There are many other names for Heaven and Earth Societies, such as Hong Men, Sanhui, Triad and Circle Societies in different periods and places. It is said that there are more than 50 names.
origin
At present, the origin of the Heaven and Earth Society is still controversial in academic circles, and there are roughly two views as follows.
Jia Yin of Kangxi said (1674) that Heaven and Earth Society was founded by Han anti-Qing people in the 13th year of Kangxi.
According to the theory of the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1 year), the Heaven and Earth Society originated in Zhangzhou, Fujian, and was founded by Zhangpu and Shangwantixi in the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1 year).
Supplement:
According to the records of the contemporary anti-gang movement in China, the anti-Qing Dynasty was the banner of the Hong Men Heaven and Earth Association, and the leader of the meeting, Hong Ying Jinshi, grew to tens of thousands by relying on the anti-Qing famous Shi Kefa and Huang Degong. Later defeated by Qing soldiers, Hong Xu, the son of Hong Ying, and the remnants led by his master Cai Dezhong defected to Zheng Chenggong to defend Taiwan Province and revive Hong Men. In view of the unstable morale of his subordinates at that time, Zheng Chenggong founded Jin Taishan Mingyuan Hall on 166 1 and became half-brothers with all the soldiers. It is the beginning of Hong Men's founding that "Ming Da Fu" is the code word, which means "recovering sight with one heart".
Nature of heaven and earth society
According to the theory of anti-Qing Dynasty and regaining sight, Heaven and Earth Society is a secret society founded by adherents of Ming Dynasty or Zheng Chenggong for the purpose of "anti-Qing Dynasty and regaining sight".
Mutual aid groups believe that Heaven and Earth Society is a mutual aid group of lower social organizations. At the beginning of its establishment, there was no purpose of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring sight".
Heaven and Earth Society and the Revolution in Late Qing Dynasty
Republic of China period
Modern heaven and earth society
Modern Hong Men and underworld were born out of the previous Heaven-Earth Society, but most areas except Taiwan Province Province defined their participants as underworld members.
Is it possible that the Heaven and Earth Society was established (or developed) by insiders of the Qing government? In order to prevent more people from fighting in the movement of "removing hair and leaving braids"
Folk allusions
The origin of the Heaven-Earth Society is "one worships heaven as the father and the other worships the earth as the mother"
Incision "Ming Dafu Xin Yi", that is, the opposite of "single-minded Fu Ming"
Hong Men is a secret organization in China, which originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
There are many versions about the origin of Hong Men. One of the most popular versions is that Kangxi wiped out the South Shaolin Temple in Fujian, and Chen Jinnan, the chief helmsman of the Heaven and Earth Society, took in five fugitives, namely Cai Dezhong, Fang Dahong, Ma Chaoxing, Hu Dedi and Li Shikai. This is the so-called "Five Shaolin Ancestors", which made him open a branch of the Heaven and Earth Society, namely Hong Men. There is also a saying that these five men were generals who fought against the Qing Dynasty and regained sight, and Hong Men was founded after Shi Kefa defeated the Qing army.
Because there are many versions of Hong Men legends, there are different versions. There is a saying that Hong Men is a heaven and earth society (also known as triad society, red gang and Tim Brotherhood), and Zhigongtang is an overseas branch of Hong Men. It's called Heaven and Earth Society or Red Gang externally, and it's called Hong Men internally.
Later, with the suppression of the Heaven and Earth Society by the Qing Dynasty, Hong Men spread to Hongkong, Macau and Nanyang, and became an important overseas Chinese organization. Hong Men made great contributions to the revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty. Tan Renfeng, one of the 1911 Revolution, wrote in the Opinions of the Reform Society: "The success of the 1911 Revolution was actually the planting of the Hong Men Society 200 years ago." "At the beginning of the movement, only the Hong Men brothers could keep a secret. After the launch, only the Hongmen brothers can listen to the command. " "No matter how far or how close people are, no matter how dangerous things are, everyone is brave and everyone is the first. There was the Wuchang Uprising, and the provinces responded. In a few months, the Republic will be successful. The credit of the army is also the credit of the Hongmen brothers. "
1On July 28th, 992, the third World Hong Men Congress was held in the United States. After two days of discussion, more than 100 delegates from all over the world adopted the articles of association of the conference and announced the establishment of the World Hong Men Congress. The first President Li Zhipeng will be based in Honolulu, USA.