1970 rpm 1973 Bachelor of Arts, University of Western Ontario, Canada

1973 rpm 1977, MD, University of Western Ontario, Canada.

1984 to 1985 Master of Science in Public Health, National University of Singapore

199 1 Management Development Course of Harvard Business School in Boston, USA

1996 China Tsinghua University China Research Training Course

2000 Advanced China Studies Course of China National School of Administration.