When it comes to credit management, we must mention credit risk, so as to understand the purpose and function of credit management, and the management techniques and methods derived from it. Credit risk is a kind of risk, which refers to the risk existing in credit transactions, that is, the risk that customers will not pay when due. There are many factors that cause credit risk, including political risk, information risk, business risk, management risk and financial risk.

Function and target market of credit management

Credit management means that the party providing credit uses management methods to solve the risk problems existing in credit transactions. The main functions of credit management include identifying risks, evaluating risks, analyzing risks, effectively controlling risks on this basis, and comprehensively handling risks in an economical and reasonable way.

In the realistic market environment, the target market of credit management is divided into three parts: capital, industrial and commercial enterprises and consumers because of the different subjects and forms of credit transactions. In different target markets, the characteristics of credit risk are different, and the functions and contents of credit management are also different. 1. Short-term significance: monitor the recovery of customers' accounts receivable at any time and deal with problems in time. In order to monitor customers' accounts receivable at any time, enterprises must keep close contact with customers and communicate with them in time. In addition, when customers can't repay, they should be required to provide guarantees to reduce the risk of bad debt losses.

Second, long-term significance: effectively improve customer quality. Enterprises with standardized credit management give credit lines and credit periods that exceed the market average level to enterprises with good credit. For customers with poor credit status, make cash transactions or give a smaller credit limit and a shorter credit period. For the latter type of customers, there is a problem of capital turnover. When enterprises do not give financing opportunities, some will gradually withdraw, so that some customers with better credit status can obtain a more favorable credit environment, and their credit status will constantly change. In the end, the enterprise will have a stable and trustworthy customer base and its image will be greatly improved. For enterprises, this is the improvement of living environment and a long-term favorable factor to promote the development of enterprises.

With the rapid development of China's economy and the increasing foreign investment in China, the industry competition is becoming increasingly fierce. In order to be in an invincible position in the market competition and minimize the operational risks, the demand for credit management by enterprises is becoming more and more urgent. The standard credit management center is established according to this demand. The main functions of credit management include the following three aspects: credit risk management, competitor analysis and business decision-making consultant. The purpose of credit management: to measure the increased profit and the price paid by adopting credit policy.

An important condition for business development is the credit system. However, the larger the amount of credit sales and the longer the period of credit sales, the higher the occupation cost of enterprises on accounts receivable. The money that an enterprise should collect from the purchasing unit or the receiving unit when selling products, materials and providing services. Selling on credit can promote sales. The opportunity cost caused by the loss of other investment opportunities due to the occupation of funds by accounts receivable and the possible increase in bad debt losses. The main work of credit management is not only to reduce bad debts, but also to balance profits and risks and increase the return on capital. Bad debts are not necessarily a bad thing, but the risks are rewarding.

With the slowdown of global economic development, the shortage of corporate funds has become a common phenomenon. According to LINKED-F data of Platinum Consulting, credit sales, a business model of expanding business by financing customers, is gradually becoming a trend. However, credit management is by no means a simple risk control, but through control, transactions that cannot be reached because of too much risk can be carried out smoothly. Credit managers are a group of people who pursue investment returns and balance risks and benefits. Overview of Consumer Personal Credit Management

1, concept, function and classification

Consumer credit management is a technical means to expand credit consumption and prevent credit risks with scientific management expertise.

The main functions of consumer credit management are: customer credit investigation, customer credit granting, account control, enterprise account collection and promotion of credit payment tools by using personal credit database.

In different forms of personal credit sales, the risk factors are also different. Consumer credit can be divided into retail credit, cash credit and real estate credit according to the different forms of credit transactions, repayment methods and credit issuers. Among them, retail credit can be further divided into revolving credit, installment credit and service credit.

2, the characteristics of consumer credit management

There are significant differences among consumer credit management, enterprise credit management and commercial bank credit management in customer base and service mode, which determines their differences in credit management technology and means.

The target customers of consumer credit management are individual consumers, and the target customers of enterprise credit management and commercial bank credit management are enterprise legal persons. Personal credit consumption is characterized by a small amount of single transaction, but a huge number of transactions. In addition, the transaction mode in personal credit consumption is very flexible, and the amount of data processing transaction settlement records and credit records is also quite huge.

The role of consumer credit management in enterprises

The functions of enterprise consumer credit management mainly include the following aspects:

1, improve the efficiency of credit review and reduce operating costs.

2. Reduce the risk of credit transaction, reduce the arrears and recover the arrears in time.

3. Increase qualified users for enterprises and reduce the proportion of bad customers.

4, from the perspective of risk control, to assist enterprises to complete product innovation.

Workflow of Consumer Credit Management

The process of credit management is closely related to the process of marketing. Taking the whole process of a credit transaction as a unit, consumer credit management consists of several parts, such as customer credit, account management and enterprise account invalidation.

1, customer credit

When consumers apply for credit, the credit management department of the enterprise should first conduct a credit review, and finally decide whether to give credit and how much credit according to the credit standard of the enterprise. Credit standards are internal documents of enterprises, which uniformly stipulate the standards and conditions of credit under various circumstances. According to this standard, the credit management department of an enterprise should express its opinions on the consumer's credit application, that is, whether to grant credit, the amount and the duration.

2. Account management

After the consumer accepts the credit transaction conditions, the enterprise credit management department shall open a credit account for him and record all transaction data, repayment records and credit records. Due to the existence of default risk, the credit management department of an enterprise should monitor and adjust the risk of consumers during the credit period, and at the same time, it should assist the sales department in finding new trading opportunities.

The risk monitoring of consumers is mainly to observe and analyze consumers' behavior and judge how the credit degree of consumers changes in time. If there is credit deterioration, the credit management department of the enterprise should promptly warn; On the contrary, it is necessary to increase the credit line of consumers or extend the contract period in time.

3. Business accounting treatment

Commercial account processing should be divided into two parts: first, normal account recovery, that is, providing bills to consumers regularly to remind consumers to repay in time; The second is to collect arrears.

After consumers use the credit services provided by enterprises, their consumption records will be entered into the accounting system. Within the specified time, the system will automatically print bills regularly, which will be submitted to consumers by the credit management department of the enterprise, and consumers will pay according to the requirements of the bills.

In addition to normal repayment, there will be cases of default or non-repayment among customers. At this point, the credit management department of the enterprise should enter the collection procedure in time. The collection work is gradual, from the letter to the telephone collection, to the door-to-door collection, until the lawsuit collection.

Personal credit scoring technology

Personal credit scoring is a common tool in consumer credit management, which is applied to all stages of personal credit management. Credit score is a score obtained by quantifying the information in personal credit report, such as payment records, arrears accounts, account number, credit record time, etc. Credit score can objectively predict the possibility of consumers repaying in full and on time. For banks and financial institutions, forecasting score is a risk assessment tool, which can help lenders predict the future credit performance of loan applicants and help lenders make quick and effective decisions.

Credit scoring model is the most important tool for personal credit scoring, and it is a series of calculation formulas that can be used to get scores. The scoring model is obtained by statistically processing a large number of consumer credit records.

Section 3 Enterprise Credit Management

Enterprise credit management includes two parts: counterparty credit management and self-credit management. Counterparty credit management is a professional technology for enterprises to scientifically manage credit sales (credit sales). Its main purpose is to avoid the risks brought by credit sales and improve the success rate of credit sales. Self-credit management is to manage self-credit consciously and scientifically according to the operating characteristics and requirements of enterprises, so as to keep the credit rating at a higher level, thus reducing costs and taking the initiative in obtaining loans and investments. 1, collecting customer information

After the formation of the buyer's market, due to the limited customer resources, enterprise sales have been transformed into competitive sales, and credit sales have become popular. Information collection has become an important foundation for the prosperity and stability of credit cooperatives and economy.

The lack of information leads to subjective judgment when granting information, and there is no scientific evaluation based on facts. As a result, there are a large number of arrears and triangular debts between domestic enterprises, and the problem of bad debts is very common.

In recent years, as enterprises begin to pay attention to the collection of customer information, the overdue rate and bad debt rate of accounts receivable have obviously decreased, and the benefits of enterprises have obviously rebounded.

At present, there are few institutions such as Huaxia Dunbar, Xinhua Letter, Jiuyi, Shangzhong and Lian Xin in the domestic credit investigation market, accounting for nearly 90% of the whole market.

2. Evaluation and credit granting

It is an important means for enterprises to control credit risk by evaluating customers' credit and deciding what credit limit and settlement method to give customers. The traditional credit evaluation is based on experience, so it is difficult to ensure the accuracy and scientificity of the evaluation. Scientific credit evaluation should be based on experience and scientific analysis of credit elements. It first requires a detailed analysis of credit elements, and then integrates the experience of the enterprise and the experience of different industries and enterprises, and finally achieves a unified evaluation standard by comparing weights and quantitative indicators.

Through a large number of practical cases, the credit evaluation system analyzes the characteristics of enterprises on the verge of bankruptcy, inferior enterprises and excellent enterprises, and then divides these characteristics into items and details and gives them different weights to maximize the credit characteristics of customers.

On the construction of China's credit system from the perspective of American credit crisis

"credit crisis"

Since 200 1 A serious credit crisis broke out in the American capital market, and a series of corporate fraud incidents with great scale and influence occurred frequently, which dealt a heavy blow to investor confidence and the recovery momentum of the American economy. According to the latest official data of the United States, consumer confidence has fallen to the lowest level in nine years, and economic figures have been weak for several weeks? It shows that the US economic recovery is weak. In order to stimulate economic recovery, in 2002,165438+1October 7, the Federal Open Market Committee? FOMC announced that it would cut the target interest rate of federal funds by 50 basis points to 1.25%. This is the first time since 2002 that the Federal Reserve has drastically cut interest rates, creating the lowest federal interest rate in the United States in 40 years.

The occurrence of this credit crisis has aroused widespread concern and thinking all over the world. As a typical representative of developed credit economy, the United States has a complete social credit system, a relatively complete legal system, effective industry regulations, a complete credit database, developed credit management education and human resources after more than 100 years of development, but a series of serious financial fraud scandals have also occurred. Based on the main characteristics of American credit crisis, this paper discusses the existing credit system in the United States and its loopholes, as well as its enlightenment to the construction of China's credit system

Section 4 Professional Credit Management

"Professional credit management" is still a brand-new term in China. It is an important part of China's social credit system and has the same status as the bank credit system. It is an authoritative record of professional experience and a summary of various rewards and punishments given by enterprises in the process of professional work. With the continuous updating of professional credit files, professional credit can objectively reflect the career development process and personal career development potential of professionals, which is a very important reference for employers. With the rapid development of social economy, many industries are also facing unprecedented professional credit risk challenges, such as false quotation of tourism industry personnel, evaporation of goods in logistics industry, solo speculation, e-commerce fraud and insurance fraud, which not only seriously affects the business order of various industries, but also restricts the healthy development of China's economy.

In addition, the talent credit risk of enterprises is also increasing day by day, and the recruitment cost of enterprises is also increasing. The credit information of talents is asymmetric, and their professional resumes are forged, so it is impossible to make an objective judgment on their true ability; The decrease of employee loyalty, frequent job-hopping, the leakage of internal core business secrets, and the massive loss of customers have increased the difficulty of operating costs and human resource management, and at the same time, they have also been accompanied by huge business risks, which have hindered the sustainable development of enterprises.

As the carrier of professional credit management evaluation and performance, with the deepening of social credit awareness in recent years, it is more and more urgent to establish a standardized and reasonable professional credit management model. It is understood that at present, China's civil servant personnel files have gradually introduced the professional credit file management model, but there is no complete professional credit evaluation and certification system for social professionals, and the market gap is large. Facing the urgent credit demand of society and enterprises, it is particularly important to establish a standardized and reasonable professional credit management model.

Countermeasures to solve the credit problem of professional people

The relationship between professional credit management and human resources development and innovation is what our enterprise can do here. If the credit cannot be quantified, the loss will be difficult to assess. We say that professional credit is an effective supplement and beneficial exploration of employee relations management and labor relations management in the new period. On the other hand, the construction and improvement of professional credit is also a matter to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers, and it is also something that our enterprise can do and explore as a socially responsible enterprise. To do this, we consider that there are four aspects that need to be prepared: First, legal issues. Second, quantifiable standards are needed. Third, unify the format and rules of information exchange. Fourth, operational investigation means and methods. This requires the joint efforts of relevant government departments, competent units and our enterprises.

Judging from the process of establishing credit system in developed countries, it is an inevitable trend to gradually change from government-led to market-oriented operation. The new future professional credit management platform, the largest professional credit management service organization in China, draws lessons from foreign professional credit development experience, combines the characteristics of domestic credit development, takes the establishment of professional credit files as the core, and adopts a multi-dimensional professional credit evaluation structure model, such as personal education basic information, business information during employment, personal professional training experience and other related information authentication, which comprehensively and objectively reflects the professional ethics, work ability and basic professional credit status of professionals and provides measurable professional credit for enterprises. Usually, the credit risk faced by enterprises in credit transactions will take the following forms:

1, customer default risk

Just as credit transaction is a common transaction form, breach of contract is also a common phenomenon. In fact, credit products always have the risk that customers will default on payment. However, many enterprises ignore the harmfulness of default risk and even think it is a normal phenomenon. On the one hand, breach of contract is common, on the other hand, the losses caused by customers' default on payment are hidden, which even the managers of very experienced credit sales enterprises will ignore.

The practice of enterprise credit sales proves that the loss caused by customers' default in payment is even greater than the loss of bad debts. In numerous enterprise transactions, different enterprises have different attitudes towards the issue of breach of contract, which also reflects the business style and business philosophy of different enterprises. According to the different payment behaviors, customers can be divided into several categories, such as immediate payment after receiving the goods, due payment, payment after reminding, payment after being subjected to strong dunning pressure, and non-payment in case of breach of contract.

2. Risk of customer default

Breach of contract refers to the customer's malicious default on payment, and the final result may be non-repayment. Breach of contract refers to being able to repay but refusing to repay. Breach of contract is one of the main reasons for bad credit. In essence, breach of contract is a precursor to deception and a bad business behavior.

In order to reduce the default risk of customers, the focus of credit management is to prevent in advance, and the specific means is to choose to deal with customers with good quality and try to avoid dealing with customers with poor quality.

3. Risk of customer bankruptcy

Bankruptcy of customers means that customers who owe debts can be exempted from all external liabilities, and enterprises that provide credit may lose all credit sales. This is one of the more serious risks in enterprise credit transaction. Customers who have gone bankrupt or are in the process of going bankrupt will stop paying abroad, and credit enterprises can only recover their debts through liquidation procedures. In order to prevent the bankruptcy risk of customers, enterprises should not only have preventive measures in advance, but also have necessary risk dispersion mechanisms, such as mortgage or priority repayment agreement. Fair credit reporting method

The Fair Credit Reporting Act of the United States was promulgated by the United States Congress in 1970 and came into effect in April 197 1. The full name of this law is the Fair Credit Information Law-Part VI of the Consumer Credit Protection Law, which naturally belongs to the series of consumer rights protection laws. The object of this legal norm is consumer reporting institutions and users of consumer credit investigation reports. This law was promulgated under the historical conditions that a large number of consumer credit reporting agencies appeared in the market, and a considerable proportion of credit institutions took the credit scores of individual credit reporting agencies as the basis for credit granting. It first defines what a consumer credit investigation/reporting agency is, and clarifies that three government departments are responsible for interpreting and enforcing laws. It mainly stipulates the right of individual consumers to credit report, standardizes the production and dissemination of reports and the handling of breach records by consumer credit reporting institutions, and actually clarifies the operation mode of consumer credit reporting institutions.

For the sake of fair trade and fair treatment of consumers, this law requires financial institutions and other credit institutions to avoid becoming consumer credit investigation/reporting institutions as much as possible. According to the law, as a consumer credit investigation/reporting institution, it must have the following five basic characteristics:

1. Consumer credit survey and production survey report are daily business;

2. Specializing in collecting consumer credit records or evaluating the credit value of consumers;

3. Engaged in paid services, with profit as the goal;

4. The purpose of the service is to provide consumer credit survey reports to third parties;

5. Providing public services to the national market, not just reporting services to affiliated enterprises.