Cucumber is most suitable to grow in soft, fertile and breathable humus soil. This is because the root system of cucumber is thin and weak, and its ability to absorb water and fertilizer is poor. However, cucumber plants are tall and have high fruit yield, and its vegetative growth and reproductive growth are continuous at the same time, so it needs to absorb a lot of water and mineral nutrients. In fertile loam, the root system has a great expansion volume and absorption capacity. Cucumber grows slowly in clay, but its growth period is long and its total output is high. In sandy soil or sandy loam, cucumber grows early and has high early yield, but it is easy to age and has low total output. Breeding seedlings with rich microbial inoculum and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer has developed root system and is easy to transplant. Using salford series microbial fertilizer or salford mineral fertilizer combined with compound fertilizer as base fertilizer before planting can achieve the effects of increasing yield, eliminating pests, improving crop quality, breaking continuous cropping and eliminating hardening. Generally, the yield can be increased by more than 25%. It's not difficult to cultivate land with Sulef, and farmers say it's good to use it.
Cucumber planting technology, cucumber is sensitive to ground temperature, and it cannot grow below 12℃. The ground temperature should be above 15℃, and the suitable ground temperature is 20 ~ 30℃. When the soil water content reaches 85% ~ 95% and the soil oxygen content is above 5%, it is beneficial to root activity. When the temperature is low and the soil moisture is too high, the root system not only cannot develop, but also may suffer. Continuous cloudy days often lead to a large number of dead seedlings due to retting. The soil solution adapted to cucumber roots is neutral and acidic, and the cucumber roots grow well when the ph value of the soil solution is 6 ~ 6.8. The salt tolerance of cucumber root system is poor, cucumber likes fertilizer but is not tolerant to it, and obvious symptoms of fertilizer damage will appear if too much fertilizer is applied.
Cucumber seed germination is drought-tolerant, but it can't germinate when the soil moisture is less than 8%. In addition, excessive soil moisture will not inhibit it during germination, so cucumber seed germination is not sensitive to water conditions. Cucumber belongs to the variety that needs high temperature for germination. The lowest temperature for cucumber seeds to germinate is 65438 02.7℃, but the swollen seeds can germinate at 65438 00℃ when frozen at -2-6℃. The suitable temperature for cucumber germination is 25 ~ 30℃; Above 35℃, the germination rate decreased. Cucumber seeds with the highest limit temperature of 40℃ did not respond to light at high temperature, but showed photophobia at low temperature below 20℃. This photosensitivity has nothing to do with seed dormancy and seed age.
Generally speaking, high oxygen concentration promotes seed germination, while high carbon dioxide concentration inhibits seed germination. When the oxygen concentration is higher than 5%, the germination degree of cucumber seeds is the same as that in the atmosphere, which belongs to the type with the lowest oxygen demand. However, if the oxygen concentration is lower than 2%, germination will be obviously inhibited.
Second, the growth period of cucumber
The growth cycle of cucumber can be roughly divided into four stages: germination stage, seedling stage and flowering and fruiting stage. The whole growth period of cucumber in the open field is 90 ~ 120 days. The growth period of cucumber seedlings is long in spring and summer, and short in autumn. After cucumber planting, the general trend of plant individual development is slow growth in the early stage, fast growth in the middle stage and slow growth in the late stage.
(1) Cultivation Techniques of Cucumber in Germination Stage
From seed germination to the appearance of the first true leaf, the germination period is about 5- 10 days. At room temperature, the radicle began to protrude 65438±0mm 24 hours after seed soaking, 65438±0.5cm after 48 hours, and it can be unearthed 3-5 days after sowing. The growth characteristic of germination stage is that the main roots are rooted. Hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon elongation. The nutrients needed for growth are completely supplied by the nutrients stored in the seeds themselves, which is a heterotrophic stage. Therefore, mature and full seeds should be selected for growth to ensure vigorous growth during germination. Cotyledons should be given higher temperature and humidity before arching the soil to promote early emergence, rapid emergence and full seedling; After the cotyledons are unearthed, the temperature and humidity should be appropriately reduced to prevent excessive growth. The end of this period is the best time for seedlings.
(2) Seedling stage
The seedling stage from the appearance of true leaves to 4-5 true leaves is about 20-30 days. The growth characteristics of cucumber seedlings are the formation of seedling leaves, the elongation of main roots and the appearance of lateral roots. The roots, stems, leaves, flowers and other organs of cucumber seedlings have been pregnant and differentiated, which laid the foundation for the development of the whole growth period, especially the formation of product yield and the improvement of product quality. Therefore, it is an important link of cultivation technology to create suitable conditions in production and cultivate healthy seedlings of appropriate age, which is the key to early maturity and high yield. The management of temperature, fertilizer and water should be based on the principles of "promotion" and "control", and at the same time meet the needs of cucumber vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The middle and late stage of this stage is the suitable period for setting the value.
(3) Planting techniques of cucumber at early flowering stage.
The initial flowering period is 5-6 true leaves to root melons, about 15-25 days. Generally, the plant height is about1.2m, with 12- 13 leaves. The development characteristics of cucumber at the initial flowering stage are mainly the vegetative growth of stems and leaves. It is necessary to expand the leaf area, ensure the quantity and quality of flower buds, stabilize the melon body and avoid excessive growth and melon melting.
(D) Cucumber planting techniques in fruit-bearing period
The fruiting period is from sitting on the root melon to pulling out the seedlings. Different cultivation forms and environmental conditions have different fruiting periods. Cucumber in summer and autumn is only about 40 days; Cucumber in solar greenhouse in winter and spring lasts 120- 150 days; It can reach 180 days in alpine region. The growth characteristics of cucumber in fruiting period are continuous flowering and fruiting, and continuous growth of roots and main lateral vines. The length of fruiting period is the key to yield, so we should do everything possible to extend it. The length of fruiting period is influenced by many factors, and the maturity of varieties is one of them, but it mainly depends on the environmental field and cultivation techniques. In the fruiting period, it needs a lot of money to harvest materials continuously, and it needs to supply enough fertilizer and water in time in production.
Third, the basic fertilizer requirement characteristics of cucumber
Cucumber has a high demand for nutrition because of its excellent environment, vigorous growth, high yield and good quality. Cucumber yields 654.38+00000 kg of fruit per mu, which requires 2.5-3.0% of soil organic matter, and the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 27.3, 654.38+03.0 and 34.7 kg respectively. Increasing soil fertility, promoting nutrient balance and improving soil production potential are the basic measures for high yield and high quality cucumber.
(A) cucumber planting technology to increase the application of organic fertilizer
This is the basis of increasing soil fertility and the key to curing raw soil in new greenhouses. Because organic fertilizer is a complete fertilizer, it can not only supply various nutrients necessary for crop growth in greenhouse cucumber production, but also play an important role in sustainable high-yield agriculture, activating soil nutrients and improving soil. Using salford microbial inoculum combined with potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to raise seedlings, the roots of seedlings are developed and easy to transplant. Using salford series microbial fertilizer or salford mineral fertilizer combined with compound fertilizer as base fertilizer before planting can achieve the effects of increasing yield, eliminating pests, improving crop quality, breaking continuous cropping and eliminating hardening. Generally, the yield can be increased by more than 25%. It's not difficult to cultivate land with Sulef, and farmers say it's good to use it. According to practice, organic fertilizer has the following five characteristics:
1. After the organic fertilizer is applied to the soil, after microbial decomposition, it can continuously release various nutrients for cucumber to absorb, and also release carbon dioxide to improve the carbon nutrition of crops.
2. Humus, humic acid, amino acid and fulvic acid are produced in the process of organic fertilizer decomposition, which can stimulate seed germination and root growth and promote crop biochemical metabolism.
3. Organic fertilizer is the main substance to improve soil. During the decomposition process, microorganisms produce secretory enzymes and humus, regulate soil substances and transformation energy, promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, and enhance the ability of soil water and fertilizer conservation.
4. Organic fertilizer can improve the availability of insoluble phosphorus in soil.
5. It can increase output and improve quality. Organic fertilizer combined with appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer can coordinate the contradiction between cucumber growth and fruiting, improve the stress resistance, make colored melons straight and full of thorns, and greatly improve the commodity rate. Generally, 4-6 cubic meters of decomposed chicken manure and 5-8 cubic meters of manure are applied per mu.
(2) Cucumber planting technology should pay attention to the application of biological bacterial fertilizer.
Generally speaking, the total potassium and total phosphorus per mu of topsoil are greater than 180 and 120 kg, respectively, but 80-90% of crops cannot be directly absorbed and utilized. The use of compound growth fertilizer can accelerate the decomposition and transformation of soil organic residues and insoluble mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium. It is an inevitable choice to increase the application of organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer and reduce the use of chemical fertilizer. However, soil conservation in newly-built greenhouses is especially combined with the application of biological fertilizers. Practice in various places has proved that the application of 7.5- 10 kg of high-quality organic biological fertilizer can make cucumber plants strong, with more melons, longer melon strips, longer picking period, and benefit the whole growth period once, with unique effects.
Third, the extensive use of rotting human feces. Nitrogen is the basic element of crop growth, which plays an important role in flower bud differentiation and melon strip enrichment. According to the survey, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in most greenhouse soils is 65,438+0: 65,438+0.7: 2.4, so many greenhouses that mainly use diammonium phosphate for many years should pay special attention to supplementing nitrogen fertilizer. Human feces are full and complete, rich in nitrogen, and are found in every household. When cucumber is growing, decomposed human excrement and urine are widely used, and the best effect is achieved by watering and washing. Newly-built greenhouses can be watered first and then planted, which is also beneficial to the maintenance of raw soil.
4. Fertilization and field management techniques of cucumber at different growth stages.
According to the characteristics of different growth stages of cucumber, different fertilization, irrigation and intertillage measures were taken in time to promote and control regulation, so as to make the balanced development of nutritional production and reproductive growth, prolong the growth period and obtain high yield. Mainly used for:
(1) Apply sufficient base fertilizer.
Autumn cucumber should be planted on sandy loam with fertile soil, fertilizer and water conservation and convenient irrigation and drainage. Before sowing, apply miscellaneous fertilizer 1500 kg of farm soil such as pigs, chickens and ducks, plow it into the soil, and then use 50 kg of 45% ternary compound fertilizer. After three days of sowing, the seeds can't touch the compound fertilizer. The width of the border is 1.4m (flat ditch), and two rows are planted, with a spacing of about 30cm.
(b) Fertilizer and water management and intertillage
In the early stage of sowing and transplanting, attention should be paid to water management to ensure emergence or survival. If direct seeding is used, interplanting should be done in time, and seedlings should be fixed when there are 3 ~ 4 real leaves, and one seedling should be left in each nest. If missing nests and broken wires are found, replanting should be done in time to ensure the whole seedling. After sowing, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer15 ~ 20kg per mu; Apply 20 ~ 25 kilograms of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer per mu in the vine-pulling period and flowering and fruiting period, and apply it once after harvesting, and spray 0. 1 ~ 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or compound fertilizer solution. In addition to fertilization, we should also pay attention to watering to promote growth. Water should be controlled before and after harvesting, combined with weeding and shallow tillage to conserve moisture, and attention should be paid to drainage and waterlogging prevention. When entering the full flowering period, generally water 1 time every 3 ~ 4 days; In the late stage of fruit-bearing, the number of watering times decreased accordingly.
(3) Technical support, vine beating and pruning of cucumber planting.
Scaffolding should be carried out after the vines start. Use bamboo poles or branches longer than 2 meters to build herringbone frames, and tie vines in time. When pruning, keep the main vine, knot 1 ~ 2 melons on the side vines, pick the core, and pay attention to knocking out the old leaves and yellow leaves at the lower part.
(4) Timely delivery
The first batch of melons at the base of the plant should be picked early, which is beneficial for the plant to enter the prosperous period of reproductive growth. In the period of vigorous reproductive growth, young melons should be picked as far as possible, generally in the specific length and maximum of varieties, which can not only ensure the quality, but also improve the yield and the market price is good. When the local first frost approaches, cucumber grows slowly and should be picked 1 ~ 2 days later than the reproductive growth period. China Organic Agriculture Network cnoa360.com