I. Willing to use and consciously safeguard the national language.
Professor Chen came to Huidong more than 30 years ago to inspect the She language and visited the local She villages. He believes that Zengcheng She Village has well preserved its own national language. Village cadres have contacts with her compatriots in Boluo, Chaozhou and Huidong. According to their feelings, they also think that their language is well preserved, because some overseas She people can only communicate in Cantonese or Hakka. Professor Chen believes that the well-preserved She language here mainly comes from two aspects:
(1) Widely used According to the household survey statistics of Zengcheng local chronicles editorial department in 2005 and Professor Chen's own investigation, there are 68 households with 338 people in She village, including 44 foreign Han daughter-in-law and door-to-door son-in-law, and 100% of the national population can master the She language skillfully. Not only adults are proficient, but also children who learn to speak in Lian Gang can talk with outsiders in She language. After a year or two, foreign Han daughter-in-law and son-in-law can basically master it. Professor Chen came to visit the village head. His family has parents in their 70s and a 6-year-old son. Professor Chen asked Jin Xin's son in She language: "He (22) Le (3 1) Ti (22) Li (55) Meng (3 1) Hongju (55) Aju (55) Gong (55) Gong?" Can you speak the She dialect? ) The child replied: "A pe(22)." (I don't know. (Note: Numbers in brackets are tone symbols). Although the child "doesn't know", [FS:PAGE] he knows the She language and can use it to answer questions and prove that he knows the She language. The village chief's daughter-in-law is a Cantonese woman in Panyu, and she can also communicate with her parents-in-law and son. Professor Chen went to the primary school to talk with the students and asked them in the She language, "How old are you?" ? What grade? "They can all answer in She language.
(2) Willing to use the villagers' language ability is very strong, and they can speak Mandarin, Hakka dialect, Guangzhou dialect and crisp mash dialect (a dialect). Lei Rikun, director of medical insurance, basically learned Yangjiang dialect by visiting relatives because his sister married to Yangjiang. But the villagers, as long as they are together, communicate in the She language. Meet on the road and communicate in She language; All her languages are used at home. Because they think it is better and more natural to communicate in their mother tongue, and the She language is their favorite language.
Professor Chen thinks that the She nationality village in Zengcheng can well preserve its national language, which is very valuable. Why can you do this? When Professor Chen and I reported the situation to Director Huang Zhuofu of Zengcheng Local Records Office, we discussed this issue together and agreed that there were objective and subjective reasons:
Objectively speaking, the residence is relatively concentrated and the geographical environment is relatively closed, and the nearest to the Han village is about 10 km. In this environment, there is less external interference, which is conducive to the use and preservation of the national language.
Subjectively, it is their conscious national consciousness and national pride that make them consciously protect their language. This aspect is closely related to many preferential policies given to ethnic minorities by China and the people's government. Before liberation, she people lived in deep forests, built walls with stones, and built roofs with awn grass and fir bark. They have been threatened by hunger and disease for years, and they have also been harassed by poisonous snakes and tigers and wolves. According to the old man's memory, the old house farm has steep mountain shape, few paddy fields, shallow and thin ridges and low yield. Mainly rely on burning charcoal, burning caustic soda water, making spoons and brown bricks to pick out the right fruit for sale, and make a living with meager income. Old Lyman Guangming was naked when he was twelve or thirteen. By 1949, there were only more than 80 people in the village. 195 1 year, the people's government helped them gradually move from their old home in the depths of the mountains to Xiashui Village, and gave each family the construction cost of a house, built brick and wood tile houses, and then set up primary schools, shops and health stations. 1953, a new teaching building was built in Shenshui. 1954 whole village relocation. 1959 typhoon destroyed a school building, and the government immediately allocated funds for reconstruction. Zengcheng Education Bureau allocated tens of thousands of yuan to build a first-floor teaching building in 1985, 654.38+10,000 yuan to build a second-floor teaching building in 1992, and1995.4 million yuan to build a three-floor teaching building and six classrooms in Tongkeng Village as a branch school. Xian Nihong, a famous Cantonese opera actor, visited She Primary School in June, 1999, and gave back 30,000 yuan in cash to teachers and students. In September, she held a benefit performance with Huang Junsheng, a famous Hong Kong actor, to raise/kloc-0,000 yuan for She Primary School to help needy students (since 2000, 30,000 yuan has been withdrawn every year to help needy students in primary schools and junior high schools). Guangzhou Red Cross Society, Zengcheng NLD and other units also received irregular funding. Twenty-three households in the village have entered the minimum living security line and can receive fixed subsidies regularly every month. For students with difficulties who go to Guangzhou or other universities, they are also funded and taken care of by all parties. 1980, the state allocated funds to open a 7.3-kilometer expressway from Zhengguo to Shenshui via Lanxi. Guangzhou municipal government allocated funds to buy a truck and two motorcycles. 198 1 has tap water, which is led down from the top of the mountain. No pollution, no water purifier. It's really pure water, and the whole village uses water for free. In 2003, the state allocated 250,000 yuan to replace the original iron water pipe. In 2002, the state allocated150,000 yuan to build a cement road, which was wider than the original road and became a provincial road. There are two buses running back and forth from Licheng and Scared Water every day, and the traffic is very convenient. Villagers have hospitalization medical insurance. Last year, each person paid 15 yuan every year. Since 2007, each person has paid 18 yuan annually. If they buy it for three years, they can be reimbursed 80% for hospitalization. A few years ago, the government allocated 800,000 yuan to set up telephone lines, which enabled 90% of households in the village to use telephones and 65,438+0,000% of households to have televisions. The living standard of villagers is higher than that of Zhengguo Town. Motorcycles, mobile phones and washing machines are widely used, and water heaters have also entered many families. Countless preferential treatment and care have made the villagers grateful and inspired their national pride and self-confidence They said affectionately, "We are like the only children in Guangzhou and Zengcheng." They think it is glorious to be a She villager. They realize that language is an important feature of the nation and must protect their own language. From 65438 to 0975, Zhang Pan, a villager, graduated from Dongguan Normal University and was the first secondary school student in the village, which was highly valued by the village Party branch and the county education department. After working in a Han school for two years [FS:PAGE], 1979 was transferred to She Primary School. 1985, the social primary school was upgraded to a complete primary school and promoted to the principal. He felt a great responsibility and was determined to run a primary school with ethnic characteristics. Basically, he used villagers who graduated from technical secondary schools or above in his village as teachers. There are five teachers in the school, four of whom are from this village. They serve their country with peace of mind. In class, while insisting on Putonghua teaching, she language is used as an auxiliary means, such as math class. Because her language is quite different from Mandarin, it is difficult for students to understand it only in Mandarin, so she language is used as a supplementary explanation. Teachers live in their own homes, meet students and parents day and night, and talk in the She language, which makes them close. Students read aloud in Mandarin in class and talk in She language after class. Singing and dancing, and also using national languages. This does not affect their teaching quality. Since 1995, the enrollment rate, consolidation rate and enrollment rate (from primary school to junior high school) have reached 100%. At present, there are 45 students in school, 29 in junior high school, 2 in senior high school1person, 9 in junior college and 4 in undergraduate course (2 of them have graduated). When the student came to Yinxiang and moved to Licheng with her parents to attend the third grade of primary school, the teacher thought she was from a mountain primary school and suggested that she repeat one year. The principal personally told the relevant schools that there was no need to repeat the grade. Later, this student has been at the top of his class. After graduating from high school this year, the teacher mobilized her to enter Peking University. This proves that there is no contradiction between protecting one's own language and promoting Putonghua, and also ensures the quality of teaching. Lei Rikun and Lai, members of the village committee, were trained by the social primary school. They not only speak their mother tongue fluently, but also speak Mandarin very well. During those days of communication, I often talked with us in Mandarin.
Second, the unique custom of marriage and burial at the age of 18.
The so-called uniqueness is mainly compared with the Han nationality.
(a) Customs at the age of:
On February 24th, 65438, on the first day of the Lunar New Year, everyone began to clean up. Sweep the roof, sweep the house, wash the bedding, bed board, table and stool, etc. It is the same as the Hakkas of the Han nationality and the locals (Cantonese dialect population), but there is no ceremony for the kitchen god to go to heaven.
On New Year's Eve, every family puts up couplets and door gods, and sticks the word "Daji" on the kitchen wall. They kill chickens and geese, buy pork, cook it, cut it into pieces (obviously different from the Han nationality), offer it with silk and bamboo, and pay rent. Before liberation, I went to worship the ancestral temple. Now I worship at the dinner table at home (they only say ancestor worship, not god worship). At the same time, I burn incense at home and at home, and go to Gong Zu Hall, Pangu King and Tubo Palace. The whole family had a reunion dinner that night. There are chicken, goose, pork, squid, shredded pork, celery, onion and garlic. And there are no restrictions on several dishes. But you don't eat ducks, and you never use ducks to worship your ancestors. That night, adults and children took a bath with the boiled water of Acorus gramineus and put on new clothes. There are gongs and drums in the village (which disappeared after the land reform), and young people beat gongs and drums, and every family set off firecrackers (known as "Bocang"). In the past, because of poverty, I never gave my children red envelopes; Life has improved now, especially since the 1980s, children are given red envelopes every year. Turn on the lights all night until dawn (oil lamps were used before, and electric lights were used after the 1980 s)
Get up at the first light of the New Year's Day and set off firecrackers. Fasting all day, not eating meat, not killing. Ancestor worship uses approximate, Zhu Fu, Daji, Nian, cakes and so on. And salted fish and squid. On this day, there are activities such as ancestor worship, ancestor map viewing, worship of King Pangu, beakers, etc., all of which are very grand. In the past, there were certain rituals for ancestor worship. First, an elder wore a gown and played the flute in the ancestral hall. The flute is crisp and sweet. Hearing the flute, Pan Lei's man with three surnames came to the ancestral temple with a collective offering, and bowed down to worship three times with a mat. The elders responsible for keeping the ancestral map took it to the ancestral court and spread it out for the whole village to pay tribute. After ancestor worship and ancestor worship, men will go out to worship King Pangu, and then there will be beaker activities. Beakers are a large-scale activity that the elderly talk about. The whole village is in the clearing in front of King Pangu, with men in front and women behind. Thai is made of bamboo tubes. Three copper coins were fixed with firecrackers and placed in a bamboo tube, surrounded by gunpowder. After the pot is firmly pressed, ignite the primer to expand the burning heat. Whoever throws copper coins on the highland and falls in front of them is a "windfall". Sometimes when they fall between two people, they use a ruler. The lucky man lit three incense sticks and got a red envelope from King Pangu's incense burner. On the first day of the second year, the lucky ones organized the burning activities of that year. I will make a pot on the eve of the 30 th lunar month, put the red envelope in the incense burner of King Pangu, and then burn it on the first day of the first lunar month. This red envelope is rewarded every year. "windfall" is a symbol of good luck. [FS:PAGE] The whole family regards it as a good thing and is in high spirits. The old man from Guang Lai recalled his "windfall" when he was sixteen, and he was still excited. It was his father who helped me win the lottery and prepared the red envelope. The temple burning activity didn't stop until the Cultural Revolution. Old people still yearn for it, and some people hope to recover. The activities of offering sacrifices to ancestors and looking at ancestral pictures resumed after the Cultural Revolution, which is the case every year.
On the second day of the New Year's Day, incense is generally burned only at home, in Zugongtang, Pangu King, Tubo Gong and other places, and there are no sacrificial activities. The new wife and groom go to their parents' house to visit relatives. Young people go hunting in the mountains together.
On the third day of the lunar new year, we don't visit relatives, but we can hunt.
You can hunt on the fourth day of the fourth lunar month. Newly married men and women visit their parents' home, and the groom must go home on this day to prepare for the start of the fifth grade school. The bride stayed until the tenth day of the new year.
Worship ancestors at home on the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, burn incense at home, and entertain relatives and friends in Pangu and Bogong. This day is the climax of the whole Spring Festival activities, and the whole village is busy and bustling. Some people say that it is similar to the locals "making sheds." All relatives and friends come to visit relatives on this day. Besides in-laws and cousins, there are many classmates, colleagues and friends now. Every family has several banquets, and those that can't be inserted take turns to eat. The headmaster has a family and has more than a dozen relatives and friends in recent years.
Hunting and chatting on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month.
There is no concept of "man-day" when hunting and chatting on the seventh day of the Lunar New Year.
On the eighth and ninth day of the Lunar New Year, the festive atmosphere gradually faded.
On the tenth day of the lunar new year, I no longer visit relatives, but I can hunt. Brides visiting relatives abroad were sent home by their families on this day, with chickens, rice cakes, round cages and glutinous rice cakes as gifts.
There is no chandelier activity on the fifteenth day of the first month.
On the twentieth day of the first month, it is a "forbidden day". Water frying seals the mouth of the door god, which is called "mending the sky to wear". "No sun", ancestors can't use knives and axes on this day, otherwise it will cause a big storm. Legend has it that someone scared the bucket wood in the hall that day, which caused a storm and the surface of the tile was torn off. Therefore, no one dares to offend.
Farming, ploughing, harrowing, ploughing, flooding and soaking seedlings began on February12000. Because the land is barren, every paddy field has to be plowed and raked several times, and farm work is very tiring.
There is no activity in February, so I won't worship the mountains this month.
Does Tomb-Sweeping Day love in March? Chicken with side dishes, burning incense.
There is no holiday concept on April 8, and there is no habit of eating sesame sauce.
In May Festival, jiaozi is served with vegetables, and some people worship their ancestors.
Before the sun came out on July 7, the women went out to pick up the water on July 7 and put it in a jar for later use. It is said that there will be no bugs in the water for several years on July 7. Picking and chopping the floating hemp growing on the mountain (called green vine by Hakkas and nine dried vegetables by locals), stirring and mixing it with water on July 7, and drinking the residue can cure colds and fever. In addition, on this day, rice was soaked in water on July 7 until it reached the first frost. It was picked up, washed into powder and dried. It can also be used to treat fever, such as sore throat. This is no different from the Han nationality, except that they have no activities to worship the seven sisters and have no concept of the seven sisters.
There is no concept of "Ghost Festival" on July 14, but it is a big festival to worship King Pangu. There is a custom of "seeing fate" in the sacrifice, in front of King Pangu? Pigs, so the director should order pigs in the village in advance and negotiate the price. According to legend, the seller cannot go back on his word, otherwise, the pig will die. Legend has it that someone broke his word and the pig really died. So no one will break his word. July 14, what is the first priority? Pigs, cut the pig's head, pig's feet and pig's tail, cooked them, put them in a tray, led by the old man to worship Pangu, and the men lined up in turn to burn incense. After the worship, they set up a big pot under the tree in front of King Pangu, cooked pork and ate together. Sometimes? Cow, but? Cattle are only for meat, not for worship. ? When watching cows, people should put their hands behind their backs to show that they have nothing to do with themselves. Old people generally don't eat beef. Only men participate in the activities of offering sacrifices to Pangu, while women do not. We don't bring bowls and chopsticks, we use local materials, use bamboo sticks as chopsticks, and only eat meat without food.
The curved hook moon hangs on the sparse buttonwood; In the dead of night, the water from the water clock has been dripping. Who saw you alone? Fuzzy and lonely. At night, it suddenly becomes afraid, suddenly flies and comes back frequently, but no one always understands its infinite inner feelings. It kept wandering among the cold branches, but refused to perch on any tree, and finally landed alone on the cold shoal. Su Shi's Don't Live in Huang Zi, Zhou Ding and Hui Yuan.
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