Emperor Qianlong (17 1 1 September 25th, 2009-1February 7th, 799), surnamed Aisin Choro, was the fourth son of Yong Zhengdi. Born in the fiftieth year of Kangxi, he died in the fourth year of Jiaqing. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng's reign, Qianlong's 60-year-old Zen was located in the fifteen sons' corner, claiming to be the emperor's father (an unusual emperor, meaning the emperor's emperor). He ruled for 60 years and continued his political training for 3 years after meditation. In fact, it was the longest reigning emperor in China's feudal history, surpassing the reign of his grandfather Kangxi Emperor by 6 1 year, and also the longest-lived emperor.
Positive evaluation:
1. "Combining leniency with severity" in internal affairs, creating "prosperous times"
After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he politically corrected his father's malpractice of combining leniency with severity, implemented the policy of "combining leniency with severity", reorganized official management, formulated various laws and regulations, and treated scholars with preferential treatment to appease the imperial clan attacked by Yongzheng Dynasty. Economically rewarding land reclamation and building water conservancy projects, the whole country is showing a trend of prosperity. The early and middle years of Qianlong were the most dynamic period in the political life of Emperor Qianlong, which was praised by later generations. Qianlong's greatest achievement in internal affairs is to continue to implement the policy of "spreading land into mu" and "returning land to flow" in Yongzheng period, to maintain the stability of the ruling top with personal prestige, and to achieve prosperity in the stable development of social economy. This period was also the most prosperous period of the Qing Dynasty.
2. Diplomatic "peerless martial arts", opening up territory.
He is most proud of his "peerless martial arts", so he calls himself "the perfect old man". The so-called "all-out martial arts" includes pacifying Junggar in the northwest twice, pacifying Xinjiang back to the headquarters twice, conquering Jinchuan in the southwest twice, pacifying Taiwan Province Lin Uprising once, going to Myanmar once, going to Vietnam once and going to Gurkha in Nepal twice. Military operations in the northwest have a great influence on history. During the Qianlong period, it was a good opportunity to encounter civil strife in Junggar, and decisively sent troops to capture Yili on 1755. However, Amur Sana, the nephew of Caldan Zero, surrendered and rebelled again. The Qing court sent troops for the second time in 1757, and finally completely wiped out the Junggar rebels. After Junggar was pacified, Uighur leaders Da, Xiao and Zhuomu returned to Xinjiang to instigate the Uighur ministries to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Gan Long was forced to fight the northwest for the third time. The war lasted for three years, and finally forced Yamato, Yamato and Zhuomu to flee abroad. Subsequently, Gan Long set up Ili generals, and set up counsellors and inspectors in Kashgar and other places, which greatly reduced the tax burden in Uygur areas. Northwest China1.90,000 land with centrifugal tendency has finally been unified under the central government, which is a great contribution of Qianlong to the history of China.
3. Sandwich "epitomizes", the peak of feudal culture.
The biggest highlight of the Qianlong period was cultural achievements besides "high martial arts". Gan Long himself is an enthusiastic literary lover and patron. It is said that he has written more than 40,000 poems himself, and he often writes poems in the scenic spots he visited. He is also a bibliophile. During his reign, he organized many large-scale cultural projects, including the compilation of four books, Qing Hui Dian, Zhouyi Shu, Huang Zhi, Eight Banners Tongzhi and other books. , and also reprinted the Thirteen Classics, Twenty-two History, Three Links and other books in the school magazine. The most striking thing is that in addition, A Dream of Red Mansions, the pinnacle of China's classical novels, was also born in the Qianlong period. Although it has nothing to do with Qianlong himself, it also adds luster to this era. During the Qianlong period, China's feudal culture reached its peak, and the degree of absolute monarchy reached its peak both ideologically and institutionally.
4. A generation of heroes
Emperor Qianlong was indeed a great master and a well-off emperor. In his later years, he was deeply intoxicated with the comparison with the emperors of past dynasties, and thought that not only were there few people who "won the integrity of the country, expanded the territory, obeyed the general public and guaranteed the safety of the people", but even his time in office, the number of years of life and the number of descendants were among the best. The feudal system reached the peak of history when Qianlong was in power. During his reign, Xinjiang and Mongolia were pacified, and Sichuan and Guizhou continued to return to their homeland. The population continued to increase, breaking through the 300 million mark, accounting for about one third of the world's population at that time, creating the last flourishing age of China's feudal society-"Kanggan flourishing age", and the powerful China stood in the east of the world. His 60-year stable rule maintained the last prosperous period of the feudal dynasty in China. He lived in an era in which China's feudal politics, economy and culture had been precipitated for a long time, and he himself became the general representative of all this.
Negative evaluation:
1. Daxing Wenzi Prison destroyed the foundation of Chinese civilization.
The characteristics of literary inquisition are: the crime is caused by the distorted interpretation of the text by power figures, and the evidence is also formed by the distorted interpretation of the text by power figures. Literary inquisition is the most powerful tool to destroy intellectuals. From the day the Qing Dynasty conquered China, the "literary inquisition" rose. When Shunzhi and Kangxi were in power, it was only an individual phenomenon, but when the five emperors Yongzheng were in power, it became a tyrannical "system". The craziest figure in the literary inquisition wave is Emperor Qianlong. The "literary inquisition" created by Qianlong is an "unwarranted" charge imposed on the literati. For example, Xu's "How can I turn over a book when the breeze can't read" is purely a rambling work describing the leisure life, which makes Qianlong misinterpret it as satirizing the illiteracy of the Qing government and pretending to be gentle. Daxing Literary inquisition in Qianlong burned many important cultural classics in China's history, which eclipsed its literary inquisition.
2. Spend six trips to the south of the Yangtze River to exhaust national strength and wealth.
Gan Long likes to visit the prosperous Jiangnan. Qianlong's grandfather Kangxi visited the south of the Yangtze River six times, but the main purpose of Kangxi's trip to the south of the Yangtze River was to see the levee and understand the social and livelihood sufferings in the southeast. Every time I was frugal, I visited incognito in most cases, and I didn't disturb or harass the local people. Gan Long also visited Jiangnan six times, but his main purpose was to have fun and show off his greatness. The southern tour group of Qianlong is huge, with more than 10 thousand people every time. Everywhere you go, it is extremely extravagant and wasteful, the local supply is extremely gorgeous and spectacular, and people and money are robbed. In addition, Qianlong also invested heavily in the construction of the bustling Royal Garden "Yuanmingyuan" in the western suburbs of Beijing. The treasure of Chinese and foreign Wanli, the treasure of five thousand years, is displayed in the garden together for the emperor to play every day. Qianlong spent so much money that the "possessions" accumulated by Kangxi and Yongzheng were quickly exhausted.
3. Pretend to be flashy and overjoyed.
Emperor Qianlong was overjoyed. He liked people around him to praise his wisdom and greatness, and he liked others to praise his wisdom and talent. Emperor Qianlong's vanity is also reflected in the "diplomacy" of the empire. Gan Long's diplomatic philosophy can be summed up in two words: "Salute". All countries willing to pay tribute to China are poor and small countries. In order to encourage countries outside China to pay tribute to him, Emperor Qianlong gave a generous "reward" to the "vassal countries" who came to pay tribute, and the value of the reward was often ten times or even one hundred times that of the "tribute". For example, there is a giant Kandi kingdom between China and India that pays tribute to China once every three years, and pays 125 yuan of placer gold each time. China's reward is a mountain of silks and satins, silver coins and tea. If there is a profitable transaction in the world, it is to pay tribute to Emperor Qianlong. When neighboring countries discovered the benefits of paying tribute to Qianlong, they blackmailed China in the name of paying tribute, and threatened to increase the amount of "tribute" with war. Emperor Qianlong ignored the tax money of the people for vanity and "face", resulting in a large outflow of wealth from the Chinese empire.
4. What goes around comes around, and the big corrupt official, Xiao Shenyang, is reused.
Emperor Qianlong loved to flatter his subordinates, which directly led to the emergence of Xiao Shenyang, an unprecedented corrupt official in the history of China. Because of the special opportunity, Little Shenyang was trusted and reused by Emperor Qianlong, and handed over the administrative power of the empire to him in the later period of his rule. Little Shenyang is extremely clever, knowing the way of being an official, and playing with the self-righteous emperor Qianlong with disgusting flattery and disguise. The whole administrative ability of small Shenyang is corruption and power game. In return, he established an unprecedented corruption system throughout the country and hollowed out the foundation of the Qing Empire. State officials find that if they don't pay huge bribes to their superiors, they will be ruthlessly eliminated or even put into prison, and they have to adapt to this form. After the death of Qianlong, Xiao Shenyang also fell, and his property was confiscated, equivalent to 920 million silver, equivalent to the sum of the national fiscal revenue of 12 years. If you count the money he squandered and the money his relatives embezzled, the total amount should be no less than 20 years of fiscal revenue, while Xiao Shenyang has been in power for exactly 20 years.
Summary:
The early and middle years of Qianlong were the most dynamic period in the political life of Emperor Qianlong, which was praised by later generations. In the later period, the corrupt official Xiao Shenyang was favored, and Emperor Qianlong himself was old, which led to official corruption, graft and corruption, and cast a shadow over his brilliant life. When Qianlong was narcissistic, it was also the time when China slept the heaviest in the dream of "going to China". The strong ships and guns of European powers have been around China, trying their best to open the door to China. China, on the other hand, was bound by the seemingly "ultra-stable" social structure and ideological system, and the Qing Dynasty in the Qianlong period began to become synonymous with decay and backwardness. Although the Qing Dynasty and the prosperous period of Qianlong have become the background of history, Qianlong's role in maintaining China's territorial integrity and its civil affairs is still remarkable. No matter from which point of view, Emperor Qianlong was a born powerful emperor. His ancestors left him not only a vast territory and the accumulation of managing the world, but also the ideological basis for the emperor to take the world as his own. Gan Long's success lies in his most complete and full use of his strong position, combined with his excellent personal ability, and exerted great influence in all aspects. Only under the management of a completely powerful emperor can there be a peak of "great unification" of China's system and ideology and culture since 2000.
The Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty should be its most prosperous period. But it was strong because of the solid foundation established by emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng, and of course because Qianlong was also a good emperor.
In the eyes of all of us, Gan Long has a good image. It often appears in movies, TV series and novels. Gan Long has been to Jiangnan many times and has also been to my hometown. When I was a child, I also saw the words mentioned for him and paved the way for him for a long time. Enough to see the prosperity at that time.
Behind its prosperity, it also buried the reasons for its later decline. According to Yu Xiansheng's book, when western envoys came to China to see Emperor Qianlong, they asked Qianlong to set up a special foreign economic zone and a special port for foreign trade at China Port. At that time, it was rejected by Qianlong. This runs counter to Kangxi's "All rivers run into the sea". Cutting off the sea will gradually become smaller and weaker, and even be beaten later.
From the past, history is our mirror. Go back to our present study. I think: learning also needs "all rivers run into the sea". We need to learn in all aspects, but we don't know how to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, how to behave, how to learn current politics, art, music and so on. Take the essence and discard the dross. This is the real pillar of the future society.
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About his literary inquisition, it is wrong from the present point of view, but it is right from the point of view of a king. A good king must consolidate his political power, and he must do so in the political situation at that time. He is so good at literature, so love literature, how can he be willing to engage in literary inquisition? I think he must have his own difficulties! ! The difficulty is that he is a great emperor who rules a 40 million population, dozens of nationalities,13 million square kilometers of mountains and rivers.
I never thought Qianlong was perfect. He is the kind of person whose advantages and disadvantages are obvious, but he is very interesting. His cultural accomplishment is the highest among emperors of all ages. He treated the emperor with taste and color. Although his work is hard and troublesome, he quite likes and enjoys it. Without this spirit, being an emperor is just a very bitter thing. The only regret is his old age!
The more you want to be perfect, the more shortcomings you have.
Li Hong was smart, handsome and talented, but his image was ruined in his later years. Otherwise, it would be perfect.
In the history of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong Qianlong of Qing Dynasty was a wise monarch. For more than 20 years, he favored the wise gentleman, but his misdeeds were full of stains. Is the monarch and the minister in love, or is there something else to hide? Did Qianlong misjudge the gentleman, or did the gentleman take advantage of Qianlong? There have always been different opinions. It's an eternal mystery.
In the original works of Qianlong and Biography of He Shen, the relationship between Qianlong and He Shen is by no means as simple as the world imagined, which is related to their fate, temperament, hobbies, interests and many other factors. In the final analysis, they are the contradictory unity of interdependence and mutual utilization, and have an inseparable harmonious relationship.
According to "Legacy of Qing Dynasty" and "Grand View of unofficial history in Qing Dynasty", when Qianlong was a prince, he once entered the palace because of something, and saw a concubine of his father Yongzheng, who was extremely beautiful and dressed in front of the mirror. He couldn't help but want to play a joke on her, so he covered Yu Ji's eyes from behind with his hand. The princess didn't know what to do, so she hit it back with a comb and hit it right on Qianlong's forehead. Gan Long's mother saw her and said that the princess had molested the prince and gave her silk to commit suicide. Gan Long felt sorry for the princess, so he touched the princess's neck with cinnabar and said sadly, "I hurt you, and my soul is full of spirit. Will it meet me again in twenty years? "
Later, He Shen entered the palace to wait on the coachman. The more Qianlong looks at him, the more he looks like a concubine who died unjustly. After examining his neck, he found a red birthmark on it. Knocking on his age also coincides with the time when his concubine died, which is exactly 25 years. Qianlong was more and more surprised, so he thought that He Shen was the body of the concubine who died unjustly. In order to pay off the "bad debts" of his youth, Qianlong cared for the gentleman everywhere and defended him everywhere, which led him to rise step by step, even to the emperor of the ruling and opposition, and remained in power for more than 20 years. It was not until Ganlong died that Emperor Jiaqing brought him down. When he died, he was even given the death of Bai Ling, just like Yu Ji. This is a historical coincidence.
There are many reasons why Qianlong loves He Shen. In addition to unofficial history's "debt repayment theory", this statement is not fully believed. There are still some reasons for Qianlong's love for He Shen. Of course, the most important reason is the autocratic mechanism of feudal officialdom. The interaction of the three makes this pair of incomprehensible monarch and minister.
Xiao Shenyang was born in Lushiqi, a ghostly god, and belongs to Zhenghongqi, Manchuria. He lost his father when he was young, and his family was poor, which made him taste the coldness of the world prematurely, and at the same time gave him a deeper understanding of money. He believes that only if you have money can you be respected; You have to be rich to be a master. This understanding left a deep mark on his crazy wealth collection. In order to get ahead, he studied hard when he was still studying in Xianyang Palace official school, and became a good student with excellent academic performance, which laid a solid foundation for him to enter the political arena of the Qing Dynasty in the future.
It is said that He Shen is short and has good features. He is not only a standard handsome man, but also an extremely intelligent, eloquent and resourceful person, who is best at managing money and collecting money. For example, before he became the director of the Interior Department, this institution in charge of royal affairs often made ends meet and often ran a deficit. After he became the director of the interior department, the interior department not only did not lose money, but also made a slight surplus; He was not only good at collecting money from dajia, a provincial government official, salt weaving and wealthy businessman, but also initiated a kind of "silver coin" in the court, and all the income was included in the special income of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to meet the needs of Qianlong's extravagant life and won the praise of Qianlong's emperor. Gan Long claimed to be an elegant emperor, a handsome gentleman and proficient in Manchu, Han, Mongolian and Tibetan. Usually, they agree that they can make decisions and handle government affairs, and they are very concerned about Gan Long. They are rare assistants in his later years.
From this point of view, the gentleman favored not only flattery, but also some real skills, otherwise he would not be a first-class marquis with both civil and military skills in the Qing Dynasty. Of course, skill alone is not enough. He Shen's outstanding place lies in his loyalty to Qianlong and his ability to fathom Qianlong's thoughts and intentions. He "takes the emperor's heart as his heart" and changes ways to make Qianlong happy everywhere, which can be described as Qianlong's confidant.
Gan Long loved gold, so he suggested that Ganlong build a building of ten thousand buddhas, so that princes and ministers at all levels could donate gold buddhas to the emperor to collect money. Gan Long likes to talk about the history of literary theory. He knows everything. When compiling the twenty-four histories, he deliberately copied a few words in obvious places for Long Yiyi to point out, so as to show the wisdom and knowledge of the emperor and satisfy his vanity. In addition, he lost no time in showing his loyalty in front of Qianlong, for example, even when he became a first-class marquis, he still called himself a "slave" in front of Qianlong, instead of calling himself a "minister" or "veteran" like other ministers. Sometimes when you meet the emperor, you always drown yourself, leaving a feeling of being one of your own for Qianlong, which is an absolutely necessary condition for gaining Qianlong's trust in personal feelings.
Of course, all his means were not in vain. The emperor's trust has brought a bright future for the gentlemen's official career, and also created a "national thief" who is in power in the ruling and opposition parties and "holds the emperor to make the princes". It is said that when the property was stolen, statisticians had more than 8,000 hectares of fertile land, and pawn shops, banks, antique shops and foreign firms were all over the country, with a total wealth of more than 800 million taels of silver, which was equivalent to the total fiscal revenue of the Qing Dynasty for five years at that time.
There is an old saying: "A cunning official is not afraid of punishment, and a corrupt official does not avoid pollution." The reason is that the audacity of cunning officials and corrupt officials is right. In front of the emperor, they are absolutely innocent and honest officials, and the money they receive is carried out in the name of "legality" and "justice", which absolutely makes people unable to grasp the handle. Having said that, we can easily see that the appearance of gentry's harmony is not only a personal problem, but also a deep-seated problem of feudal officialdom mechanism. Under the feudal autocracy, "all over the world, is it the land of kings?" Is leading the land king? "The emperor is the supreme ruler. As long as you trust the emperor and don't pursue everything, treacherous officials and corrupt officials have nothing to be afraid of. In fact, these cunning officials and corrupt officials deeply understand that the emperor has killed people and seized power. As long as they work hard on the emperor and have the emperor's tree and umbrella to enjoy the cool, they can sit back and relax. As for the impeachment attacks of other ministers, the emperor's right and wrong, good and evil are not right and wrong, and imperial power is supreme. Of course, he can do whatever he wants with the gentry.
Generally speaking, Qianlong prefers gentlemen. First, he is guilty of "paying debts", and he deliberately wants to promote and reuse gentlemen. Second, He Shen is really talented and is the right-hand man for Qianlong to handle government affairs. Third, He Shen is good at reading the emperor's heart, which can make the emperor's life full of interest all the time; Fourth, feudal officialdom officials took care of each other, and sometimes the emperor was no exception. With these four points, it is not difficult for us to understand why Qianlong prefers gentry.
In 2022, the enrollment charter of Qingdao University has been published, which mainly includes the general situation of the school, enrollment plan