1877 February 1 Born in guanyin temple, the fourth capital of Huashan, Changsha County, Hunan Province (now guanyin temple, Jiangbei Town, Changsha County).
From 65438 to 0905, he entered Ningxiang Accelerated Middle School in Changsha, and taught at Nan Zhou Girls' School in Changsha after graduation. Later, private schools (such as Lijiang School and Changsha Civilian Night School) were established. )
19 10 went to Japan to study, supported Wuchang Uprising, and was elected as the deputy speaker of Hunan Provisional Parliament.
19 13 Principal of Changsha Normal School.
19 19-1924 In June, at the age of 42, he went to France to work and study, and inspected the education in Belgium and Germany.
1924 After returning to China, Changsha Women's Normal School and Hunan Orphanage were founded.
1May, 927, in the "white terror", he resolutely joined China and took part in the Nanchang Uprising.
1928 studied at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, Soviet Union.
1930 After returning to China, he entered the central revolutionary base area. He was the Minister of Education of chinese soviet republic Provisional Central Government, and founded Lenin Primary School and Lenin Normal School. Participated in the Long March. When he was in Yan 'an, he was the minister of education of the border region government. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he served as the director of the Eighth Route Army's Hunan office in the name of the Eighth Route Army's senior chief of staff, and later served as the deputy director of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee.
193 1 year 1 1 month was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee of chinese soviet republic, acting minister of the Ministry of Education of chinese soviet republic Provisional Central Government, and concurrently vice-president of Soviet University.
1934 10 He participated in the 25,000-mile Long March of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants at the age of 57, and was incorporated into the cadre recuperation company of the central organ column with Dong and Xu Teli, showing the fearless revolutionary spirit of the old hero.
1940 Yan' an institute of natural science was established and served as president.
1949 after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) (China), he served as a member of the central people's government, a member of the NPC Standing Committee, and a member of the seventh and eighth central committees of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Later, he resigned for physical reasons.
1968 165438+ died in Beijing on1October 28th at the age of 9 1. Xu Teli, 1877, was born in a poor peasant family in Changsha County, Hunan Province. He experienced the cruel exploitation of farmers since he was a child. At the age of 9, my father and brother were bullied because they couldn't read. They pooled their money to send him to a private school. He studied for six years and dropped out of school because he had no money. He studied Zen with a monk. Later, he worked at home and taught in a private school. 1905, Changsha established a normal school because of the Qing government's inspection of new schools. He was admitted to a crash course by the school, became a high school teacher after graduation, and applied to work in Changsha Nan Zhou Girls' School.
1907, when the Qing government made humiliating compromises with foreign countries, Xu Teli gave a report on current affairs at school. Speaking of his anger, he burst into tears. He even cut off his left little finger with a kitchen knife, dipped in blood and wrote a protest, and fainted on the spot. This move of "cutting off fingers with a knife" was immediately famous in the whole province, and Xu Teli was also praised as the most bloody radical figure by progressive thinkers at that time.
19 1 1 When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, Xu Teli took an active part in the Hunan Uprising and was promoted as the deputy speaker of Changsha. The following year, he served as director of the provincial education department. After he entered the officialdom with integrity, he felt extremely dark and soon returned to the education field to serve as the principal of Changsha Normal School. 19 19, there was an upsurge of work-study programs in France. Xu Teli, 42, also signed up and became the oldest international student. During his four years in France, he studied French while working, and then entered the University of Paris to study natural science. After returning to China, she became the first female teacher principal in Changsha and was recognized as a celebrity in Hunan education. 1927 At the height of the Great Revolution in the early years, Xu Teli joined the Hunan Peasant Association and served as the education minister. He also served as the minister of agriculture and industry in the Changsha Party Department of the left-wing Kuomintang. In the summer of the same year, the Great Revolution failed. When many party member defected, Xu Teli joined the Party at the age of 50. Subsequently, he participated in the Nanchang Uprising and served as the representative of the division. After the army failed, he decided to go up the mountain to fight guerrilla warfare with He Long, but he failed to follow because of illness and was sent to Moscow to enter Sun Yat-sen University. After learning Russian, he systematically studied Marxism-Leninism, and jointly studied Chinese Latinized Pinyin with Wu and Qu Qiubai.
At the end of 1930, Xu Teli returned to China and went to the Jiangxi base area. Later, he served as the Deputy Minister of Education in the Chinese Soviet government (the minister was Qu Qiubai). 1934 Joined the Long March. Along the way, he marched with everyone for self-defense with bamboo sticks and red tassels. Qu Qiubai gave him a good horse when he left, but he always gave it to the sick and wounded. According to statistics, the Long March took two days, while Lao Xu only rode two thousand miles. It is said that "Xu Zhenxing does not ride with horses".
After arriving in northern Shaanxi, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China celebrated his 60th birthday. Mao Zedong wrote to congratulate him, saying that Xu "will be my future husband". After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Xu Teli first went to Kuomintang-ruled areas as a representative of the Communist Party of China, 1940 returned to Yan 'an as the president of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and was elected as a member of the Central Committee at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China. At this time, he was in the prime of life, nearly seventy years old, and also participated in the swimming competition of Yan 'an Youth Games. 1947, the Central Committee celebrated his 70th birthday. Chairman Mao's inscription is "a strong old soldier", and Commander-in-Chief Zhu's inscription is "a saint today".
After the founding of New China, Xu Teli was appointed as Vice Minister of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. Due to amnesia in old age, he automatically applied for dismissal. But he still cares about state affairs-he disapproved during the Great Leap Forward and was worried after the Cultural Revolution. When he went to Tiananmen Square on 1966 National Day, he stood by the elevator and waited for Mao Zedong, trying to pour out his thoughts. When Chairman Mao saw him from a distance, he immediately greeted him and wanted to come over. Unfortunately, he was separated by a group of people who suddenly appeared and shouted "Long live". Since then, Lao Xu's health has gone from bad to worse, making it difficult to go out, and he died in 1968. Xu Teli was born in 1877, when China was gradually becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Judging from the world situation, Britain, France, the United States and other countries invaded and expanded around the world and seized colonies; At home, the Qing dynasty is coming to an end, and domestic politics is decadent, and foreign affairs are grovelling. In this situation, people of insight have explored ways to save the country and the people.
Young Xu Teli lives in the countryside of Changsha County, Hunan Province. His mother's early death, his father's fatigue all day and extreme embarrassment made him taste the hardships of the world for the first time. 1886, my uneducated father scraped together some tuition fees and sent 9-year-old Xu Teli to a private school.
Among the poems, songs and ancient prose read by private schools, Zhu Bailu, a scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and Yang Jueshan, a loyal minister in the Ming Dynasty, had a far-reaching influence on Xu Teli. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, Xu Teli had to drop out of school because his family died and he had to make a living by himself. After several years of exploration, at the age of 18, Xu Teli finally made a decision: with the essay, "We must teach and study the imperial examination industry well" and "make progress and make a living".
Therefore, Xu Teli taught the Mongolian Museum in his hometown, while "studying the imperial examination" and studying stereotyped writing hard. However, he opposed stereotyped writing, especially at the suggestion of Changsha scholar Chen Yunfeng. Xu Teli decided to seek the truth and stop focusing on stereotyped writing. "From then on, I stopped writing stereotyped writing and became an excellent sinologist." He even made a "ten-year bankruptcy study plan" and devoted himself to "learning to ask questions, but not learning to ignore him." While reading a subset of classics and history, Xu Teli actively read Hunan Daily, Hunan Daily and other books and periodicals that spread western civilization, especially those passionate articles written by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong, and once claimed to be a follower of Kang Liang.
1905, the Qing court explicitly abolished stereotyped writing to take scholars, changed the examination of Confucian classics and added history and geography. 28-year-old Xu Teli took the exam and ranked 19 among 3000 candidates. Although he later gave up the second interview because of financial difficulties and was unwilling to accept financial aid from rich children, his reputation spread like wildfire, and schools from all over the world rushed to hire him, so he no longer needed to worry about his livelihood. However, he is not at ease about his career as a rural teacher, let alone obsessed with a well-off family. The problems he considered were different from those before he was 20 years old, mainly considering career, family and future, and then he felt it was time to share his worries for the country and the nation. He felt that he should leave his hometown and go to a wider world to learn new knowledge and explore ways to save the country and the people. He was admitted to Ningxiang Accelerated Normal School founded by member Zhou Zhenlin in in Changsha, where he studied new knowledge such as pedagogy and natural science, taught bourgeois revolutionary courses such as western history and oriental history, and began to accept bourgeois democratic ideas. With the failure of three large-scale petitions organized by the Constitutionalists, Xu Teli gradually realized that reformism did not work in China, and the Qing government had to be overthrown through revolution. So he learned about the revolutionary situation from revolutionary Lin and others, and said that he would follow Sun Yat-sen and take part in the revolution. 19 1 1 When the Wuchang Uprising broke out, when Hunan was still under the weight of dark clouds, Xu Teli called on some progressive teachers to make propaganda speeches everywhere and called on everyone to support the revolution.
After the recovery of Hunan, Xu Teli served as the deputy speaker of the provincial provisional parliament and devoted himself to the construction of the new regime. However, corruption in officialdom soon made him feel disappointed and indignant. He resigned as deputy speaker of the provincial parliament and director of the provincial education department, determined to return to the education field and transform people's hearts with education in order to realize his desire to save the country through education. He founded and painstakingly managed Changsha Normal University, and then went to Hunan No.1 Normal University to teach. His lofty moral character, profound knowledge and strong patriotic enthusiasm have had a far-reaching impact on many students who are interested in saving the country from adversity, such as Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen. 1in the summer of 924, Xu Teli returned to China and continued to devote himself to Hunan education. Founded Changsha Women's Normal School as the principal. At the same time, he also served as the principal of Changsha Normal School and the first women's normal school in Hunan Province. He carefully managed three schools and continued to practice his ambition of saving the country through education.
With the convening of the first National Congress of the Kuomintang and the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Kuomintang has implemented three major policies of "uniting Russia, uniting the Communist Party and helping the peasants and workers". At the suggestion of He Shuheng, director of the Organization Department of Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xu Teli joined the left wing of the Kuomintang in an attempt to "jointly promote the national revolution". 192665438+February, I met Mao Zedong who went back to Hunan to investigate the peasant movement, and then returned to my hometown to investigate the peasant movement in the spring of 1927. He was surprised at the earth-shaking changes in the countryside. He began to realize that "a few students can't save the country ... saving the country through education is my fantasy for 30 years", so he actively participated in the peasant movement and joined the torrent of the Great Revolution. 1in March, 927, he served as the chief of the education department of Hunan peasant association and the director of the Hunan peasant movement workshop. He was also elected as the minister of the workers and peasants department of the Kuomintang Party Department in Changsha, and did a lot of work for the development of the workers and peasants movement in Hunan.
However, in April 1927, the Kuomintang Rightists openly rebelled against the revolution, and on May 2 1 day, the "Ma Ri incident" broke out in Changsha, killing people and revolutionary masses wildly. Facing the white terror of a river of blood, Xu Te-li refused to draw in and seduce the reactionaries, resolutely abandoned everything and joined China at the risk of being beheaded to become a strong communist fighter. In this regard, Lu gave a very high evaluation in the article "People's Educator": "Comrade Xu Teli, a people's educator, thus taught the comrades of the whole party the first lesson: don't waver when things happen, struggle more resolutely, and the revolution will win. The textbook given to us by Lao Xu is his introduction to joining the Party. This textbook without words is better than any textbook and more important than any textbook. " 1March, 949, Xu Teli entered Beiping with the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China authorities, participated in the peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and took over the national cultural and educational undertakings. At the first meeting of China People's Political Consultative Conference, he was elected as a member of the Central People's Government Committee. 1949 65438+ 10 1, he boarded the Tiananmen Gate, witnessed the first five-star red flag raised by Mao Zedong, and personally listened to Mao Zedong's solemn declaration of the great victory of the China revolution, celebrating the realization of his revolutionary ideal for nearly 50 years.
This year, Xu Teli is 72 years old. In the eyes of ordinary people, he can really support himself. However, he has never relaxed because of his age. While celebrating, what he thought of was not the completion of the revolution and the enjoyment of his old age, but the arduous task facing the country in economic and cultural construction. In his poem "I wish Wu Lao (Wu) the 70th birthday", he wrote: ... the century-old colony will end forever. The arduous future lies in construction. Fortunately, don't be too optimistic. Success lies in your career. You and I will work hard all our lives. It reflects his keen vision, a high sense of responsibility for the revolutionary cause and his grand ambition of "forging ahead and aiming at a thousand miles". He told his good friend Xie Juezai that people are not old until they stop moving forward, but they will be old once they stop moving forward. In order to encourage and motivate himself, he made a 20-year study and work plan as his goal in his later years.
Since then, despite his advanced age, Xu Teli has devoted himself to the cultural and educational undertakings in New China with vigorous energy, led a group of Party propaganda cadres and historians to compile the general history of China, the revolutionary history of China and the history of the Party, and continued to care for and guide the educational work in various ways, such as lectures, writing articles, investigation and research, receiving visits and correspondence, and made unremitting contributions to the development of socialist cultural and educational undertakings. This tough old soldier lived, struggled and kept pace with the times until he died at the last moment-1968165438+1October 28th.
Xu Teli's valuable quality of keeping pace with the times has long been praised by many people. As early as his 60th birthday, 1, Xu Teli has been teaching in Hunan for 20 years, and he loves his students as a son. When he was a teacher and principal, he regarded his monthly salary as 20 yuan, as well as the school director and general manager, who often helped poor students.
Tian Han (the lyricist of the Chinese national anthem) couldn't afford a mosquito net when he entered school, but Xu Teli bought one as a gift. But in order to save money, he arranged his home in the country. He has to walk 80 kilometers back and forth every holiday to go home. One night, he found a freshman complaining that his feet were rotten, so he personally fetched water to wash his feet and gave him medicine. After the news came out, some teachers thought it was too "identity" with the principal, but the students admired him even more.
When he was teaching in the First Normal University, he supported Mao Zedong and other students to oppose the overbearing behavior of the principal. Mao Zedong once said that the two most admired teachers at that time were Mr. Yang Changji (his later father-in-law) and Mr. Xu.
2. Xu Teli worked hard all his life, pursued his ideals and never bent his stomach. After going to France, he actively supported student organizations to oppose the activities of Chinese and French reactionaries. In order to win him over, the domestic warlord government told him through the embassy that he could be given an annual salary of 1000 yuan in the name of "visiting France" Xu Teli scoffed at this and worked part-time in a steel plant to cook for students who had difficulty in doing heavy work.
1937 after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Xu Teli returned to Changsha from Yan 'an as the representative of the Eighth Route Army in Hunan, causing a sensation in the whole city for a while. Hundreds of tourists come to visit every day, many of whom are old friends and relatives. Xu Teli enthusiastically publicized the party's policies to them and talked for a whole day, but in order to save office expenses, he only served tea and never invited people to dinner. Two years later, he left Changsha. When he met with French reporters, he only asked for a light meal and spent a total of 5 yuan on entertainment. At that time, senior Kuomintang officials in Changsha were well dressed and drove in and out. Xu Teli, however, wore a coarse uniform of the Eighth Route Army and walked around the city on foot with an umbrella. Most people who don't know think it's an old cook in the army.
On one occasion, Zhang Zhizhong, president of the province, met Xu Teli and went to the door of the provincial government. The doorman stopped him and said, "Today, President Zhang received the representative of the Eighth Route Army, and no one else can enter." Xu Teli claimed to be. The doorman looked at it, didn't believe it at all, and threw it away. Zhang Zhizhong didn't wait long before sending someone to the Eighth Route Army office to invite him. After learning this story, he compared the styles of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and admired * * * even more.
After liberation, Lao Xu has always maintained a diligent style. He didn't smoke or drink all his life, and only made a cup of green tea every day until his later years, and he was not allowed to change tea until late at night. He only has a pair of leather shoes and a tweed uniform, which he only wears when he goes out for activities.