According to the earliest documents in China, Xixia people are descendants of Xiqiang in Han Dynasty. Since ancient times, Qiang people have occupied the grasslands around Qinghai Lake and the mountainous areas near the source of the Yellow River, Datong River and Huangshui River, leading a nomadic life. On the edge of this area, located in the northeast of Tubo, it is customarily called Amdo. The ancestors of the early Tangut Qiang tribe and Tubo probably lived in this area. At the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (the late 6th century), it began to move in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the southeast of Qinghai Province and the valley area west of Songpan in Sichuan. It was at the end of primitive society.
The Biography of the Tangut People in Sui Shu records that every surname of the Tangut people belongs to a tribe, with the largest riding more than 5,000 horses and the youngest riding more than 1,000 horses. Vulgar values can't make a living at all. If there is a war, they will get together and they will not influence each other. Raising yaks, sheep and pigs for food, I don't know how to build walls. In other words, the early Tangut people did not care about agriculture, and they depended on animal husbandry for food, clothing, housing and transportation. They don't have a written calendar. They count the years by withered plants and worship the gods. Xixia people are brave and good at fighting. In the fourth year of Emperor Wendi (584), more than 1000 Tangut Qiang people returned to the Sui Dynasty. The following year, the Tangut leader Bartoning Cong and other tribes went to Xuzhou (now Lintan County, Gansu Province) to request attachment, and the Sui Dynasty named Bartoning Cong as a general.
During the Wude period in the early Tang Dynasty (6 18-626), the living space of Dangxiang Qiang people was constantly squeezed by Tubo and Tuguhun tribes. Eight tribes, such as Xifeng, Feiting and Tuoba, belonged to the Tang Dynasty, among which Tuoba tribe was the most powerful.
In the third year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (629), Jacky, the prefect of Nanhui, ordered him to attach himself to the Tangut. Xia Feng Bulaiti, one of the leaders of the Tangut, led his troops to the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty set up a track state in his place (now west of Songpan County, Sichuan Province) and awarded Xia Feng Bulaiti as the secretariat. Other Tangut tribes also responded.
In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), the Tang Dynasty sent envoys to make a meander in 16 state, with 340,000 Tangut members. At that time, Tuoba Chi, the leader of the Tangut Tuoba Department, married Mu Rongfu Yun, the king of Tuyuhun, was defeated in the battle with the Tang Dynasty, betrayed his relatives and joined the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty appointed the tribal leader attached to it as the secretariat, named Tuoba Chi as the prefect of Xirong, and gave him the surname Li. Songzhou satrap tube, named the day the public. During this period, Dangxiang Qiang gradually moved southward from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to Hexi area. When I arrived in Tang Gaozong, the Tubo country on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rose in the early Tang Dynasty, expanding outward day by day, destroying Tuyuhun in the north and attacking and bullying the Tangut Qiang. The Tangut tribes scattered in present-day southwest Gansu and Qinghai moved south, and the Tang government also moved Jingbian Prefecture (formerly Longyou) to Qingzhou (now Qingyang County, Gansu Province), and the 25 Tangut countries under its jurisdiction also moved with it. The former residence of Tangut in Qinghai Lake and the fertile land of water and grass in Hexi were gradually occupied by Tubo, and the remaining Tangut residents were enslaved by Tubo nobles.
Tuoba Chici was given the royal surname Li after the Tang Dynasty to show the favor of the royal family and the intention of netting. In the history of China, the attitudes towards ethnic minorities in the past dynasties were generally based on netting, either kissing, knighthood or throwing money. Tuoba Chici was not only given the emperor's surname, but also named Pingxi Gong by the Tang government, later called Li Xigong, and some people called Li Pingxi. There are three male brothers during the day. They are the eldest, the second is Tuoba Chiwu, the improved one is Li Chi Wuwu, and the third one is Li Chifu. They have five children, the eldest is called Li Hunde, the second is called Li Hunjing, and the third is called Li Hunzong. The history of the other two sons is not recorded. Tuoba GUI Yu Zong has three sons, the eldest son Tuoba Shoujue, the second Tuoba Shouyuan and the third Tuoba Gui Ji Shou.
It is said that Tuoba Gui's youngest son, Tuoba Jishou, was eager to learn when he was young and never forgets anything. He is a big man with regular facial features, full facial features, ruddy complexion and curly hair. He is particularly interested in China culture and is good at writing poems and lyrics. Tang Wenhua spread widely in the Tang Dynasty and had a great influence on the surrounding ethnic minorities and vassal states. Especially in the early Tang Dynasty, his poetry creation reached the peak in history. Such a prosperous cultural prosperity is silent for Li Shouji. He gradually became interested in lyrics, even to the point of obsession, but lost interest in horse riding, shooting and wrestling, the compulsory courses for the children of tribal nobles. During this period, Li Shouji created a large number of poems, most of which were mainly lyrical about things. Unfortunately, no complete works were handed down to later generations.
The ancestors of Tuoba Department of Dangxiang Qiang people lived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a long time and lived a nomadic life with no fixed place, mainly raising yaks and sheep. They fought in wartime and grazed cattle and sheep at ordinary times. After the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains dynasty fell apart, and ethnic minorities developed rapidly, especially the Tubo tribe and the Tuguhun tribe who lived in the southern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a long time. The two sides sometimes live in peace, and sometimes they fight in secret. The living space of the relatively weak Tangut Qiang tribe is constantly squeezed, some of them join the Tubo tribe, and some of them move northward. By the time the Tang Dynasty destroyed the Sui Dynasty and unified the Central Plains, the rapid expansion of ethnic minorities was curbed, the Xiongnu forces in the north were temporarily suppressed by the Tang Dynasty, and the Tubo tribes in the west also paid tribute to the central government of the Tang Dynasty after annexing the Tubuhun tribe. During the period of Emperor Taizong, Tuoba Chi, the leader of the Tangut Qiang nationality, wrote to ask for attachment and was placed in Qingzhou by the Tang Dynasty. So many clans of the Tangut Qiang moved from Hexi area to Qingzhou, which is today's Qingyang generation in Gansu. At that time, Qingzhou was covered with forests and grasslands, which was suitable for nomadic people to survive, but agricultural production along the river also developed considerably.
Tuoba is the most powerful of the Tangut Qiang tribes who moved to Gyeongju. Tuoba Chici, the leader of Tuoba Department, became the leader of the whole Tangut Qiang Department. The Dangxiang Qiang tribe who moved to Qingzhou continued to live a nomadic life without a fixed place. A few people chose to settle down, learn the farming techniques of the Han people and live a semi-agricultural and semi-nomadic life.
Attached is Tuoba Chici, that is, Li Xigong. In order to thank the kindness of the Tang Dynasty, he also encouraged the tribes to learn the Tang language, so as to exchange things with the surrounding Han people in exchange for necessities such as salt, iron and wheat and military supplies. Because of the protection of the powerful Tang dynasty, the tribe began to recuperate for half a century, with a greatly increased population, good economic development and growing tribal strength.
Fifty years of peaceful development have made Gyeongju develop rapidly. Dangxiang Qiang also learned the fortification techniques of the Han people and built Fengcheng in the triangle where the two rivers meet. Some tribal families have settled in cities. Intermarriage between Han and Qiang began to appear, and Li Xigong himself married a China woman as his concubine. In order to keep the lineage pure, the ancestors of Dangxiang Qiang were not allowed to intermarry with foreigners. Although the tribal giants loudly opposed it, Li Xigong did not agree.
Li Chi is Li Xigong's half-brother. He is a typical Qiang people, of medium build, with vigorous skills and bright eyes. However, his son Li Hunjing is a tall and burly man who is good at riding and shooting. He has repeatedly made meritorious military service in tribal foreign wars. Li Hunjing grew up on horseback in Hexi, and knew nothing about literature and ink. Tuoba Department, like other Tangut Qiang, only has its own language, no writing, and even the tribal tycoons have no standardized education system. Major events are recorded in Chinese characters or Tubo characters, so there are almost no historical materials of its tribes, and only a few words can be found in the historical materials of the Central Plains Dynasty or the Tubo Kingdom.
Saying Li Shouji's second uncle, Tuoba Chici's nephew Li Hunjing spent half his life as a soldier, traveling around with his father, and it was rare to be quiet. During the Gyeongju period, the world was peaceful and the neighbors were harmonious. In addition, his father Li Chi has passed away, and Li Hunjing has gradually adapted to the days of parties and dances. Before his 60th birthday, he married himself a single-room wife to treat himself. My third aunt, surnamed Liu Mingshuang, was dignified and beautiful, with various manners and outstanding talents. She was good at lyrics and fu, and her father Liu Changzhou was a senior official in the Han Dynasty. Although Liu was no longer an official, he was rich in land and made a fortune in trade with Tangut Qiang. Now it is inevitable to see the nephew of the leader of Tuo Domineering Tribe take a fancy to his daughter.
As mentioned earlier, Li Shouji was born with fine features and a big figure, and was deeply loved by his father. In order to get his son a good education, his father invited a famous local scholar to be his son's teacher. Therefore, Ji Shou read a lot of poetry books since childhood, recited the Four Books and Five Classics, and was inspired by his teacher. Li Shouji's knowledge of Tang poetry is quite profound. He often meets local Han talents, sings and drinks, and gradually becomes famous in the local area.
It is said that my second uncle married my third aunt, who is brilliant and omnipotent in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry and songs. Li Shouji became interested and ran to my second uncle's house. This Li Shouji often went to my second uncle's house since he was a child, and my second uncle liked it very much. Although it is convenient to visit Liu Shuang in my second uncle's backyard, it is not so convenient. Although as a minority, there are not so many rules of Tuoba Department, but because I stayed in Gyeongju for a long time, I learned this set of Han people.
Liu Shuang has been unhappy since she married Li Fu. First, her man is a 60-year-old man. Second, Li Hunjing is rude and doesn't understand writing and ink. Although she loves herself very much, she has little communication. The first lady and the second lady are from the Tuoba Department, completely ignoring themselves and even treating each other coldly. In such a family environment, Liu Shuang's depressed mood can be imagined. Li Hunjing is also very helpless. Just then, Li Hunjing saw his nephew Li Shouji. He knew that his nephew liked to write poems, so he wanted his nephew to go to the backyard and write poems with Liu Shuang to ease his third aunt's unhappy mood. Hearing juwan's thoughts, Li Shouji suppressed his inner ecstasy and agreed to do his best. Since then, Li Shouji has been aboveboard with his aunt. With the arrival of Li Shouji, Liu Shuang's mood gradually became clear, and it turned from cloudy to sunny. The two of them talked about the present together, and the poems were against each other. You can sing and I will appear. As the days passed, Li Hunjing was naturally happy to see his third aunt's mood improving, but he couldn't think of it. This is exactly:
Past events and heartbroken poems, you don't know.
There are few true feelings in the world, and scholars have been infatuated since ancient times.
A handsome man from Tuoba tribe and a graceful girl from Han nationality share a common interest in poetry and songs, and appreciate and admire each other. The flame of love strongly sears the reason of two people. Although barbarians don't care much about the relationship between men and women, and they don't pay attention to seniority, Li Shouji, who is deeply influenced by China culture, still suppressed his feelings, and did not cross the line, but it was also inseparable. After a long time, the clues that the two are closely related and can be seen by fools also reached the ears of the second uncle Li Hunjing. Although Li Hunjing likes his nephew, he can't take such rumors seriously. He had a defensive attitude towards his nephew and arranged for the housekeeper to tell the servant. Without his permission, Li Shouji may not enter the inner court to meet Liu Shuang.
The secretary's uncle's vigilance soon made Li Shouji understand his uncle's intention. He felt ashamed and uneasy about it, but the fire of love still burning in his heart was hard to put out. The more he can't see it, the more he suffers for this beautiful teenager who has reached the age of weak crown. On the other hand, Liu Shuang didn't understand why Ji Shou suddenly didn't come. He felt that his heart was empty and his depressed mood was difficult to express. He was depressed all day and soon became ill. Li found the news.
As mentioned above, Liu Shuang was born in a big family in Gyeongju. His family is well-off, and he has lived comfortably since childhood. He went in and out with the maids. He plays the piano, plays chess, writes calligraphy and lyrics all day, and his life is full of poetry and painting. Now married to Tuoba Department, I have no worries about food and clothing. However, his life customs and cultural rituals are too different. Although her husband Li Hunjing is very kind to himself, he is a rough soldier. Since meeting Li Shouji, Liu Shuang's heart is like tearing a crack in a cloudy sky. Bright sunshine shone through the cracks in the clouds, illuminating Liu Shuang's long-lost heart and handsome face. The silence of the sunshine made Liu Shuang encounter rain after a long drought, and Liu Shuang, who was delighted, rekindled her hope for life, and her longing for feelings hidden in her heart was slowly activated. The wonderful time of writing songs and singing to you made Liu Shuang's heart ripple. Although they are not related by blood, such company has satisfied Liu Shuang. The weather is unpredictable, and people are accompanied by misfortune. The simple and contented days came to an abrupt end with Li Hunjing's vigilance against his nephew, and he soon fell ill.
There are poems to prove it: spring is as old as ever, people are empty, tears are red and peach blossoms are falling, and the pool pavilion is idle. Although Shanmeng is here, it is difficult to trust the brocade book. Momomo.
In a hurry, Li Shouji bribed the second uncle's family with silver. When the second uncle was not at home, he sneaked into the backyard to see Liu Shuang. When he saw Liu Shuang's haggard face, he couldn't help but burst into tears. Liu Shuang's personal servant girl walked out of the room and stood at the door, holding her in her arms. Liu Shuang sobbed in her arms, and Jishou held up Liu Shuang's face with rain.
As the saying goes: I had a dark dream at night and suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan was dressing up, and there was nothing to care for, but tears flowed a thousand times. It is estimated that the annual heartbroken place, moonlit night, short matsuoka.
The two people who have tasted the sweetness of love are out of control, and it is unbearable not to see each other for a day. Li Shouji spent more money to buy off the servants of his uncle's house and the maids in Liu Shuang. Since then, their underground communication has become more frequent, but there is no windtight wall in the world. Soon, the two men's private contacts were known by the second uncle, and the servant who received the benefit and tipped them off was executed. Tuoba Department values loyalty more than life, so it is very important to betray his servants.
As mentioned above, nomadic people are more casual about gender relations because they have no fixed place all the year round, wars are constantly going on and men are in short supply. After the death of the father, as long as the son is not biological, the father's wife can continue to get married, and the brother's wife and brother will no longer get married. Some of them fight abroad all the year round, their wives are taken care of by others, and so on. It is precisely because of this concept and custom that Liu Shuang was not severely punished, but was simply expelled from the general's residence.
A year later, Li Shouji went to Lin Jingxian as a leading official and went to Qingzhou, Liu Fu to propose to Liu Shuang. The Liu family also wants to send this daughter who is detrimental to family style out quickly, but it is troublesome. So the two sides hit it off, and Ji Shou hired a sedan chair and got on his horse. Liu Shuang returned to Lin Jing in a sedan chair. At this point, Tuoba Jishou has been driven out of the house by his father Tuoba Guizong, cutting off the relationship between father and son so that his mother can give it to him privately. Plus Liu Shuang's own dowry, life is much better than the average person. Since then, the two have lived a contented life, and the latter two have two sons and one daughter. Since then, Li Shouji and Tuoba have drifted away from each other, from a tribal aristocrat to an ordinary family. After their father died, the two eldest brothers were allowed to inherit the title in the Tang Dynasty.
In 755 AD, An Lushan in Sanzhen rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, which was known as the Anshi Rebellion. When An Lushan rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, he sent someone to Gyeongju to contact Tuoba Chici, the grandson of Tuoba Chici, the leader of Tuoba Domineering Tribe, to rebel against the Tang Dynasty. On the one hand, Tuoba Shouhun saw the weakness of the Tang Dynasty, on the other hand, he saw the growing strength of his tribe, so Tuoba tribe, encouraged by the Anshi Rebellion, attacked Chang 'an from the west along the Jinghe River, and the rebels once attacked. Later, Tang Suzong and Hengli ascended the throne in Lingwu, Ningxia, with the highest title. He honored his father, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and called on all the troops in the world to be diligent. Su Zong himself handsome fifty thousand troops attacked Chang 'an from west to east. Tuoba Shouling was worried about being attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, and Shuai Department retreated to Gyeongju. An Lushan's rebellion began to disintegrate under the attack of Tang Suzong, and An Lushan was killed by his son's attendants. The rebels were hit. The following year, Su Zong recovered the two capitals of Chang 'an and Luoyang, and retreated to the Tuoba Department of Gyeongju. Seeing that the Anshi Rebellion had become a rout, he immediately wrote to Tang Suzong, claiming that he was forced to participate in the rebellion because of the Anshi Rebellion, and he was willing to obey the arrangement of the court. Since then, the central government of the Tang Dynasty has been perfunctory politically and ready to part ways with the Tang Dynasty. Li Tang court is eager to restore domestic order, and does not intend to have a dispute with Tuoba Department.
After Tang Suzong stabilized its domestic order, it really felt the threat at hand. Gyeongju, the fief of Tuoba Department, is 500 miles away from Chang 'an, and the journey in one day is very fast. March to Chang 'an for three days. If Tuoba deliberately attacked Chang 'an, the consequences would be unimaginable. Tang Suzong thinks that it is urgent to solve the problem of the residence of the Tangut Qiang people, and he must make up his mind to relieve his worries. In the third year from Su Zong to Germany, the central government of the Tang Dynasty ordered the Tangut Qiang soldiers headed by Tuoba to move northward. The Tang Dynasty enfeoffed the territory of the Tangut Qiang people, which was located at the junction of the northern Shaanxi Plateau and the Mongolian grassland, equivalent to the Hengshan and Jingbian areas in Yulin today. This place is located in the buffer zone between the Tang Dynasty and the Xiongnu. Tang Suzong intends to let the Tangut Qiang cross the Huns and the Tang Dynasty to reduce the harassment of the Huns to the people of China.
Dangxiang Qiang has developed rapidly since it moved to the northern Shaanxi Plateau. Here, the water plants are rich and the sheep are fat and the cattle are strong. In addition, during this period, the Huns were also divided internally, with constant disputes and no strength to fight against the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the Tangut Qiang caught in the middle continues to grow and develop. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba established the Northern Wei regime. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tuo Domineering, a tribal leader, was made king of Zhou Xia. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Li was named Xixia by Liao. Tuoba, sandwiched between Song and Liao Dynasties, developed and gradually occupied northern Shaanxi, Ordos Plateau, Ningxia and Hexi areas. When he arrived in Li Yuanhao, Xixia was formally founded, called Daxia Kingdom, with its capital Xingqing House, and the Tangut Qiang returned to the Tangut surname, abolished the surname Li, created Xixia characters, vigorously developed Buddhism, and established a state affairs system by imitating the Han system. After the rise of the Mongolian Empire headed by Genghis Khan, Xixia Kingdom was destroyed by Mongolia, Tangut Qiang people were destroyed, historical documents were burned, and the capital was destroyed in ashes. A few tribes that escaped the disaster fled to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and western Sichuan, and lived in anonymity. At this point, the Tangut Qiang completely disappeared from the long river of history.
During the process of the Tangut Qiang people's northward migration, a few Tuoba departments chose to stay in the local area because of their intermarriage with the Han people and adaptation to the settled life, including Li Shouji's pulse, Li Shouji's later official arrival in Linqing County, and their love story spread to the court after Liu Shuang's death. Liu Shuang was appointed as the wife of the court, and Liu Shuang's children were also rewarded for Li Shouji's good performance in Linqing County. Since then, TaBaJiShou has flourished in various parts of Lin Jing, prospering and fully integrating into the local Han culture and customs. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Lin Jing County was abandoned and set up in zhenyuan county. Later, Qingzhou, Zhenyuan and other places were constantly harassed by Jin, Liao, Xixia and other minority regimes, and the descendants of Li Shouji gradually moved south. Coupled with the continuous development of farming technology, they are in Pingquan and the Loess Plateau in the Central Plains. Because Li Shouji's pulse has been sinicized for hundreds of years, and it has not been affected at all. With the popularity of mixed living and intermarriage with local people, their ethnic origins became weaker and weaker, and they were basically completely sinicized in the Song Dynasty. Today, there are many villages named Li in the Central Plains, Pingquan and other places, with close ethnic relations and similar cultural customs such as weddings, funerals and weddings, all of which are descendants of Tuoba.