With the improvement of people's own quality, more and more situations need to use reports, which have the characteristics of narrative language. Let's refer to how the report was written. The following is the investigation report of the small river I collected for you. Welcome to draw lessons from and refer to. I hope it helps you.
River investigation report 1 There is a clear river near my hometown square. When I was in grade one, I often saw people washing clothes in the river. How economical! Some people even take water home.
Look! Two children are splashing water! You made me laugh. No matter how bad the mood is, looking at this river, everyone's troubles will be thrown out of the cloud nine, and the mood will become relaxed!
However, up to now, I find the river dirty and smelly. Think about the river that brings happiness and convenience to everyone. Who doesn't feel sorry for this river? So, I investigated the pollution of this river.
Survey: Last semester? I pass this river every day on my way to school. I have been observing this river, but unfortunately, the garbage in the river is increasing every day.
Analysis:
1, I found from the survey that about 65% of snack bars, food stalls and meat stalls are near the river.
There are two schools with more than 6000 students on the left side of the river.
3. The residents along the river don't have public trash cans.
This river is close to several factories, whose pipelines are all installed in the river.
Conclusion:
The main causes of abnormal pollution of young trees are:
1. Some vendors pour hot water, hot oil and sewage into the river.
After school, students pass by the river, so they throw garbage into it.
Residents by the river throw garbage into the river for convenience.
The sewage from the nearby factory is discharged into the river.
A large number of facts tell me that the pollution of small rivers is mostly caused by human factors and has a lot to do with nearby residents.
Suggestion: The management department should strengthen cooperation, resolutely stop the bad phenomenon of destroying the river course, and sign a "greening achievement protection contract" with each stall owner, and formulate some specific measures to ensure that the river course protection is rewarded, and the destruction of the river course will be punished.
Investigation report on Xiaohe No.2 I. Background
My hometown is Qingzhou, where the scenery is beautiful, the air is fresh and the water network is dense. It is a typical water town in the south of the Yangtze River. However, with the development of economy, the original crystal clear river has disappeared. Instead, there are garbage floating on the water, and some unknown green water plants, some of which may be microorganisms. In a word, that kind of green is unnatural and uncomfortable to look at. I searched the internet for information and knew that it was pollution caused by eutrophication of water bodies. It is difficult for the lively and lovely little fish to see their traces again. Walk along the river until you come to the villagers' house. From time to time, you will find a lot of domestic garbage floating on the river, not to mention those small garbage, and the colors in the river are more vivid. If you look at this river carefully, you only find that it is very dark, and almost all the domestic sewage from villagers' homes is black, so the collected water will directly enter this river. What is even more worrying is that the river still plays a role in irrigating fields locally. How do you feel when you eat the grain produced by such river irrigation?
Second, the purpose of the investigation
1, improve your attention to the environmental problems around you;
2. Understand the hazards of water pollution;
3, starting from ourselves, protecting water resources and protecting the environment;
4. Call on all villagers to actively participate in environmental protection activities.
Third, investigation and research methods
20xx June 1 day and 1 October1day to June 1 1 day, I went to my hometown for field observation and water sample observation, and visited the villagers living by the river.
2, 20xx 65438+ 10 165438+ 10, investigation of farmland fertilization, villagers' sewage facilities, domestic sewage treatment, etc.
3, 20xx 65438+ 10 month 165438+ 10 month, online query water pollution and its harm;
Fourth, the content of the investigation
1. Field observation: There are many floating objects in the river, mainly domestic garbage and various plastic bags. The river is dark green, and it smells bad. Only snails, unknown small objects and algae can be seen on the shore, and occasionally small fish can be seen swimming. I saw someone brushing their teeth and washing their face against the river in the morning. I saw many villagers washing clothes by the slowly flowing river.
2. Sampling observation: pour the river water into a transparent glass bottle, the water is light gray, the water quality is slightly turbid, and there is a small amount of sponge-like flocculence, and there is sediment after standing for a while.
3. Interviews and surveys:
Interviewee: Random interviews with villagers.
Investigation on water quality of hometown stream in recent five years
Five years ago, five years later.
Cleanliness of riverbanks and rivers-Domestic garbage, even rotten oranges, is piled up on riverbanks, and domestic garbage is thrown into the river.
The color of this river is green, dark blue, bright red, black and so on. When it rains heavily, the water quality is good, but when it rains lightly, the water quality immediately deteriorates.
There is no strong stench in the smell, but there is an odor in the fine smell.
Biological fish and shrimp in the water occasionally have small fish, but snails multiply in large numbers.
Villagers' behaviors and statements can catch fish.
The river is clear and the water quality is good. Because the villagers don't pay attention to environmental protection, they throw garbage into the river at will, which leads to the deterioration of the river. A large number of chemical fertilizers are used, which leads to the decline of water quality. I miss the time when I was a child with fish and shrimp in groups.
There is only one foundry, and there is no pollution source. So far, there are six factories, and their production water is directly discharged without treatment. This is especially true for domestic water. There are twelve rivers.
4. Reason:
(1) Due to the sustained economic growth in recent years, villagers no longer apply organic fertilizers (farmyard manure) to farmland as in the past, and it is difficult to find traces of livestock such as pigs in rural areas now. In this way, the fertilizer of farmland depends on chemical fertilizer. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer will make the soil contain too much nitrogen and phosphorus, which will enter the three major rivers with the water flow. In addition, villagers have the habit of going to the river to wash their clothes. These detergents are all chemical products containing phosphorus, which makes the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in river water increase accordingly. I looked up the information on the internet. It is estimated that the amount of industrial nitrogen fixation on the earth is twice that of biological nitrogen fixation in nature. The nutrients in water make algae and microorganisms multiply, so it is called "water bloom" in fresh water and "red tide" in the ocean. After algae die naturally, bacteria will decompose these organic substances, and these bacteria will consume a lot of oxygen dissolved in water, which will lead to the death of a large number of fish that need oxygen in the water. Their death leads to the proliferation of microorganisms, thus forming a vicious circle. At this point, the water will turn black and stink, and the water quality will plummet.
(2) During the investigation, villagers living by the river were repeatedly seen dumping all kinds of domestic garbage into the river, and even rotten oranges were thrown into the river. In the early morning, the villagers brushed their teeth and washed their faces by the river. Maybe you think it's a trivial matter. As early as ten years ago, I heard from my father that they started their day like this when they were young, but now they can't because the river is polluted. Over time, these seemingly insignificant domestic water will also pollute the river! Even now, there are people washing clothes in this dirty river, which really puzzles me. Perhaps this is a habit of the villagers! However, I really don't understand what the pollution of the river is good for the surrounding villagers. The surrounding villagers are indifferent to the deterioration of river water quality, but they still have not stopped polluting the river! I used to hear them say how big the fish are here, but I didn't see them take any action. This may be a real cause of river pollution!
(3) According to the online data, it shows that the surrounding environment will also cause water pollution. The economic development of Huangyan City and the improvement of residents' requirements for quality of life have caused some highly polluting factories to move to the countryside. The production technology of these factories is very poor, so some wastewater is directly discharged into the river. In this way, these wastewater may enter Ogawa-CHO's hometown and cause pollution. There are six foundries around our village, and their dust and waste water are directly discharged into the river. Causing the river water quality to decline.
Verb (short for verb) experience
Our city is becoming more and more beautiful, but the water is getting dirtier. Our buildings are getting higher and higher, but the groundwater is getting deeper and deeper; Our income is getting more and more, but the water source is getting less and less. ...
With the country's management of large rivers, water resources are getting better and better. In our country, the living standards of villagers are improving, but the pollution to rivers is increasing. We have green hills but no green water. This less clear river flows past us. It affects our life more and more. Although the villagers' awareness of environmental protection is improving, they have not taken action yet.
Through this survey, we learned about the water quality of rivers in our hometown, enhanced our awareness of environmental protection, and learned about the close relationship between the environment and people from an early age, and learned a lot of relevant scientific knowledge, which increased our research and investigation capabilities.
Advices on intransitive verbs:
Through the above investigation, it is suggested that the village committee:
1. Strengthen villagers' ideological education and prohibit dumping garbage into rivers. Villagers were asked to apply organic fertilizer to farmland. The village has increased subsidies for farmers to raise livestock.
2. Widely publicize the importance of protecting water resources, carry out publicity and education on water resources through various media, and enhance the awareness of water-saving protection of all villagers.
3. Strengthen the construction of village water conservancy projects, so that every household can take effective measures to concentrate domestic sewage and discharge it uniformly.
4. Strengthen the binding force of village rules and regulations, maintain the normal development and utilization of water resources, and increase the punishment for wanton pollution of water resources.
Villagers:
1. Use phosphorus-free detergent with caution, and use soap as much as possible to reduce water pollution caused by chemicals in detergent.
2. Use chemicals as little as possible;
Don't pour the domestic garbage into the river. Communities and families should take full action, insist on multi-purpose water, save a basin of water in the kitchen, a cylinder of water in the bathroom and a bucket of water in laundry, so as to really save water around them.
4. Establish the concept of saving water, turn off the tap at any time to prevent dripping.
Conclusion:
At present, the rivers in my hometown are seriously polluted, so the two village committees must strengthen the management, protection and supervision system of water quality. The villagers must regulate their own behavior and be proud of protecting water resources. Everyone should be ashamed of polluting water resources. Water-the source of life, everyone has the responsibility to protect and save water resources. Without it, not only we, but all living things on the earth will cease to exist. Water is so important, but it is not inexhaustible. Need everyone to cherish. In this way, our hometown can have greener mountains and greener water. Let our hometown become a beautiful place.
River survey report 3 It turns out that there is a clear river in front of our community, where groups of fish play and dance every day. We were intoxicated by the clear river and the cheerful fish.
Recently, however, it has been found that the river is not so clear, many small fish have died, and there is still a lot of garbage in the river. I had some doubts, so I investigated the pollution of this river.
survey
I have observed the surrounding environment, and the plants are very dense. I ruled out the possibility of natural disasters, but there are a lot of dead fish and a lot of garbage in the water. In this way, it can only be caused by humans.
1 There is a road near the river, and many cars pass by every day.
There are many snack vendors nearby.
There are also many restaurants, snack bars and juice shops.
We saw two sewage pipes.
conclusion
1 Many people throw garbage into the river to spit, and small fish eat it, resulting in food poisoning and death. Because sewage is discharged into the river, some fish are poisoned by drinking sewage directly.
This information tells me that river pollution is caused by human beings. Don't we have the responsibility to watch the crystal clear river turn into a stinking ditch?
suggestion
This river belongs to all of us. Let's join hands and don't pollute the river for personal convenience. We should consciously protect our rivers and make our environment better and more harmonious.
Investigation report on the cause of Xiaohe No.4
In the past, the Nanqiao River was crystal clear, with fish and shrimp playing, which was very beautiful.
I don't know why, fish and shrimp have decreased in recent years, rivers are turbid and garbage can be seen everywhere. This river is dirty! I think this is very strange, so our investigation team launched an investigation into the pollution situation of Nanqiao River.
survey
Our group used pace method to measure the width of rivers and banks, roughly looked at the sediment thickness at the bottom of the river, roughly looked at the garbage in the river and counted the number of trees.
In a 10-meter-wide river, although the river is not only unclean, but also has thick sediment, it is not easy to flow, which causes the river to stink. A large amount of garbage is piled up on the two-meter wide riverbank, and some self-built pipes discharge sewage into the river, poisoning some small fish and shrimp in the river, resulting in the ecological balance of the river being broken. Most of the garbage is concentrated in front of stalls and houses, including 7 fruit stalls, 2 snack stalls and 5 houses.
analyse
Most of the garbage on both sides of this river is some peels and rotten vegetables, which will attract pests such as flies. Coupled with the stench of the river, this river has become a breeding ground for flies.
We also found that some vendors directly put garbage in baskets and poured it into the river. Although it is convenient for us to shop, it also makes our environmental sanitation' worse', and the river is very close to these stalls.
conclusion
The causes of river water pollution are:
1. The pipes erected by private houses discharged sewage into the river, and some small fish and shrimps in the river were poisoned, which led to the disruption of the ecological balance of the river.
2. Most garbage is peels and rotten vegetables, which will attract pests such as flies. Coupled with the foul smell of the river, the river has become a breeding ground for flies.
3. The vendors put the garbage directly in the basket and pour the whole basket into the river.
A large number of facts tell us that the pollution of Nanqiao River is mostly caused by man. The initiative is to protect the environment, starting from me and starting from the side, purifying rivers and protecting the environment.
suggestion
I hope to strengthen pollution control management and clean up the river on time every month. And establish a "proposal to protect the river" with vendors on the bridge side and roadside facade. Be sure to protect the river. Don't dump garbage and discharge sewage into the river.
The investigation report of Xiaohe No.5 revolves around the increasingly severe water environment crisis in Xiaoshan. In the two months from March 20xx, our team investigated the water quality of a small river on campus. The whole research-based learning process includes selecting water intake points, preparing test equipment, observing and testing, sample analysis and investigation conclusions. In these links, the knowledge of geography, chemistry, biology and other disciplines is used. As students of Yuyao No.2 Middle School, in view of the increasingly serious water environment problems and the reality of campus rivers, our group wants to truthfully state and put forward our ideas.
First of all, let me introduce the members of the group (a total of 10). Among them, the first group (,stone) carried out chemical experiments; The second group (Ruan Yimin and Zhang Xudong) made observation records and recorded them in the form of diaries; The third group (Xie Qing and Fang Shuangsang) collated the experimental data; The fourth group (Fu Jiayu, Ye Tingting) conducted a questionnaire survey and raised relevant questions. The fifth subgroup (Xu Shanshan, Zhao Na) summarized and wrote a research report on this issue.
On the side of the campus river near the playground, through the chemical laboratory building, there are Class 1 12 and Class 9, Grade 2, which are about 90 meters long and show an east-west trend. When I first entered the school, the river was relatively clean. Now, the color of the river is very turbid, and most students think it is dark green. In the observation diary of the second group, the condition of the river is recorded in a messy picture. Looking down, you can often see plastic bags, leaves, aquatic plants, shells, dead fish rain and unknown insects floating on the river.
After sampling in the first group, with the help of chemistry teacher Wang Xuequn, 0.00 1% methylene blue solution was selected to detect the total number of bacteria, and 5.4 ~ 7.0 precision pH test paper was used to detect the pH value of water. Under the arrangement of the third group, the test results show that the river water is alkaline, the PH value reaches 9, and the total number of bacteria seriously exceeds the standard. Only a simple pH test was carried out here, and the analysis of the causes of the pH of the river was not deep enough, which showed that the pollution of the river was quite serious.
The fourth group conducted an extensive questionnaire survey in Grade One and Grade Two of Senior High School. 20% of the students are disgusted with Xiao He, 5% are used to it, and 75% are very sad and angry about it. They feel that they should pay attention to the school environment. Why has the water quality of this river become so poor? My team made the following inference: the northwest campus of our school (Grade One and Grade Two) is the site of the original No.1 Middle School, which was built very early. This river has a long history, but its intersection with the outside rivers is very small, and the passage has almost been blocked, that is, this river is actually a dead river, and it is far from enough to increase its living water only by rain. Secondly, after a questionnaire survey, 32% of the students have thrown garbage into the river, 6 1% of the students have never done so, and 7% of the students keep it a secret. It can be seen that students do not protect the river well, and classes along the river often dump waste water and wash mops into the river. This behavior aggravates the pollution of river water; The inferior water quality destroyed the living environment of Hanoi's organisms, and the decrease of organisms could not improve the water quality, which aggravated the speed and degree of river eutrophication.
In the face of the river that has lost its vitality, we feel a lot. At the same time, it also brought us a lot of trouble. In 2007, the typhoon and rainstorm suddenly led to a sharp increase in the water volume in Hanoi, and the school was suspended for three days because it could not eliminate the accumulated water in time. In summer, the bad smell in the river annoys the students. The dirty river also "cultivated" a large group of mosquitoes and other pests. Therefore, we believe that the following measures can be taken:
1 Schools can formulate school rules and criticize individuals who throw garbage and waste water into rivers and classes;
The school can carry out routine treatment, or arrange students on duty to salvage floating objects in Hanoi;
Introducing decontaminated aquatic plants, or planting plants such as lotus flowers, is both beautiful and improves water quality;
4. Inform the relevant departments to dredge the water change regularly;
5. Add appropriate chemicals, such as Fe(OH)2 and KAL (SO4) 2, to purify the water;
6 fill it up.
In China, even in the world, water resources are very precious. We should do our best to protect water resources and strive for the survival of mankind. The present situation of rivers should exist in many areas, and we can't turn a blind eye. For the sake of sustainable development, for the sake of the motherland's tomorrow, protect the environment and protect water resources, start from me and start now!
River survey report 6 It turns out that there is a clear river in front of our community, where groups of fish play and dance every day. We were intoxicated by the clear river and the cheerful fish.
Recently, however, it has been found that the river is not so clear, many small fish have died, and there is still a lot of garbage in the river. I had some doubts, so I investigated the pollution of this river.
survey
I observed the surrounding environment and found that the plants grew thickly. I ruled out the possibility of natural disasters, but there are a lot of dead fish and garbage in the water. In this way, it can only be man-made.
analyse
1 There is a road near the river, and many cars pass by every day.
There are many snack vendors nearby.
There are also many restaurants, snack bars and juice shops.
We saw two sewage pipes.
conclusion
1 Many people throw rubbish into the river and spit everywhere, resulting in food poisoning and death in eat small fish.
Because sewage is discharged into the river, some fish are poisoned by drinking sewage directly.
This information tells me that river pollution is caused by human beings. Don't we have the responsibility to watch the crystal clear river turn into a stinking ditch?
suggestion
This river belongs to all of us. Let's join hands and don't pollute the river for personal convenience. We should consciously protect our rivers and make our environment better and more harmonious.
Investigation report on Xiaohe No.7 I. Background
My hometown is a beautiful place, where there are many small rivers with crystal clear water and fresh air. Water is the source of human life. There was once an advertisement that said, "The last drop of water on the earth will be human's own tears". With the development of economy, this sentence has been verified. The original crystal clear river has disappeared, replaced by garbage floating on the water surface and some unknown green water plants, some of which may be microorganisms. In a word, that kind of green is unnatural and uncomfortable to look at. I searched the internet for information and knew that it was pollution caused by eutrophication of water bodies. Lively and lovely little fish can hardly see their tracks again. Are those beautiful little stones at the bottom of the river still there? Walk along the river until you come to the villagers' house. From time to time, you will find a lot of domestic garbage floating on the river, not to mention those small garbage, and the colors in the river are more vivid. If you look at this river carefully, you only find that it is very dark, and almost all the domestic sewage from villagers' homes is black, so the collected water will directly enter this river. What is even more worrying is that the river still plays the role of irrigating fields locally. How do you feel when you eat the grain produced by such river irrigation? The original river can still be used for people to play. Dare you go now?
Second, the purpose of the investigation
In order to better understand the river pollution situation, and strive to improve it, take action to change the current situation of environmental pollution, and strive to contribute to the development of my hometown tomorrow.
Third, investigation and research methods
1. First, I went to three small rivers in my hometown to observe and collect water samples, and visited the villagers living by the river.
2. Secondly, investigate the situation of farmland fertilization, villagers' sewage facilities and domestic sewage treatment.
3. Then, inquire about water pollution and its harm on the Internet;
4. Organize and summarize the relevant information obtained.
Fourth, the content of the investigation
1. Field observation: There are many floating objects in the river, mainly domestic garbage and various plastic bags. The river is dark green, and it smells bad. Only snails, unknown small objects and algae can be seen on the shore, and occasionally small fish can be seen swimming. I saw someone brushing their teeth and washing their face against the river in the morning. I saw many villagers washing clothes by the slowly flowing river.
2. Sampling observation: pour the river water into a transparent glass bottle, the water is light gray, the water quality is slightly turbid, and there is a small amount of sponge-like flocculence, and there is sediment after standing for a while.
3. Interviews and surveys:
Interviewee: Random interviews with villagers.
Investigation on water quality of three small rivers in my hometown in recent five years
4. Reason:
(1) Due to the sustained economic growth in recent years, problems have also emerged. Villagers no longer apply organic fertilizer (farm manure) to farmland as in the past, and domestic animals such as chickens, ducks and pigs are hard to find in the countryside now. Therefore, the fertilizer of farmland depends on chemical fertilizer. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer will make the soil contain too much nitrogen and phosphorus, which will enter the river with the water flow. In addition, villagers have the habit of going to the river to wash their clothes. These detergents are all chemical products containing phosphorus, which makes the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in river water increase accordingly. I looked up the information on the internet. It is estimated that the amount of industrial nitrogen fixation on the earth is twice that of biological nitrogen fixation in nature. The nutrients in the water make algae and microorganisms multiply, so
There will be a phenomenon called "water bloom" in fresh water, and this phenomenon in the ocean is called "red tide". After algae die naturally, bacteria will decompose these organic substances, and these bacteria will consume a lot of oxygen dissolved in water, which will lead to the death of a large number of fish that need oxygen in the water. Their death leads to the proliferation of microorganisms, thus forming a vicious circle. At this point, the water will turn black and stink, and the water quality will plummet.
(2) During the investigation, villagers living by the river were repeatedly seen dumping all kinds of domestic garbage into the river, and even rotten oranges were thrown into the river. In the early morning, the villagers brushed their teeth and washed their faces by the river. Maybe you think it's a trivial matter. As early as ten years ago, I heard from my father that they started their day like this when they were young, but now they can't because the river is polluted. Over time, these seemingly insignificant domestic water will also pollute the river! Even now, there are people washing clothes in this dirty river, which really puzzles me. Perhaps this is a habit of the villagers! However, I really don't understand what the pollution of the river is good for the surrounding villagers. The surrounding villagers are indifferent to the deterioration of river water quality, but they still have not stopped polluting the river! I used to hear them say how big the fish are here, but I didn't see them take any action. This may be a real cause of river pollution!
(3) According to the online data, it shows that the surrounding environment will also cause water pollution. The economic development of Huangyan City and the improvement of residents' requirements for quality of life have caused some highly polluting factories to move to the countryside. The production technology of these factories is very poor, so some wastewater is directly discharged into the river. In this way, these wastewater may enter Ogawa-CHO's hometown and cause pollution. There are six foundries around our village, and their dust and waste water are directly discharged into the river. Causing the river water quality to decline.
Verb (short for verb) experience
With the country's management of large rivers, water resources are getting better and better. In our country, the living standards of villagers are improving, but the pollution to rivers is increasing. There is no green water in our life. This less clear river flows past us. It affects our life more and more. Although the villagers' awareness of environmental protection is improving, they have not taken action yet. What's the use of protecting the river if they just think about it without actual action?
Through this survey, we learned about the water quality of rivers in our hometown, enhanced our awareness of environmental protection, and learned about the close relationship between the environment and people from an early age, and learned a lot of relevant scientific knowledge, which increased our research and investigation capabilities.
Advices on intransitive verbs:
Through the above investigation, it is suggested that the village committee:
1, strengthen villagers' ideological education and prohibit dumping garbage into rivers. Villagers were asked to apply organic fertilizer to farmland. The village has increased subsidies for farmers to raise livestock.
2. Widely publicize the importance of protecting water resources, carry out publicity and education on water resources through various media, and enhance the awareness of all villagers to save and protect water resources.
3. Strengthen the construction of village water conservancy projects, so that every household can take effective measures to concentrate domestic sewage and discharge it uniformly.
4. Strengthen the binding force of village rules and regulations, maintain the normal development and utilization of water resources, and increase the punishment for wanton pollution of water resources.
5. Enhance villagers' habit of recycling water. For example, the water used to wash vegetables is used to water seedlings and so on. Many uses depend on how the villagers use them.
6. Organize some activities for villagers to participate, such as who is the water-saving expert. Let the activities be fruitful and mobilize the enthusiasm of the villagers. In order to better cherish water.
Villagers:
1. Use phosphorus-free detergent;
2. Use chemicals as little as possible;
Don't pour the domestic garbage into the river.
Conclusion:
At present, the rivers in my hometown are seriously polluted, so the two village committees must strengthen the management, protection and supervision system of water quality. The villagers must regulate their own behavior and be proud of protecting water resources. Everyone should be ashamed of polluting water resources. Water-the source of life, everyone has the responsibility to protect and save water resources. Without it, not only we, but all living things on the earth will cease to exist. Water is so important, but it is not inexhaustible. Need everyone to cherish. We cannot let the last drop of water turn into our tears. We should start with small things and cherish water resources. Only in this way can our living environment change, our hometown become more beautiful and our life develop healthily. The protection of water resources is really very important. We must try our best to understand this problem, and we must never go on like this. Only if we work hard can we succeed. Although the problem of water resources protection is serious, we will do it well as long as we work hard to protect water resources. Believe in your ability! Create a better home for tomorrow.
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