First, the status and role of mining economy in the province's economic and social development

Hunan is located in the south-central part of the motherland and has the geographical advantage of "connecting the east with the west". The total land area of the province is 2 1. 1.8 million square kilometers, accounting for 2.2% of the total land area of the country. From 65438 to 0999, the total population of the province was 65.32 million, and the urbanization level was 25.9%, which was 4.5 percentage points lower than the national average. The gross domestic product in 2000 was 369.2 billion yuan. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.7%, which was 65,438 0.4 percentage points higher than the national average growth rate, and the per capita GDP was 5,620 yuan.

Hunan province is rich in natural resources and is known as the land of plenty, the land of nonferrous metals, the land of nonmetals and tourist attractions. Metallurgy, chemical industry and building materials, which aim at the development, production and processing of mineral resources, have become the pillar industries in this province. 1999 The output value of mining and related industries accounts for 19.4% of the total industrial output value of the province and 10.4% of the total social output value. The total output value of mining and dressing industry accounts for 4.8% of the total industrial output value of the province.

Hunan Province has become the most important production, processing and export base of mineral products in China. In 2000 10, the output of non-ferrous metals reached 824,200 tons, accounting for 10.96% of the national total output, of which the output of lead, zinc, antimony, bismuth and cemented carbide was 260 1, 45.53, 4.68, 0.2835 and 0.0525 respectively. Hunan manganese industry is developed, and its product production capacity, production equipment and product quality have absolute advantages in the whole country. The output of dispersed elements such as cadmium and indium accounts for more than 40% of the total national output. Coal production ranks in the forefront of southern provinces, accounting for 2.52% of the country. The output of cement is 22.739 million tons, ranking eighth in China, and the output of flat glass is 7.5 million TEUs, ranking fifth in China. The output of non-metallic mineral raw materials such as barite, fluorite, graphite, kaolin and gypsum occupies an important position in the country. From 65438 to 0999, the total import and export trade of major mineral products and related products in the province was $77 195 15000, accounting for 39.47% of the total import and export, of which the total export value was $635732600, accounting for 49.67% of the whole province.

The development of mining industry has promoted the urbanization process of the whole province, and formed mining towns supported by mineral resources at the city level such as Loudi, Chenzhou, Hengyang and Zhuzhou, and at the county level such as Guiyang, Changning, Lengshuijiang, Huayuan, Linwu, Lianyuan, Xinhua, Pingjiang, Yuanling and Taojiang. Mining has driven the development of transportation industry in the whole province, and the output value of transportation related to mining is about 3.2 billion yuan.

Two, mineral resources investigation and evaluation, exploration, development and utilization and protection status.

(A) the basic characteristics and advantages of mineral resources

Hunan province enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad for its superior geological conditions, rich mineral resources, and many dominant minerals with relatively concentrated distribution.

1. There are rich kinds of mineral resources, and the dominant minerals are outstanding. By the end of 1999, 20 species (including 14 1 subspecies) of minerals have been discovered in the whole province, accounting for 70. 18% of the discovered mineral species in China. Among the minerals with proven reserves, there are 57 top ten minerals (including subspecies) and 34 top five minerals (including subspecies) in China, among which 8 minerals such as tungsten, bismuth, fluorite, graphite, sepiolite, garnet, glass dolomite and ceramsite shale rank first in China (table 1), and stone coal, manganese and vanadium. Minerals with international advantages are: tungsten, bismuth, antimony, fluorite, aphanitic graphite, barite and so on. China has advantages or potential advantages in minerals such as manganese, tin, lead, zinc, niobium, tantalum, marl, gypsum, kaolin and mirabilite, and coal has comparative advantages in southern China.

2. The distribution of ore deposits is obviously regional and relatively centralized. Tungsten, tin, molybdenum, bismuth, lead, zinc and graphite are mainly concentrated in Chenzhou and Hengyang. Antimony is mainly distributed in Loudi and Yiyang, and manganese is mainly distributed in Yongzhou, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Huaihua and Xiangtan. Gold and silver are mainly concentrated in Hengyang, Huaihua, Yueyang and Chenzhou; Coal is mainly distributed in Loudi, Shaoyang and Chenzhou. Salt, gypsum and glauberite are mainly distributed in Hengyang and Changde areas.

3. There are relatively many large and super-large deposits of nonferrous metals and nonmetallic minerals, and there are many associated minerals, lean minerals and refractory minerals in metallic minerals. According to the mining areas, there are 1 196 mining areas in the province, including 6 super-large mines, 87 large mines, 205 medium mines and 898 small mines. Manganese ore with a grade greater than 30% only accounts for about 30% of the total reserves, sulfur-rich iron with a sulfur content greater than 35% only accounts for 12.7%, and ore with a lead+zinc grade greater than 5% only accounts for 36%. Iron, phosphorus and other mineral resources are large in quantity and poor in quality, which are difficult to use under the existing technical level; More than 87.2% of non-ferrous metal mining areas contain more than two beneficial co-associated components, and 4.7% contain more than 10 co-associated components. The comprehensive utilization value of associated components is high.

4. Mineral resources have great prospecting potential. The predicted resources of lead, zinc, tungsten, bismuth, molybdenum and phosphorus are more than twice their resources, coal, iron, silver and fluorite are more than three times their resources, and gold, antimony, barite, rock salt, limestone and kaolin are more than five times their resources.

(2) Present situation of geological and mineral exploration

1. Basic geological survey: The province has completed1:200,000 regional geological survey, regional hydrogeological survey, regionalized exploration volume and regional gravity survey, and the aeromagnetic survey in the province has been basically completed. 1:200,000 gravity survey completed 18 map, accounting for about 58% of the province's area;1:50,000 regional geological survey completed 187 map, accounting for about 40% of the province's land area, and 20 counties (cities) have1: A comprehensive survey of hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology of1∶ 50,000 was carried out in six important urban areas, and a geochemical survey of1∶ 50,000, a regional survey of1∶ 50,000 radioactive hydrology and ground gamma measurement were carried out in important metallogenic belts.

2. Exploration and evaluation of mineral resources: 83 kinds of mineral reserves have been proved (including subspecies 10 1), and 68 kinds are listed in the mineral reserves balance table. More than 6,000 deposits of various types have been discovered. Of the 1 196 deposits listed in the reserve balance table, 45 1 has reached the level of intensive investigation (exploration), accounting for 37.7%. Detailed investigation and general survey (including below the general survey) of 745 mineral sites, accounting for 62.3%. There are still a large number of potential ore deposits (mineralization points) in the whole province, which need to be improved.

(C) the status quo of mineral resources development and utilization

By the end of 200 1, 77 kinds of minerals (including subspecies) had been developed and utilized in the whole province (table 2). The total number of mines reached 8875. According to the scale of mining enterprises, there are 4 large mining enterprises/kloc-0, 72 medium-sized enterprises and 8789 small enterprises. The number of mining enterprises engaged in mining and dressing industry is 4610.4 million, and the annual output of ore is 24 1 10,000 tons. According to the nature of ownership, there are 366 state-owned holding enterprises, 350 collective enterprises, 88 corporate enterprises, 4,994 private enterprises and 4 Sino-foreign joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises. During the period of 1999, the output value of mining enterprises in the province reached 2173.6 billion yuan (ranking the top ten in China), accounting for 4.8% of the total industrial output value of the province. The development of mining industry has played an important role in the national economic and social development of our province;

1. Energy and mineral resources: three mining bureaus, namely Lianshao, Zixing and Baisha, and a relatively large Jiangnan coal industrial base with coal dams, Chenxi, Tanjiashan and Liqun coal mines as the main bodies have been established. The minerals used are coal, stone coal, uranium and geothermal, of which coal is the main development and utilization. In 200 1 year, there were 2269 coal mines in the province, including 23 medium-sized coal mines and 2244 small-sized coal mines. The number of people engaged in coal mining industry is 654.38+094.500, and the coal output is 29.4433 million tons. The coal self-sufficiency rate is above 70%. The output of stone coal is 860,700 tons, mostly small mines, with a total of 74. Only the 1 state-owned uranium mine is being mined. Ningxiang, Rucheng and other counties have established tourist areas, resorts and sanatoriums by using geothermal resources.

2. Ferrous metal minerals: The development, production and processing bases of iron-manganese ore resources with Valin Group Corporation, Taojiang Manganese Mine and Hunan Metallurgical Enterprise Group Corporation as the main bodies have been established. There are 0/00 small iron mines/kloc-and 2 medium-sized iron mines, with an annual output of 1.5 1.66 million tons. Large manganese ore 1 seat, 4 medium-sized ones and 9 small ones11seat, with an annual output of manganese ore1194,200 tons. There are 8 small vanadium mines with an annual output of 6.5438+0.85 million tons of vanadium ore.

3. Non-ferrous metal minerals: lead-zinc mine mining, dressing and smelting industrial bases with Huangshaping, Shuikoushan, Baoshan, Limei, Zhuye, Shuikoushan Mining Bureau and Lisan Group as the main bodies, antimony production and processing bases with Xikuangshan Mining Bureau, Taojiang Banxi Antimony Mine and Yiyang Smelter as the main bodies, and tungsten production and processing bases with Shizhuyuan, Yaogangxian, Chuankou Tungsten Mine and Zhuye Carbide Factory as the main bodies. Mainly develop minerals such as tungsten, antimony, lead, zinc, copper and tin. There are 280 nonferrous metal mines in 200 1 year, including 4 large mines, 6 medium mines/kloc-0 and 260 small mines. The number of employees in mining enterprises is 4 1 000, and the annual output is 1 342,300 tons of ore. Lead-zinc mine 163, tungsten mine 25, tin mine 39, antimony mine 23. The comprehensive utilization rate of major nonferrous metal minerals is 60-70%, and the comprehensive recovery rate is about 40%, both of which are higher than the national average.

4. Precious metal minerals: A gold production and processing base with Chenzhou Mining Company, Huang Jindong Gold Mine, Gaojiaao Gold Mine and Longwangshan Gold Mine as the main body has been established. There are 33 gold mines/kloc-0 in the whole province. In 2000, the output of gold was 4 14 tons, accounting for 2.9% of the whole country. There is no independent silver mine in the province, mainly the smelting process of non-ferrous metal minerals. 1999 The annual output of silver is 3 17.3 1 ton, accounting for 25.44% of the total output of silver in China, and it belongs to a big province of silver processing and production.

5. Rare, rare earth and dispersed element minerals: The bases engaged in the production and processing of rare and rare earth minerals mainly include Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Factory, Taojiang Rare Earth Metal Smelter, Yiyang Hongyun Rare Earth Co., Ltd. and Xiangnan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute. The degree of resource development and utilization is low. There are small tantalum-niobium mines in the province 1 1 seat, with an annual output of 1 10,000 tons. Rare metal minerals beryllium and dispersed element minerals cadmium, indium, thallium, germanium, gallium, selenium, tellurium, etc. It is mainly recovered in the smelting process, but rare metal minerals such as lithium, zirconium, rubidium and cesium and rare earth minerals such as xenotime and monazite have not been developed and utilized.

6. Non-metallic minerals: salt production and processing bases with Xiangheng Salt Mine and Li Xiang Salt Mine as the main bodies, cement production bases with Shao Feng Group, Xuefeng Group, Xiaoxiang Cement Group and Dongjiang Cement Plant as the backbone, and chemical production bases with Yueyang Phosphate Fertilizer Plant and Hunan Phosphorus Chemical General Factory as the main bodies have been established. The main minerals used are cement limestone, glass sandstone, graphite, kaolin, gypsum, marble and granite and other decorative building materials, phosphorus, sulfur, barite, rock salt, sepiolite, fluorite, metallurgical dolomite, flux limestone, refractory clay and so on. There are 5898 nonmetallic mines, including 5 large mines, 25 medium mines and 5867 small mines. According to minerals, brick clay ore 19 12, limestone ore for building stone and ash making 12965438, building sand 968, and other minerals 1696. The annual output of ore is 654.38+94 million tons.

7. Mineral water: there are 3/kloc-0 mineral water production enterprises in the province, with an annual output of 246,500 cubic meters.

(D) the status quo of mine ecological environment protection

By the end of 1999, the accumulated storage of mine waste residue reached 222 million tons, accounting for 86.8% of the total industrial waste residue. The waste residue discharged from coal mining accounts for 36.94% of the total storage, and the waste residue discharged from coal mining in central Hunan reaches 65 million tons. All kinds of mines have a total area of 200,500 hectares, including 410.7 million hectares of cultivated land.

In recent years, various localities have strengthened the restoration and management of mine environment. 1999 The total cost of wastewater and waste gas treatment in mining enterprises is about1400,000 yuan. Some progress has been made in land reclamation. By the end of 1999, 6000 hectares of land had been reclaimed, with a reclamation rate of 14.4%, 2800 hectares of vegetation restored and a greening rate of 7.6%. It has made some progress in mine environmental protection, legislation, investigation, comprehensive utilization of tailings and waste rocks, and ecological environment management of typical mines, and achieved certain results.

Three, the main problems existing in the exploration, development, utilization and protection of mineral resources

1. Insufficient investment in geological exploration and shortage of reserve resources. The decrease in investment in geological prospecting has led to a serious brain drain, and the exploration work has stagnated, resulting in the growth rate of mineral resources such as coal, iron, manganese, copper, bismuth, antimony, tin, molybdenum and arsenic being lower than the consumption rate, and the main mine resources are facing depletion. Seven of the non-ferrous metals corporation 13 backbone mines have been closed one after another due to resource exhaustion. Some well-known large and medium-sized mines can only last for 6-8 years at the current reserve consumption rate, and some mining towns will decline due to resource depletion.

2. The mining structure is unreasonable. First, the number of mines is too large and the scale is too small, and small mines account for 99.03% of the total number of mines in the province; Second, the mining, dressing and smelting structure is unbalanced, with small mining and dressing capacity, small deep processing capacity and large smelting capacity; Third, the rate of deep processing and high-precision products of mineral products is low, the added value and scientific and technological content of mineral products are not high, and the deep processing products of non-ferrous metals account for10% of the total products; Fourth, the development of nonmetallic mineral products is relatively backward.

3. Exploitation and utilization of mineral resources are extensive, and resources are seriously wasted. Most state-owned mining enterprises have low technical equipment level and intensive degree, and low resource utilization rate. There is a big gap between the "three rates" level of mining enterprises and the world advanced level. Only about 25% of minerals can be comprehensively utilized, and only about 40% of minerals have been comprehensively utilized.

4. The utilization of resources outside the province is single, and the risk of resource supply security increases. There is no acquisition of mineral resources outside the province or abroad through investment. With the globalization of global economy and the intensification of monopoly of mineral resources by large international mining companies, it is more and more difficult and risky to obtain resources directly through trade.

5. The development and utilization of mines have seriously damaged the ecological environment. The area of land and vegetation destroyed by mining activities has reached 1748.09km2, accounting for 0.83% of the total area of the province, and a large area of soil erosion has occurred locally. The secondary geological disasters caused by mining, such as land subsidence, ground fissures, landslides and mudslides, and the pollution of elements such as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, have caused serious threats and losses to the lives and property of the country and people, and triggered a series of social problems. Due to the neglect of ecological environment protection and governance, the land reclamation rate and greening rate are too low. If efforts are not increased, it is estimated that by 20 10, 25 18.58km2 of land will be destroyed due to waste residue accumulation, wasteland and soil erosion, accounting for 1. 19% of the whole province.

6. The development of mineral resources lacks effective macro-control measures, and the mineral administration needs to be improved. First, there is a lack of macro-control in the exploration and development of mineral resources, and the dominant minerals such as tungsten, tin and antimony are overexploited; Second, although unified management has been implemented in mineral resources exploration, the multi-head management of exploration teams has blocked geological data and wasted investment; Third, the construction of mining rights market is lagging behind, the mining capital market is underdeveloped and irregular, the financing channels for mineral resources exploration and development are not smooth, and the existing system and mechanism are not perfect; Fourth, the mining development environment needs to be further improved, and the legitimate rights and interests of mining rights holders cannot be guaranteed; Fifth, the basic administrative work of geology and mineral resources is weak, the professional and technical strength of mining administration in cities and counties is not strong, and the law enforcement and supervision are insufficient.

Four. Analysis on the demand and availability of mineral resources for economic and social development

(A) Hunan Province's national economic and social development and its "Tenth Five-Year Plan" requirements for mineral resources exploration and development

1. With the growth of economy and population, it is required to strengthen the exploration, development and protection of mineral resources. The Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of Hunan Province predicts that the annual economic growth rate of the whole province will be 9% during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. In 2005, the GDP reached 570 billion yuan, the per capita GDP reached 8450 yuan, the population was controlled within 68 million, and the urbanization level reached 36%. Economic development, population growth, the improvement of per capita resource consumption level, the strengthening of urban construction and infrastructure construction, the development of heavy chemical industries such as building materials, metallurgy and chemical industry, and the general demand for mineral resources in general processing industries have put forward more requirements for mineral raw materials in energy industry and raw material industry. It is predicted that by 2005, the whole province will need 45.08 million tons of coal, 5.7 million tons of iron ore, 25,000 tons of manganese ore 1 10,000 tons of copper concentrate and 0/0.55 million tons of phosphorus/kloc-0.

2. As an important driving force of economic growth, the adjustment of industrial structure requires optimizing and upgrading the mining structure, and building and consolidating the mining industry with market competitive advantages. The direction of resource utilization needs to be expanded in breadth and depth, and the industrial chain and product chain should be formed and extended.

3. In order to coordinate regional economic development, it is necessary to adjust the layout of mineral resources development and establish a mining development layout featuring energy, ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, precious metals, nonmetals and chemicals.

4. The rapid development of science and technology and its achievements require changing the way of utilization and protection of mineral resources as soon as possible, improving the degree of development and utilization of mineral resources, and promoting the level of energy conservation and consumption reduction in the process of development and utilization of mineral resources.

5. China's entry into WTO and the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region require the further establishment of an all-round and open mining pattern. China's accession to the WTO and the implementation of the western development are conducive to the export of superior mineral products and their products such as tungsten, tin, antimony, graphite, lead, zinc, manganese and ceramics in our province, to the wider utilization of mineral resources such as oil, copper, aluminum, iron-rich ore, phosphorus and potassium salt outside our province, to the stable attraction of foreign investment and the utilization of foreign advanced technology to develop our province's mineral resources, and to the promotion of our province's foreign exploration and development. Faced with opportunities and challenges, we must make full use of "two resources and two markets" to establish an all-round opening-up mining pattern, including mineral products trade, foreign capital exploration and development of the province's resources and overseas exploration and development of mineral resources, so as to provide mineral resources protection for national economic and social development.

6. Improving the environment is an important part of improving people's living standards, which requires that in the process of mineral resources development and utilization, it is necessary to coordinate the resource benefits, economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits of mineral resources development and promote the coordinated and sustainable development of mining and related industries.

(b) Analysis of the availability of mineral resources

In the next 10 year, the mineral resources of the whole province will meet the needs of national economic and social development: relying entirely on oil, natural gas, potassium salt, etc. Outside the province; Coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, gold, copper, aluminum, antimony, manganese, iron, phosphorus and sulfur are partially self-sufficient; There are uranium, silver, tin, molybdenum, bismuth, rare earth, niobium, tantalum, salt ore, arsenic, gypsum, kaolin, barite, fluorite, marl, graphite, sepiolite, refractory clay and glass sandstone, which can be completely self-sufficient.

The globalization of mining economy and the improvement of investment environment are conducive to expanding the utilization of foreign mineral resources in our province. However, due to the political, economic and military influence, the international mineral products market is changeable, so we must attach great importance to the supply security of mineral resources in our province and establish a relatively stable supply channel.