Zhang has been clever since he was a child. At the age of twelve, he voted for the candidate. Li Shi 'ao, the magistrate of Jingzhou, appreciated him very much. Juzheng/Kloc-won a prize at the age of 0/6, which was appreciated by Gu Di, Governor of Huguang, and he was called a "national instrument". In the 26th year of Jiajing (1547), Zhang Jinshi was incorporated into the Imperial Academy.
Birthday: May 3rd, the fourth year of Jiajing (1525 Gregorian calendar, May 24th).
Date of death: June 20th, Wanli (AD 65438+July 9th, Gregorian calendar 0582).
He entered school at the age of five and could read the Six Classics at the age of seven. /kloc-was admitted to the scholar at the age of 0/2, and/kloc-took the provincial exam at the age of 0/3 and wrote a beautiful article. It was only because Guke, governor of Huguang, intended to let Zhang hone for a few more years that he did not win the election. 16 years old, won a scholarship. 23-year-old, in the 26th year of Jiajing (1547), he was a scholar, served as the editor-in-chief, and gave lectures on Hanlin. In the first year of Qin Long (1567), he served as the left assistant minister of the official department and a college student in Dongge. Qin Long and high arch together of the time, is the official department minister and build machine hall university student ZaiFu. In the early years of Wanli, he conspired with eunuch Bao Feng to hunt down Gao Gong and recorded it. At that time, Ming Shenzong was still young, and all military and political affairs were decided by Ju Zheng. During the period of 10, a series of reform measures were implemented and achieved certain results. He inspected the hidden fields of the landlords, practiced whipping, changed the tax system, and improved the financial situation of the Ming Dynasty. Use Qi Jiguang, Li and other famous soldiers to train, strengthen the northern border defense, and guard the border town to pacify; Pan Jixun presided over the governance of Huanghuai, which was also quite effective. In the 10th year of Wanli (1582), he died and presented Zhu Guo and Shi Wenzhong. Shortly after his death, he was attacked by eunuch Rizo and conservative bureaucrats and took his home. Reputation will not be restored until the apocalypse. He is the author of Collected Works of Zhang Taiyan and Classic Books.
The civil servant in Ming Dynasty was the first official in the cabinet, and he made great historical achievements because he helped the emperor to govern the country effectively.
After more than 200 years of ups and downs in the Ming Dynasty, Jiajing was riddled with diseases and crises. In the Forbidden City, altars are being built every day, filled with smoke. Emperor Jiajing, who dreamed of immortality, was intoxicated by the flowery words in Ode to Qingyun, and entrusted the state affairs to the traitor Yan Song with his eyes closed. Yan Song and his son took the opportunity to do evil, take bribes and pervert the law. In this context, Zhang, the cabinet first assistant (prime minister) from a civilian background, was pushed to the front desk of history. With extraordinary courage and wisdom, he pushed the order to the forefront, consolidated national defense, and implemented the whip method, which revived the dying Ming Dynasty.
Zhang life.
In the later period of Sejong, Juzheng was promoted to Right Zhongyun, which had a good relationship with the high arch of wine offering in imperial academy at that time. Ju Zheng is also one of the few officials who maintain good relations with two important officials, Yan Song and Xu Jie. Zhang's close relationship with eunuchs and ministers had a great influence on his later career and administration, but it also buried the tragedy of "disaster comes from his mouth".
In the first year of Qin Long (1567), Juzheng was appointed as the left assistant minister of the official department and a college student of Dongge. In Liu Chen's Poems, I expounded my views on reforming current politics. After fierce cabinet struggle, he finally joined Gao Gong as Zaifu, a high official and a scholar. Together with Gao Gong, he skillfully used the grandson of An Dan Khan to surrender and reconcile with Tatar, ending the war between the two sides for many years. In the south, Guangzhou is allowed to hold "trade fairs" twice a year.
In the early years of Wanli, Juzheng conspired with eunuch Bao Feng to pursue the high arch, and there was a ghostwriting record. At that time, he was still young, and Zhang was completely trusted by the Regent's biological mother, Queen Li. Zhang was introduced to take charge of the military and political affairs. During his ten years in office, he carried out a series of reform measures and achieved certain results.
Juzheng is carrying out the examination law, strengthening the assessment of officials, and greatly reducing redundant staff. In October of the eighth year of Wanli (1580), the official department was ordered to inspect the yamen in Beijing, and "those who are redundant will be removed". In the 9th year of Wanli (158 1 year), Beijing laid off the post of 156 in the first month of February. In the same year, local officials such as Governor Yunyang, Governor Shuntian and General Huguang were abolished. The number of civil and military officials dropped from more than 6,543,800+200,000 to less than 98,000. He inspected the hidden fields of the landlords, practiced whipping, changed the tax system, and improved the financial situation of the Ming Dynasty. Use Qi Jiguang, Li and other famous soldiers to train, strengthen the northern border defense, and defend the border town to pacify; Pan Jixun presided over the governance of Huanghuai, which was also quite effective.
Zhang's political views
Politically, it is mainly based on "respecting * * *, instructors, believing in rewards and punishments, and ordering prohibition". The center is to solve the corrupt tendency of bureaucrats fighting for power and profit and neglecting their duties. He believes that at that time, the government leaked the news and bribed the people, mainly because of "unclear government management." He eliminated and punished a group of officials by the way of "instructors", that is, he strengthened the assessment of officials, reprimanded those who did not serve, saved redundant officials, rewarded and punished with faith, and was strict with himself, so that rewards and punishments were accurate and not tolerated. During his administration, "every official is anxious", "I dare not underestimate myself in everything", and the court issued an order that "although I am thousands of miles away, I should go down and catch up later", which greatly improved my administrative efficiency. For example, Mu Chaobi, Duke of Guizhou, has repeatedly broken the law and should be arrested. However, public opinion in the imperial court thought that this matter was very difficult, so Zhang appointed Mu Chaobi's son to change to attack Jue, and sent a flying horse to bind Mu Chaobi. Mu Chaobi did not resist and was transferred to the capital. Zhang saved him and put him in Nanjing. For example, because Yushi Zhang often bullied the governor, he decided to suppress their arrogance. Only they are a little wrong, scold them at once and let their boss check. For another example, at that time, the world was peaceful for a long time. Thieves began to gang up and even robbed government warehouses. Local officials often hide these things and do not report them. Zhang ordered that if they didn't report them, even good officials would be dismissed. The local officials dared not conceal the truth any more, caught the robber, beheaded him immediately, and pursued his family, so the thief refused.
Militarily, there are more than 3,000 "enemy stations" built on the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan in the east to Juyongguan in the west, with Jimen in Qi Jiguang Town (now northwest of Qianxi County, Hebei Province) and Liaodong in Lizhen Town (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province) as strongholds to strengthen the preparedness in the north. In addition, the policy of mutual market was implemented in the frontier, which greatly increased the number of horses and reduced the stallion needed by Taibu Temple, so the people were required to pay silver at a discount, which saved Taibu Temple more than 4 million yuan. The common market has also kept the border stable and normal politically and economically. For example, Anda, the leader of northern Mongolia, was named King Shunyi, and established tea-horse mutual markets in Datong, Fu Xuan and Gansu to maintain trade. Anda hasn't invaded the border for a long time. ?
Zhang's economic thought
(1) Check the land. He believes that "the people are rich without giving, the poor are tired and lost, and the poor are fleeing, so the quantity is reduced", which is the root of "the country is poor and the people are poor". 1578 (six years of Wanli), was ordered to re-measure the land throughout the country and check the land that evaded taxes. By 1580 (the eighth year of Wanli), the national grain requisition land reached 70 13976 hectares, an increase of nearly 3 million hectares compared with the Hongzhi period. The taxes of the imperial court increased greatly, so it was said: "It was the most prosperous from the abolition of Zheng De (Zheng De) and Jiaqing (Jiajing) to the ten years of Wanli." ?
(2) Reform taxation and implement the "one whip method". The main content of "one whip method" is: (1) based on counties, all taxes, including regular taxes, additional taxes, tribute, all kinds of funds needed by the central and local governments and all the corvees, are unified into "Zhang Lue", which is always a kind of income. In the past, land tax was divided into summer grain and autumn grain, and there were various names when it was levied, which was very complicated. Now the unified collection is convenient for the state to grasp, the people to understand and know, and to prevent officials from embezzling from it. (2) There were three kinds of corvee recruitment in the past: Lijia, Yi Jun and Handyman. The Li family pays taxes by households, and those who do not serve receive "household bank" (household bank); Miscellaneous clothes are distributed according to the standard, and the ways of miscellaneous clothes are divided into two types: poor strength (self-miscellaneous clothes) and poor silver (miscellaneous clothes with silver). Now cancel the battle between Li Jia and merge all banks with Ding Yin. The calculation method of "Ding Yin" is to convert "labor" and "grain" (all living expenses during service) with poor strength into silver; For example, add a small amount of "silver consumption" according to the amount of silver collected (the loss when broken silver is cast into silver ingots), and then collect all the service silver according to the two factors of "Ding" and "field" or (farmland), that is, "measure the land and measure it, and lose the grain and you will be responsible". Since then, family is no longer the basis of service, and Ding's burden has shifted to "land" or "food". (3) In the process of tax collection and service, except that the rice and wheat silk necessary for the country are still delivered in kind and a part of Ding Yin is still borne by the people, the rest are "collected by the government". (4) When the government uses services, it always "keeps the government for the home" and hires people to serve. In the past, families were exempted from urging taxes, paying the price difference between farmland and grain, reducing wages, building roads, carrying and cooking. This reform measure is not only the result of the development of commodity currency economy, but also inevitably promotes the prosperity of commodity economy.
Zhang's tax thought