John gurdon, a British scientist, and shinya yamanaka, a Japanese medical professor, were awarded the 20 12 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions in the field of somatic cell reprogramming technology.

2. Professor Gordon and Professor shinya yamanaka found that mature and specialized cells can be reprogrammed into immature cells and then developed into all tissues of human body. This discovery breaks the consistent understanding that human stem cells develop from immature cells to specialized mature cells in one direction and the growth process is irreversible.

According to the press release of Karolinska Medical College, the discovery of two scientists has completely changed people's understanding of cell and organ growth. Textbooks have been rewritten and new research fields have been established. By reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new methods to diagnose and treat diseases.

4. john gordon works in Gordon College in Cambridge, England. 1962, he transplanted the nucleus of tadpole differentiated cells into the cytoplasm of oocytes through experiments, and cultivated adult frogs. This experiment proves for the first time that the differentiated cell genome is reversible and has epoch-making significance.

5. shinya yamanaka works in Kyoto University. In 2006, shinya yamanaka and other scientists transferred four key genes into mouse fibroblasts through retrovirus vectors, making them multifunctional stem cells. This means that immature cells can develop into all types of cells.