its branches are all one-end, two-clean, three-life, four-denier, five-ugly, six-ocean, seven-small, eight-pillar, nine-husband and ten-miscellaneous industries. At the end, ugly, my husband uses this voice (commonly known as "Tang Yin"); Students mainly use their own voice with a side tone (commonly known as "this side tone"); Network, miscellaneous sidetone; Dan, I speak in a low voice.
Finally, it is the role of the elderly. The play played many positive figures such as the old emperor, prime minister, senior official, bachelor, sage and righteous servant. The representative of the last corner is Yu Hongyuan. He first made a breakthrough attempt in singing and performance, created a deep, rich and beautiful "Yu School" singing method, and pushed the art of "The Last Corner" to the peak. Liu Bei, played by him in Star Han Tu and Bai Di City, won the audience's love with his beautiful performance and mellow and deep singing. Yang Jiye, who plays "Erlang Mountain", promoted the singing of the Han drama "Anti" to a new height with his generous and tragic "Huang Er Adagio". In addition, Ren Tianquan, Cai Bingnan, Hu Shuangxi, Liu Bingnan, Wei Pingyuan, Guilin Hu and Yu Chunheng are also famous.
Erjing is a singer, and most of his plays are famous admonishers, such as Xu in "Great Country Bao", Weichi Gong in Bai Zhong, and Xia Hedong. Besides, he also plays treacherous tyrants, such as Pan Renmei in Yanmenguan, Cao Cao in Catch and Release and Yang Guang in Poison Brothers. Second, it is difficult to sing the sideline and perform the "back bow" cavity. Well-known clean corners include Luo Gansheng, Zheng Wannian, Yu Hongkui and Zhu Hongshou.
Sansheng, a middle-aged singer, has created many enthusiastic, honest and positive figures, such as Wu Zixu, Yang, who was beheaded at Yuanmen, and Famen Temple. Famous students include Leng (whose works include Visiting Mothers, Fancheng Road Meeting and Yuanmen Chopping), Chen, Qian, Yin Chunbao, He Mingfeng and Xu Jisheng. Among them, Wu Tianbao has achieved the most. He was brave in innovation and created an impassioned "Wu School" aria. Most of the roles played by Sansheng are literature and art; Although there are martial arts, they mainly sing, sing, read books and do many plays. Because it is a duet, it is also called "iron pole walk"
Sidan plays many roles, including ladies, middle-aged women, queens, princesses, virgins, etc. For example, Chen Xingyuan in Durham, Li Yanfei in Great Country Bao and Congratulations to the Queen in Two Kings. This role is dignified, handsome and generous, and it is a duet. Li Caiyun, Liu Shune, Chen Bohua, Deng Yunfeng, Hua Qian, etc. Their vocals have their own characteristics, among which Chen Bohua's achievements are the most outstanding. She fused Tsing Yi, Hua Dan and boudoir into one furnace, created a gorgeous and colorful "Pai Cheng" aria, and successfully created many characters with different personalities.
The roles played by the five ugliness are varied, including old and poor women, naive dolls, groggy emperors, cunning little officials and honest people. His performance is mainly humorous, with heavy work, emphasizing leg strength, "hip strength" and "small steps".
Wei Liu is a hard-working actor with a wide range of performances, such as Lu Su in Hero, Qin Qiong in Zhanggong, and Song Jiang in Zuolou Xiexi. For example, Qin Qiong in Show Merit recited more than 100 sentences while doing it. His waist, legs, body, hands, mouth and eyes all showed his abilities, and they all gave explanations.
These seven primary schools include Wen and Wu. Such as Zhao Chong in The Horse Dealer, Mei Liangyu in Durham, and Bian Sheng in Hua Tian Cuo. Martial arts rely on Zhou Yu in the Luhua Dang, Zhao Yun in the Yellow Crane Tower and Lu Bu in the White Gate Tower. Bare-chested students (students with short hands) often play "Song Wu Da Hu" and "Happy Forest". Famous students Yu You, Huang Shuangxi, Dong Jinlin, Li, etc.
Eight stickers are Hua Dan, whose works are the main ones, playing more girls and provocative * * * *, such as Chunlan in Huatiancuo, Yan Xijiao in Wulongyuan and Pan Qiaoyun in Cuiping Mountain. It also plays the women who work with Stan, such as Yang Yuhuan in Drunk Princess and Sister Chai in Anti-Gossip. Modern famous Hua Dan include Luo Jinxi, Zhong Huaqing, Dong Yaojie, xiaocui Xi and Wan. Among them, Dong Yaojie is the most famous, and he is regarded as a leading figure in Hua Dan.
Jiufu mostly plays elderly women, and their performance styles are divided into rich and poor, such as She Taijun in Shiro Visiting Mother and Kang in Jin Fenghua.
Shi Zha is a showman who often plays a brave and straightforward military commander or a domineering power minister. Such as Zhang Fei, Ma Wu and Huyan Zan. Good at doing and fighting.
There are more than 660 traditional dramas in China, most of which are historical romances and folklore. Representative plays include Chopping Li Hu, Crying for the Ancestral Temple, Double Loyalty, Two Wolf Mountains, Life and Death Board, Buckling Flower Drum, Silver Medal and so on. There are also many mixed and rich tunes in China's plays. The tracks that are good at singing Qupai are Dafu, Caochanghui, Five Talents and so on.
In the history of China's opera development, Han Opera has made a special contribution to the formation of Beijing Opera, and also influenced local operas such as Sichuan Opera, Yunnan Opera, Guangxi Opera, xiang opera Opera, Guangdong Opera and Gan Opera to varying degrees. It is an important historical material and artistic innovation resource for studying the evolution of the traditional opera banqiang system and the traditional opera music structure.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Han opera once flourished. However, since the 1960s, the number of Chinese opera troupes has drastically decreased. So far, there are only two professional Chinese opera troupes in Hubei Province, and many dramas and traditional skills are being lost with the death of old artists. The overall state and prospect of Han opera are not optimistic, and it needs to be rescued and protected urgently.
Inheritor Chen Bohua, female, was born on March 24th, 2009. From February 65438 to May 2008, Chen Bohua was selected as the representative inheritor of the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Project name: Han Opera.
Hu, female, was born in June 2006 1947+0 1. On May 26th, 2009, Hu was selected as the representative inheritor of the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Project name: Han Opera.
Cheng, female, was born in February 1944. On May 26th, 2009, Cheng was selected as the representative inheritor of the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Project name: Han Opera.
Cheng Liangmei, male, born in July, 194 1. 201212 On February 20th, Cheng Liangmei was selected as the representative inheritor of the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Project name: Han Opera.
Yao Changsheng, male, was born in February 1948. On February 28th, 20 17, Yao Changsheng was selected as the representative inheritor of the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Project name: Han Opera.
Protection Measures Since 2002, the Hanbin District Committee and District of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province have implemented the opera protection project, invested a lot of human and financial resources, and made great efforts to solve the problems affecting the development of opera. Venue, small seeds, tickets, methods, teams and other issues. Through the implementation of the opera protection project, the danger of the loss of Ankang Han opera no longer exists. Ankang Han Opera Troupe has a good development momentum, its artistic production and performance are normalized, and it has reoccupied the urban and rural cultural performance market, becoming the backbone of the literary development in Hanbin District and even the whole city.
20 19, 1 1, the list of representative projects of national intangible cultural heritage was published, and Wuhan Han Theatre was awarded the qualification of "Han Opera" project protection unit.
Important Activities with Social Impact 2065438+From March 24th to April 24th, 2009, Wuhan held a series of activities to commemorate the 0/00th anniversary of the birth of the master Chen Bohua and the first Wuhan Han Opera Art Festival in China.
On the evening of 2065438+08165438+1October 2 1, hundreds of German audiences braved all kinds of snowflakes and walked into Admiral Berlin Theatre to watch a traditional China drama performance brought by Wuhan Han Theatre.
On August 2 18, 2 1, the large-scale original Han drama "A Pass of a Dream" premiered in Anhui Grand Theatre, which kicked off the national tour and staged ten performances in Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangzhou and Wuhan.
Honorary recognition At the beginning of 20 18, the large-scale original Han drama "A Pass of a Dream" stood out from the tens of thousands of dramas declared nationwide, and was officially selected into the "List of Projects Supported by the National Art Foundation of 20 18" and included in the dissemination and promotion projects.
2018165438+128 October, the Han Opera Project of Wuhan University of Technology was selected as the first batch of Chinese excellent traditional cultural heritage bases in national universities.