Qing Taizu Nurhachi's resume Nurhachi, surnamed Aisingiorro, Manchu, was born in Hetuala City (now Xinbin, Liaoning Province), Susu Protection Department, Jianzhou Zuo Wei, Ming Dynasty. Manchu is a descendant of Jurchen nationality. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen nationality was divided into three parts: Jianzhou, Haixi and Donghai. Nuerhachi's grandfather Jue Chang 'an was the commander of Jianzhou Zuo Wei, and his father Taksi was the commander of Jianzhou Zuo Wei. Nurhachi lost his mother at the age of ten and was abused by his stepmother. At the age of nineteen, he got a small fortune from his father and became independent. In order to make a living, he climbed mountains and steep valleys, picked pine nuts and dug ginseng in deep forests, and sold them in horse markets in Fushun and other places. He is diligent and studious. He likes reading Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and other books, and making friends with Han intellectuals. He is deeply influenced by Chinese culture and has rich historical knowledge. Later, he joined Li, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty. Every time he fights, he is always brave and good at fighting, and he has repeatedly made meritorious deeds, so he is appreciated and valued by Li. Hard life, rich social experience and intense military career make Nurhachi an outstanding figure with strong will, resourcefulness and superb martial arts among Jurchen people. In the Ming dynasty, the Jurchen society was in chaos, and various ministries rose up and claimed to be kings and chiefs, killing each other. Therefore, it is an urgent requirement to unify the Jurchen nationality, end the separatist regime of various ministries and revitalize the nation, and Nuerhachi just complied with this historical trend and embarked on the historical stage. Nurhachi's reunification began with the reunification of the national headquarters. In the eleventh year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, Artest, the right-back of Jianzhou, harassed Liaodong and transferred troops against Ming Dynasty. Li, the general stationed in Liao in the Ming Dynasty, sent troops to suppress the Ministry and appointed Jue Chang 'an and Tex as guides. In the process of attacking Artest, the Ming army listened to a little girl named Nikan Wailan, who provoked and killed Jue Chang 'an and Taksi by mistake. Nurhachi returned to his hometown with resentment. In the Ming Dynasty, Artest was given thirteen sets of armor when he attacked him, and he was allowed to inherit the title of left-back in Jianzhou. At this time, Nurhachi was already a young man of twenty-five. He was not satisfied with inheriting his ancestral business, but determined to avenge the death of his father and ancestors. He started his army with thirteen pairs of armor and took the first step to create a great cause. In the sixteenth year of Wanli, the ministries of Jianzhou Jurchen were basically unified under the banner of Nurhachi. The successive victories of the United War have caused a strong shock within the Jurchen nationality, especially the attention of the Jurchen nationality on the west coast, which is growing in strength. In order to achieve the goal of divide and rule, the Ming Dynasty used the power of the Jurchen in Haixi to resist the development of the Jurchen in Jianzhou, and often provoked ethnic killings. In the 21st year of Wanli, Narinbulu, the leader of the Hercynian Nuzhen Yehe Department, assembled 30,000 people from nine allied forces, including Hada and Wula, and launched an attack on the location of Nurhachi in three ways. Nurhachi faced this severe test, actively planned and calmly responded. He pointed out to the Ministry: "The enemy has come to many tribes, and the minister is headed by himself. His heart is different, but he is just a rabble; Although our soldiers are few, they are all excellent soldiers and brave generals. They will fight hard and hurt their leader, and the enemy soldiers will not be defeated. " That is, he sent troops all the way to seize the important place of Guleshan overnight, "setting up a dangerous place and luring him to fight", luring Yehe's department into an ambush, killing the leader Buzhai with an arrow, and suddenly the enemy soldiers in various departments were in chaos. Nurhachi chased his troops with thousands of crossbows and arrows like a rainstorm, killing and injuring the enemy's bodies everywhere, without any casualties. Bu Zhantai, the younger brother of Mantai, the leader of Wula Department, was captured alive. The ancient music pursued the victory, smashed the attack of nine departments with 30,000 people headed by Yehe Department, and completed the great cause of unifying the ministries of Jurchen, from which Nurhachi gained great prestige. Since then, Nurhachi has taken advantage of the victory and attacked, adopting the strategy of differentiation and nibbling, and pointing the United front at the Jurchen in Haixi. In the next 20 years, except Ye He's department, which was not conquered because of the support and protection of the Ming Dynasty, all the other departments of the Hercynian Jurchen nationality were unified by Nurhachi. The East China Sea Jurchen people, who lived in the east of Wusuli River and west of Heilongjiang, were also recruited in Wanli 44. At this point, Nurhachi finally completed the historical mission of unifying the Jurchen nationality. At this point, Nuerhachi has 60,000 or 70,000 elite soldiers. "From the East China Sea to the Liao border, from Mongolia and Nenjiang in the north to Yalu River in the south, the ministries began to merge into one." A new national community with Jianzhou Nuzhen as the main body-Manchu began to form. Nurhachi established the Eight Banners system and established the aristocratic regime of the Jurchen nationality in the process of unifying the Jurchen nationality. It turns out that the Nuzhen tribe lives in a natural village, ranging from twenty or thirty households to several households, and the Manchu language is called "Gashan". When villagers produce, March and hunt, each member holds a bow and arrow and combines with clan and village. Ten people are called "Lu Niu", and one person is appointed as the leader, which is called "Lu Niu Frontness" (Lu Niu means arrow, and Frontness is the main meaning). However, this kind of cattle record organization is unstable, tight when traveling, and scattered when returning to the village. Due to the needs of military operations, Nurhachi established the Eight Banners system (originally four banners, then expanded to eight banners) at the base of the original Lu Niu in the 43rd year of Wanli, which was divided into yellow flag, red flag, blue flag, white flag, yellow flag, red flag, blue flag and white flag, with one flag master in Gushan and two sub-flags in Maile to manage the five flags. Each Lhasa has a person who is responsible for the five cattle records; Each cow records 300 people, and 1 cow records 2 are deputies, with 4 chapters in Beijing. So each flag has 7500 people, and the eight flags have a total of 60 thousand people. Lu Niu, composed of 300 people, lives in four Jiashan, and Lu Niu Zhang Jing manages various affairs of Jiashan. The Eight Banners system "unifies people with flags" and "goes out to prepare for war and goes in to farm", which is a social organization integrating the military and the people. It has three functions of administration, military and production, which is related to the military system of Qing Dynasty. At the same time, in the process of unifying the Jurchen nationality, Nurhachi gradually formed a political center with Gushan Erzhen as the core. In the fifteenth year of Wanli, Fei 'alacheng (called the Old City) was built on the second river in the south of Hada Mountain in Hulan. It is a dangerous place, surrounded by mountains on all sides and steep cliffs on three sides. Only the north side is flat and easy to defend but difficult to attack. It was in this humble castle that Nurhachi formulated the national government, decrees and legislative system to prepare for the establishment of political power. Later, with the development of the situation, in the thirty-first year of Wanli, a new city, commonly known as the old city, was built in Hetuala on the east bank of the intersection of Zisu River and Jaha River. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli, Nurhachi thought that "the emperor has achieved" on the basis of politics, legal system and military system, so Hukhan ascended the throne and established the "Daikin" regime (known as the later Jin in history), with its capital being the destiny and its capital being the city of Hetuala. After the establishment of the post-Jin regime, Nurhachi gradually shifted the focus of military use from unifying the various departments of the Jurchen nationality to resisting the national oppression of the Ming Dynasty. In the forty-sixth year of Wanli, that is, on April 13th, the third year of the mandate of heaven, Nurhachi held a ceremony of offering sacrifices to Tang Zi, telling the sky with "seven great hates" and fighting against the Ming Dynasty. The seven major hatreds are: (1) The Ming Dynasty killed Nurhachi's father for no reason; (2) The Ming Dynasty favored Yehe and Hada and oppressed Jianzhou; (3) The Ming Dynasty violated the scope defined by both sides and forced Nurhachi to compensate the people who crossed the border; (4) The Ming Dynasty sent troops to defend Ye He and resist the founding of the country; (5) With the support of the Ming Dynasty, Ye He broke his oath and passed on his "old daughter" to Mongolia; (6) The Ming authorities forced Nurhachi to withdraw from the cultivated land in Chaihe, Sancha and Fuan, and were not allowed to harvest crops; (7) In the Ming Dynasty, the Liaodong authorities sent merchants and stationed troops in Jianzhou to conquer the country. The "seven great hatreds" reflect the strong resentment of the Jurchen nationality against the rulers who carried out the national oppression policy in Liaodong area in the Ming Dynasty, so as to make it clear. On that day, Nurhachi led 20,000 flag soldiers to March on the Ming side in two ways. Attacking Fushun city all the way is the first goal of the Eight Banners. The other way is to attack the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Magendan. Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, led 5,000 Qingqi to gallop in the starry night and arrived outside Fushun on the evening of 14th. At midnight, the Eight Banners blew the snail horn and entered the city by ladder. Dressed up in advance, the Eight Banners soldiers who entered the city soon met, and the whole city immediately opened fire on Zhu Tian, killing everywhere. Li Yongfang, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, was caught off guard. After a little resistance, he surrendered to the city. In addition, the Eight Banners also captured Dongzhou and Magendan. Li, the governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, sent a company commander to lead 10,000 soldiers and horses to suppress it. On the way, he was ambushed by the Eight Banners and the whole army was wiped out. Nurhachi fought against the Ming Dynasty in the first battle, plundered people and animals, surrendered to the defeated troops of the Ming Dynasty, and returned to Hetuala with great victory. Nurhachi publicly raised the anti-Ming banner, and after the Eight Banners captured Fushun, they moved on, even reaching Raven Stork Pass, Qinghe City and Fu 'an. Sanchaer and other places, destroying the city and plundering the land, caused great shock, not only "shocked the whole Liao Dynasty", but also "shocked the capital of the Ming Dynasty". Emperor Zongshen exclaimed: "The Liaodong War to overthrow the army and kill the generals is very crucial." In order to maintain the rule of Liaodong, the Ming Dynasty prepared to launch a large-scale offensive war in an attempt to wipe out the late Jin regime in one fell swoop. Levin was appointed as the manager of Liaodong and sent troops from all over the country to raise funds and collect food. After more than half a year's preparation, in February of the following year, he finally mobilized more than 88,000 Ming soldiers, plus Ye He and North Korean soldiers totaling more than 100,000 military forces, claiming to be 470,000 troops, heading for the Liaodong front and Hetuala, the seat of the late Jin regime. Knowing that the Ming army was going through the customs, Nurhachi quickly called Baylor to discuss the countermeasures against the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi believes that the main force of the Ming army is 30,000 troops from Fushun, led by Juniper. Therefore, he formulated the policy of "come with you a few times, I will only go one way", and prepared to concentrate superior forces to attack the main force of the Ming army, and then break the Ming army one by one. Juniper Juniper led an army out of Fushun City on February 29th, and occupied the strategic location Salhu Mountain (east of Dahuofang Reservoir in Fushun today) on March 1st, and then led 10,000 people to attack the nearby Fan Jiecheng, and the troops were dispersed again. Nurhachi led a 40,000-strong army of six flags to surround Salhu Mountain, and ordered Daishan and Huang Taiji to lead two flags to meet the Ming army in Fan Jiecheng. Nuerhachi Eight Banners launched a fierce attack on Salhu Mountain. The Ming army, which was not adapted to the climate and unfamiliar with the geographical environment, immediately made a mess and fled west. As a result, the whole army was wiped out in Deliha area, and the general commander Juniper and other generals were also killed. After a quick victory in Salhu Mountain, the Eight Banners fought bravely with the other three Ming armies. By April 5, the invading Ming army had all been divided up by the Eight Banners, leaving only the army commanded by Li to flee to Shenyang. The battle of Salhu ended in a fiasco of the Ming army. After the triumph of Salhu, great changes have taken place in the forms of Ming Dynasty and later Jin Dynasty. Since then, the strength of the Ming dynasty has declined greatly, and it has to be attacked and defended; After that, the strength of gold increased greatly, and Nurhachi's political ambition became bigger and bigger. Therefore, the war against Ming dynasty changed from defense to attack, and the war was pushed to the border of Ming dynasty, with Liaoyang and Shenyang as the main military targets. After the defeat of Salhu, the Ming army, there was chaos in Liaodong, refugees flooded into the mainland, and border officials in the Ming Dynasty were as frightened as a bird. Nurhachi saw the emptiness on the bright side and the floating of people's hearts. Shortly after the Battle of Salhu, in June of that year, the Eight Banners successfully conquered the castles of Kaiyuan, Tieling, Chaihe and Fuan. In August, due to the loss of Kaiyuan, Tieling and other important towns, Yehe Department of Hercynian Nuzhen lost the support of the Ming army and was annexed by Houjin. In March of the sixth year of destiny, Nurhachi sent people to sneak into Shenyang as an internal force to contact the hungry people in Inner Mongolia. 1 1 day, Nurhachi personally led the army to cross the Hunhe River, 12, 13 stormed Shenyang City. Hungry Mongols are desperate, and the Ming army is also fighting hard. The Eight Banners killed He Shixian, the chief soldier of the Ming Dynasty, and conquered Shenyang City. 18, Nurhachi marched into Liaoyang. The Ming army diverted water into the trench, fired around the city and defended the isolated city. The Eight Banners destroyed the gate from the right and the bridge from the left, cutting off the water source and retreat of the Ming army, and launched fierce street fighting. After Yuan Yingtai committed suicide, Liaoyang City also fell into the hands of the latter. After the victory, Nurhachi decided to move the capital to Liaoyang and Shenyang five years later. The Qing Dynasty honored Shenyang as Shengjing and became the second political center. In the first month of the eleventh year of the mandate of heaven, Nurhachi led an army of 60,000 and personally levied Ningyuan, a major town in Liaodong. Shoujiang Yuan Chonghuan struggled to resist, and the Eight Banners stormed several times, but failed, causing great casualties. Nurhachi thought he was unable to break Ningyuan, so he withdrew his troops and returned to Shenyang. The attack on Ningyuan failed, and Nurhachi was filled with frustration and anger. On August 1 1, he died of gangrene at the age of 68 and was buried in Fuling, Shenyang. Nurhachi was revered as Mao in the Qing Dynasty, and his eighth son, Huang Taiji, succeeded him.