Albert Einstein 1879+04 was born in Ulm, Germany in March, and 1955 died in Princeton, USA in April. He is a famous theoretical physicist, the founder of the theory of relativity, and the winner of the 192 1 Nobel Prize in Physics. Albert Einstein, the greatest physicist in the 20th century, was born in Ulm, southwest Germany, on March 1879, and moved to Munich with his family a year later. Einstein's parents were Jews. His father Herman Einstein and his uncle Jacob Einstein jointly opened an electrical appliance factory to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Mother Pauline, a housewife with secondary education, likes music very much and taught Einstein to play the violin when he was six years old. Einstein was not lively when he was a child, and he couldn't speak when he was over three years old. His parents were worried that he was dumb and took him to see a doctor. Fortunately, Einstein was not dumb, but he didn't speak fluently until he was nine years old. Everything he says must be carefully thought over. At the age of four or five, Einstein was once ill in bed, and his father gave him a compass. When he found that the compass always pointed in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something hidden behind this phenomenon. He happily played with the compass for several days, pestering his father and uncle Jacob to ask a series of questions. Although he can't even say the word "magnetic" well, he stubbornly wants to know why the compass can guide the direction. This deep and lasting impression was vividly recalled by Einstein until he was 67 years old. When Einstein was in primary school and middle school, his homework was normal. Because he is slow and doesn't like people, his teachers and classmates don't like him. The teachers who taught him Greek and Latin hated him even more. He once publicly scolded him: "Einstein, you will never be a successful person when you grow up." And I want to kick him out of school for fear that his class will affect other students. Einstein's uncle Jacob is in charge of technical affairs in the electric appliance factory, while Einstein's father is in charge of business contact. Jacob is an engineer. He loves mathematics very much. When Einstein came to ask him questions, he always introduced his mathematics knowledge to him in very simple and popular language. Under the influence of his uncle, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. My father's business is not good, but he is optimistic and kind. Inviting poor students from Munich to dinner at home every night is tantamount to helping them. One of them is a pair of Jewish brothers Max and Bernard from Lithuania. They are all medical students. They like reading books and have a wide range of interests. They were invited to eat at Einstein's house and became good friends with shy little Einstein with black hair and brown eyes. Max can be said to be Einstein's "first teacher". He lent him some popular natural science books. When Einstein was twelve years old, Max gave him a plane geometry textbook from speke. Einstein recalled this sacred little book in his later years and said, "There are many conclusions in this book, such as that the three heights of a triangle intersect at one point. Although they are not obvious in themselves, they can be reliably proved, so any doubt seems impossible. This clarity and reliability left an indescribable impression on me. " Einstein was also very lucky to know the main achievements and methods in the field of natural science from an excellent popular reading. Popular reading not only increased Einstein's knowledge, but also touched the curious heartstrings of young people and caused him to think deeply about the problem. At the age of sixteen, Einstein applied for the engineering department of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, but failed in the entrance examination. He accepted the suggestion of Professor Weber, the president of the Federal Institute of Technology and a famous physicist in the school, and completed the middle school course in Arau, Switzerland, with a view to obtaining a middle school degree. 1896 5438+00 In June, Einstein stepped into the school gate of Zurich University of Technology and studied mathematics and physics in the normal department. He is very disgusted with the indoctrination education in school, which makes people have no time and interest to think about other problems. Fortunately, compulsory education that stifles real scientific motivation is much less in Zurich Federal Institute of Technology than in other universities. Einstein made full use of the free air in the school and devoted himself to the subject he loved. At school, he widely read the works of masters of physics such as Helmholtz and Hertz, and he was most fascinated by Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He has the ability of self-study, the habit of analyzing problems and the ability of independent thinking. Relativity Relativity is the basic theory about space-time and gravity, which was mainly founded by Albert Einstein and divided into special relativity (special relativity) and general relativity (general relativity). The basic assumptions of relativity are the principle of invariance of light speed, the principle of relativity and the principle of equivalence. Relativity and quantum mechanics are two basic pillars of modern physics. Classical mechanics, which laid the foundation of classical physics, is not suitable for high-speed moving objects and objects under microscopic conditions. Relativity solves the problem of high-speed motion; Quantum mechanics solves problems under microscopic subatomic conditions. Relativity has greatly changed the common sense concepts of the universe and nature, and put forward new concepts such as simultaneous relativity, four-dimensional space-time and curved space. Special relativity is a kind of relativity that is limited to the discussion of inertial system. Newton's view of time and space holds that space is a flat, isotropic and isotropic three-dimensional space-absolute space, and time is a single dimension independent of space (so it is absolute), that is, absolute view of time and space. Special relativity holds that space and time are not independent of each other, but a unified four-dimensional space-time whole, and there is no absolute space and time. In the special theory of relativity, the whole space-time is still flat, isotropic and isotropic, which is an ideal situation corresponding to the "global inertial system". Special relativity assumes that the speed of light in vacuum is constant, and Lorentz transformation can be deduced by combining the principle of special relativity and the above-mentioned space-time properties. General relativity is a theory published by Einstein in 19 15. Einstein put forward the "equivalence principle", that is, gravity and inertia force are equivalent. This principle is based on the equivalence of gravitational mass and inertial mass (at present, the experiment proves that the difference between gravitational mass and inertial mass is still not visible within the precision range of 10 12). According to the principle of equivalence, Einstein extended the principle of relativity in a narrow sense to the principle of relativity in a broad sense, that is, the form of physical laws is unchanged in all reference systems. The motion equation of an object is the geodesic equation in the reference system. Geodesic equation has nothing to do with the inherent properties of the object itself, but only depends on the local geometric properties of time and space. And gravity is the expression of local geometric properties of time and space. The existence of material mass will cause the bending of time and space. In curved space-time, objects still move along the shortest distance (that is, along the geodesic-in Euclidean space). For example, the geodesic movement of the earth in curved space-time caused by the sun actually revolves around the sun, resulting in a gravitational effect. Just like on the surface of the earth, if you move in a straight line, you actually walk around the great circle on the surface of the earth. This article is transferred from a celebrity story, please indicate the source.

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