A middle school initiated by the initiative; A middle school initiated by the initiative.

Private Wuhan Middle School is located in Wuchang. It is a middle school initiated by several people with revolutionary purposes. I am one of the founders. 19 19 spring, I went to Shanghai to find Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary army in western Hubei, and met my friend Guo Enchang (No. Mei Xuan), he is also a national party member.

At that time, the first world war had ended, and a meeting was planned in Paris to agree on a peace treaty with Germany; After the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, Lenin led the Russian working class to establish the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. China Beiyang Warlords and the Southern Revolutionary Army (in fact, most of them are warlords) fought for several years, but it didn't end. North and South achieved peace in Shanghai. Most Kuomintang activists came to Shanghai from all provinces and regions. Activists from many provinces and regions in Shanghai have organized aftercare associations in their respective provinces and regions, and Hubei Aftercare Association has also been organized. Guo Enchang and I were elected to chair the meeting, so we contacted the Kuomintang elements in Shanghai every day.

Li recently graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering of Imperial University of Japan and returned to China. His address is close to Hubei Aftercare Association, so he often chats with overseas Chinese, such as Zhan Dabei and Cha Guangfo in party member. Li has many Japanese books about the Russian revolution. After borrowing them, I gradually understood that the purpose and working methods of the Lenin Party in the Russian revolution were very different from those of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

The Paris Peace Conference was held, which was a meeting for the powers to divide up the spoils. Although China is on the side of the victorious country, it is actually in the position of the punished country. The domestic North-South peace talks met an insurmountable reef at the beginning, and there will be no result.

Run newspapers and schools.

Soon, the May 4th Movement broke out. In this situation, Zhang, Zhan and Li estimated that China still wanted revolution, to overthrow foreign powers, to get rid of warlords, to establish a democratic system (of course, new democracy was unknown at that time), and to awaken the people. The old revolutionary method of the Kuomintang's military coup is no longer feasible. It should be changed to a method that can awaken the masses and get close to them. During the discussion, we came to a conclusion that what we can do now is to run a newspaper and a school.

When I was in Shanghai, it was easier to run a newspaper, so I drew up the purpose and articles of association of running a newspaper. A Xiaogan person I knew at that time was willing to contribute. Zhan intends to go to the Fujian-Guangdong Revolutionary Army to raise funds for newspapers, and Zhang and I returned to Wuhan in late autumn to start preparing newspapers. I talked to my former investor, but he quit. Zhan raised money and later became a cake painting.

The proposal of running a school resonated.

The newspaper was not finished, but our proposal to run a school resonated. Because many people who graduated from high school at that time could not find jobs, it was easier for private schools to hire teachers; Private universities and technical secondary schools are very difficult in terms of funds, equipment and teachers. There are not many public and private middle schools in Wuhan, so it is easy to recruit students. Therefore, Zhang and I want to start from a middle school and then expand.

Back in Wuchang, we lived in Hubei Education Association in Xundaoling, Wuchang. Already living there is Luo Tian Jiang Wenbo, my ordinary classmate; Hongan Ni Jiduan, a graduate of National Wuchang Normal University, is a fellow villager with Zhang. Mian Ding-san, Hanchuan Li Jian-san and Hankou Liu Zhiru, who live in Wuchang, are all normal students from Zhang Lianghu. When they were in Japan, they were classmates with me and Zhang. Except for Liu Dingsan, who works as an inspector in the Hubei Provincial Department of Education, none of these people have found a job.

Preliminary problem

I talked to Zhang about running a school with them, and they all agreed. In the discussion, everyone tends to run a private middle school and gradually concretize the matter of running a middle school. At that time, it was considered that there were five prerequisites for running a private middle school:

(a) school premises, school buildings;

(2) Organization expenses and funds;

(3) the chairman of the board;

(4) Problems of teachers and staff;

(5) After the first four problems are solved, there is still a case-filing problem.

About the school site and school building. As we already know, there is a house in the northwest corner of Hubei Education Association. The door of the house is in the South Hutong of Hansangong Street, and there used to be a school. There are three classrooms, a big office, a stormy playground, several yards and two rows of rooms for students to live in. There are some chairs left in the classroom. A poor classmate of mine lives in the house. As long as I try to get him to move out, the house is a bit shabby, and it can be repaired and added in the first two years.

On the issue of start-up expenses and funds. Because the school buildings are basically ready-made and the start-up expenses are not much, we discussed raising them from the founders; This fund is only used for checking when filing a case. Zhang and I will find a way. At that time, an ordinary classmate of mine, Pu Datong, had just returned from the Grand Marshal's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi and passed by Wuchang. He heard that we have a plan to run a private middle school and asked me to discuss it. After listening to the plan, he strongly praised it and was willing to be listed as the founder, and introduced his fellow countryman Liu Juemin as the founder. Lei is willing to pay the start-up fee of 120 yuan.

In this way, the founders of the school are me, Guo Enchang, Liu Dingsan, Li Jiansan, Liu Zhiru, Ni Jiduan, Jiang and so on. , and Lei Datong and Liu Juemin added to 9 people. In addition to Lei's donation 120 yuan, Zhang, Zhang and Zhang also donated the start-up expenses.

Twenty yuan. Zhang and I found Zhang Pingjie, a fellow villager who opened and closed Taizheng mountain products Bank in Dacaijiaxiang, Hankou, and wrote a note for a deposit of 20,000 yuan, which was immediately reported to the Hubei Provincial Department of Education for the record. The problems of start-up expenses and funds were solved smoothly. Lei also persuaded the students who lived in the house in Han Song Palace Street to move out, and the school building problem was solved. About the chairman and the board of directors. The founder of the school is a director of the school board. Guo Zhaoming, a member of Hubei Province from Zhuxi, was elected as the chairman of Hubei Normal School. Guo is the teacher of Guo Enchang, Liu Dingsan, Li Jiansan and Liu Zhiru, a famous educator in Hubei and a national party member. With Guo's reputation, the resistance of the school to file a case will be less. Guo was too busy to attend the board meeting, so Cui, a fellow villager, was elected as the director. Due to the addition of Guo and Cui, the number of directors changed from 9 to 1 1.

On the problems of vocational education teachers. The board of directors decided to name the school private Wuhan Middle School and elected Liu Juemin as the principal. At that time, Liu was a professor at a private Chinese university, teaching honestly, without strong political color or jealousy. Ni Jiduan was appointed as the academic director and Jiang as the general affairs director. All the lessons are shared by the directors. Liu Juemin teaches self-cultivation, I teach Chinese, Li Jian Sanhe Jiang teaches history, Ni Jiduan teaches English, Liu Zhiru and Cui teach mathematics, and Liu also teaches pictures. Chen Tanqiu teaches English, Zeng Yucun teaches geography, Xiong Liancheng teaches pictures, and other school teachers teach handicrafts, music and gymnastics. The staffing of vocational teachers is very neat.

On the issue of filing, the school board applied for filing according to the articles of association of private middle schools, and the Hubei Provincial Department of Education approved a private Wuhan middle school for filing. The founder's start-up fees have been handed in one after another. I had no money at that time, so I took off my fur robe and pawned it to make up for the start-up expenses I should bear. Jiang is in charge of general affairs, organizing funds, maintaining school buildings, purchasing school furniture and office stationery and paper. All these were completed during the winter solstice of 19 19 and 1920 1 month.

Characteristics of private Wuhan

Private Wuhan Middle School enrolled two classes of students in the spring of 1920, and began to teach by the chapter. What are the characteristics of private Wuhan middle school?

First, students' registration fees and tuition fees were lower than those of Wuchang private middle school at that time, one-sixth lower than those of other schools and one-third lower than those of other schools.

Second, vocational teachers have low or no salary. The salary of teachers is half lower than that of other schools, and the staff can only meet the food expenses. The salaries of several directors are not enough. Liu Juemin is the principal and teaches self-cultivation. I teach Chinese, Li Jian teaches history, and Liu Zhiru teaches math and painting. Each class has a class teacher to guide the class meeting. For example, Comrade Chen Tanqiu not only teaches English, but also serves as a teacher in Class B, Grade One.

Seventh, help students read newspapers and periodicals after class, and promote students to pay attention to current international and domestic issues, including the Russian revolution.

Eighth, it is easier to meet the new ideological trend brought by the May 4th Movement and stimulate students' revolutionary ideas.

Ninth, Wuhan middle school students never make a fuss about the school, which is a rare phenomenon in China schools in the 1920s. The school has never expelled students.

Tenth, students' ideological progress and better academic performance.

These characteristics, such as the first day to the seventh day, are shown at the beginning of school; The eighth to tenth are gradually displayed after the start of school. 1920 Autumn, Wuhan Middle School has been established for one semester. The Hubei Communist Research Group was organized by me, Chen Tanqiu and Guo Enchang (he quit a few months later), and the spread of socialist revolutionary ideas was rarely hindered in Wuhan Middle School. China Socialist Youth League (SY at that time) was also organized by the development of middle school students in Wuhan, Hubei. This has a very significant relationship with the eighth characteristic of Wuhan middle school teaching.

The first batch of students from Wuhan Middle School graduated in 1923, and in 1924, four students were admitted to National Wuchang Normal University (formerly National Wuchang Higher Normal University). The enrollment of National Wuchang Normal University is very strict, and there are often high school graduates from Hubei who have not been admitted to a school for one year. Wuhan Middle School admitted four students in the first phase, which proved that the students' studies were excellent.

Board member

Because I am a director of the school board, I teach Chinese to Class A and Class B, and spend a lot of time at school and with students. I participate in all kinds of school affairs like a nominal staff member, and both professional teachers and students respect me very much.

Comrade Chen Tanqiu is the head teacher of Class B, who lives on campus and also lives with students. Chen Er and I have the greatest influence among the students in Wuhan Middle School. When private Wuhan Middle School was founded, although there were people with revolutionary ideas, some of them were just dissatisfied with the status quo, not running schools for the sake of revolution. Students' ideological dynamics are more complicated. Just participated in China * * *, Comrade Chen Tanqiu and I consciously studied the Russian revolution, carried out propaganda and organization work based on Wuhan Middle School, organized party league branches among students one after another, and led students to approach workers and peasants.

The Party and Youth League organized work in Wuhan Middle School, and found some contacts and established some organizations in various schools and factories in Wuhan. Chen Tanqiu and I were organized by the Communist Youth League in Wuhan Middle School, leading students to run evening classes and literacy classes for civilians. During the winter and summer vacations, we went home to do rural surveys, approached farmers, and helped them study and organize, and some of them later developed into farmers' associations. 1922, the work of the party and the youth league is developing day by day in Wuhan. The Party transferred Comrade Chen Tanqiu from Wuhan Middle School to specialize in party affairs. That year, due to the shortage of the original school building, Wuhan Middle School found Pengyang Temple in Vu Thang Gate, Wuchang, and converted it into the second school, which could accommodate four classes of students to stay and give lectures. I didn't recruit staff at that time, so nominally I didn't want to go to Department 2 to stay with students. Later, I invited Wang Zibi from Macheng to be the supervisor. There are several textile mills not far from the north of Pengyang Gongci, which is the gathering place of textile workers in Wuchang. The second school is here, which creates conditions for students to get close to workers.

Visit employees' families

The school party group organizes students to visit workers' families, organizes evening self-study classes to educate workers' children and get together with workers. In this way, it is easy for the Party and the Communist Youth League to establish a workers' movement stronghold in this textile workers' base area. Once I went to western Hubei to participate in a short-term revolutionary military activity. In order to raise two development funds, I raised 600 yuan to 700 yuan, and the construction of two houses was successfully completed as scheduled. 1in the spring of 925, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was going on in various places, and I was transferred from school by the Party to specialize in the work of the Kuomintang. In autumn, Hankou founded a tabloid, Chu Guang Daily. I am the manager and Comrade Wan Xiyan is the editor-in-chief. This newspaper was published in the spring of 1926. It was completely published under the guidance of the Party. Private Wuhan Middle School began enrolling students and teaching in 1920. By the spring of 1923, eight classes had been enrolled, which were the first two classes last winter. After four years of study, it has graduated. After that, I graduated from two classes every year to recruit two new students. This school has maintained the number of eight classes for many years. It was not until 1928 that the Kuomintang warlords from Guangxi captured Wuhan and occupied Hubei, and Wuhan Middle School was closed.

During the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, most teachers and students in Wuhan Middle School sympathized with and joined the Kuomintang, and many students joined the Communist Youth League. Therefore, during the Great Revolution from 1925 to 1927, they took an active part in the revolutionary work.

After the revolution deepened and the Kuomintang Rightists betrayed the revolution, teachers and students in Wuhan middle school were divided. Most of them followed the Kuomintang and some followed Chiang Kai-shek. * * * Committee members, the Communist Youth League members and the left wing of the Kuomintang continued their revolution, and most of these revolutionary comrades died in the agrarian revolution.

Among the teachers in Wuhan Middle School is Comrade Chen Tanqiu's younger brother Chen Linyin, who graduated from Peking University English class. When he went to school to teach English, Comrade Chen Tanqiu had left school. He used to be a liberal. He just wants to find a job and earn some money to pay his debts. Later, in a summer vacation, I led a group of students to work in the countryside to understand the real life of farmers. He realized that the peasants in China could not turn over without revolution, and the peasant revolution must be organized under the leadership of the working class. He joined the party and undertook the work of the agricultural movement for the party. After the Nanchang Uprising on August 1st, he went south with the army, fell ill on the way and died in Ruijin.

Zhang Peixin, a small clerk who played a very good role in the opening of Wuhan Middle School, was born in Hong 'an, a poor peasant with a little education, and worked as a shop apprentice./kloc-0 worked as a messenger and bell ringer in Wuhan Middle School in the spring of 1920. In fact, when Wuhan Middle School was opened, apart from two part-time supervisors, there were no documents and accountants, only Zhang Peixin and another handyman were used. So Pei Xin also does some clerical accounting work, such as compiling a student roster, operating miscellaneous fees and so on. He is smart, eager to learn, makes rapid progress, can express his ideas in words and has a good relationship with students. Later the school promoted him to be an accountant. After the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China moved to Hankou, he was transferred to the central government, and he also left Wuhan Middle School. /kloc-in the winter of 0/927, he presided over a printing organ of our party. This institution was destroyed, and Pei Xin was arrested and killed by the Kuomintang.