Nan Tang Li Yu
The flowers in the forest have withered,
Too hasty,
Helpless, cold rain comes early and wind comes late.
Cochineal tears,
Stay drunk,
When does it weigh,
Naturally, people hate water when they grow up.
To annotate ...
This song was originally a Tang song, also known as Meet You Huan, Autumn Night and Bright Moon, and Going to the West Building. Thirty-six characters, Kamikatahira rhyme, the next two rhymes and Ping two rhymes.
2 Xie: Withered.
3 rouge tears: refers to women's tears. The woman's face was painted with rouge, and tears ran down her cheeks with carmine, so it was turbid.
When will it be heavy: When will we meet again?
Brief analysis
This word reflects the infinite disappointment with life in the description of the remnants of late spring, and is a model of live lyric. Beginning with the sentence "flowers in the forest have withered in spring", it shows the author's feelings of hurting spring and loving flowers; And the continuation of "Too hasty" will strengthen this feeling of hurting spring and cherishing flowers. The messy residual red, spring hurried by; The spring of the author's life has already left in a hurry, leaving only a broken spring heart and a broken spring dream. Therefore, the feeling of "being in a hurry" is of course caused by the speed of forest flowers dying, but it also incorporates the lament that life is short and the future is numbered, which includes the author's rational thinking on the process of life. The sentence "cold rain comes but night wind comes" points out that the reason why Lin Hua hurried away was that wind and rain invaded Gong, and the author died young in the spring of life, not because of hurricanes and too much rain. Therefore, this sentence is both an exclamation and an exclamation. "Helpless" is full of feelings of being unwilling to be destroyed by external forces and hating oneself for being unable to change the ecological environment. Changing the first three sentences of "Tears of Rouge" into anthropomorphic pen and ink shows the farewell feeling between the author and Hua Lin. Here, on the one hand, there are frustrated people who have lived to the end of life, and on the other hand, there are flowers that are no longer in full bloom. The two are suddenly opposite. According to the last sentence, "Flowers in the forest have withered in spring", the "Rouge Tears" is a variation of Du Fu's poem "Flowers in the forest are wet by rain". The flowers in the forest are invaded by the wind, and their faces are sad (beside the fish on the left), and they look like rouge. "rouge tears", this is also called. However, Hua Ben has no tears. In fact, the author who is used to "seeing things from my point of view" empathizes with him, which makes him personalized-the author has been changing since ancient times, crying blood without tears, isn't it like rouge? "stay drunk", one is "stay drunk", flowers are solid and pity people, and people also cherish flowers; In tears, it is hard to say whether people keep flowers or flowers. Writing the word "drunk" and writing about each other's infatuation become unwilling to give up as soon as possible, which is extremely vivid, while "being heavy" evokes the disappointment and confusion shared by people and flowers, knowing that hope cannot be realized. Summing up a sentence "People hate water growing in the East when they grow up" is conducive to seeing sorrow in one go. It seems that "people grow up to hate" is not only to express their frustration, but also to cover up the shortcomings of life shared by all mankind. It was a sigh, which condensed countless painful life experiences.
Brief introduction of the author
Li Yu (937 ~ 978) is a person with five pronouns. Southern Tang dynasty monarch. The word is heavy, and the first name is from Jia. Xuzhou (now Jiangsu) people are called Huzhou (now Zhejiang) people. The sixth son of Li Jing, the master of the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1), he succeeded to the throne and was known as the queen in history. At the age of 38, Mr. Song flew across the river and besieged Jinling. The next year, the city was captured by Song, and he was captured to Bianjing, where he was appointed as a general and disobeyed orders. After being poisoned by Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi.
In the late Middle Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty became a vassal of the Song Dynasty. When Li Yu was in office, he always kowtowed to the Song Dynasty. When he 18 years old, he made a contribution and his government was exhausted. But he still didn't want to cheer up, flashy and extravagant, superstitious about Buddhism, and was finally destroyed by the Song Dynasty. He is an incompetent emperor in politics, but he has many artistic talents, such as calligraphy, painting, mastering temperament and poetry, and his achievements in ci are particularly high.
Li Yu's ci poetry can be divided into two periods, one before and the other after the eighth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (975). His early ci poems have shown his extraordinary talents and superb skills, but the themes are narrow, mainly reflecting the palace life and the love between men and women, such as Jade House Spring, Late Makeup and Early Snow, Xi, Xiao Yuelu, Su, Mutual Assistance, Morning Makeup, Bodhisattva Man and so on. There are also works about parting lovesickness, such as Qing Ping Le and Don't Come to Spring Half. Among them, lyrical scenery is integrated, healthier and more readable. In the later period, Li Yu became a prisoner from an emperor. The humiliating life, the deep pain of national subjugation, and the reminiscence of the past, "Lacrimosa" (Wang□ "Silent Record") made his achievements in Ci greatly exceed the previous period. "Forty Years of Home Country" reflects the turning point of his life experience and ci style. Yu Meiren's When is the Autumn Moon in Spring, The Waves on the Sand, The Rain outside the Curtain, Crying at Night, Flowers in the Woods Withering in Spring, and Lonely West Building are his later masterpieces, which mainly describe the scene of dreaming at the hedge and express his infinite nostalgia for his "old country" and "the past".
Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. The main results are as follows:
(1) expands the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said, "When Ci came to Li Houzhu, it began to have a broad vision and deep feelings, so it became a musician's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word." ("Words on Earth")
② It has high universality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. Famous sentences such as "The east wind blew in the small building last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the month" ([Yu Meiren]), "The flowing water has gone to spring, and it is on earth" ([Langtaosha]), "People hate water when they grow up" ([Wu Yeti]), and "They are born farther away from hatred like spring grass" ([Qingpingle]) are all profound.
③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature.
(4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Hao Dang by [Yulouchun], Blood Night Cry by [Langtaosha], Magnificent and Resentful Men and Women (see Tan Xian's Tang Fu Flower Thorn) and Yu Meiren are chic, and If a colt is born out of control (preface to Zhou Ji), as Nalan Xingde said, "Flower words are like ancient jade, which are valuable and valuable. (Miscellaneous Notes of Green Water Pavilion)
Li Yu is rich in poems, essays, words, books and paintings. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia.
Writing background
When Li Yu was 38 years old, Mr. Song flew across the river and besieged Jinling. The next year, the city was captured by Song, and he was captured to Bianjing, where he was appointed as a general and disobeyed orders. After being poisoned by Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi.
In the late Middle Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty became a vassal of the Song Dynasty. When Li Yu was in office, he always kowtowed to the Song Dynasty. When he 18 years old, he made a contribution and his government was exhausted. But he still didn't want to cheer up, flashy and extravagant, superstitious about Buddhism, and was finally destroyed by the Song Dynasty. He is an incompetent emperor in politics, but he has many artistic talents, such as calligraphy, painting, mastering temperament and poetry, and his achievements in ci are particularly high.
This poem was written by Li after the national subjugation, and it was a tearful swan song during the period of house arrest after the national subjugation, which made the monarch of the national subjugation become the "southern king" in the field of ci (Shen Xiong's "Ancient and Modern Ci" in Qing Dynasty), and it was "fortunately for the national subjugation, fortunately for the poet, the word began with vicissitudes". In the later period of this word, it was desolate and tragic, with far-reaching artistic conception, which laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called unrestrained school and played a role in the history of Ci. For example, Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" said: "When Ci arrived in Li Houzhu, it began to have a broad vision and deep feelings." As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented.
Li Yu's ci is divided into two periods, with Song Taizu's eight years of Kaibao (975) as the boundary. This word belongs to the later period. His early ci has shown his extraordinary talent and superb skills, but the theme is narrow, mainly reflecting court life and love between men and women. In the later period, Li Yu became a prisoner from an emperor. The humiliating life, the deep pain of national subjugation, and the recollection of the past greatly surpassed the achievements of his ci, expressing the feeling of knowing that he would never come again and his heart would never die, and reached a high level in art.
He hopes to exchange his sincerity for tolerance: take the initiative to cut off surnamed tang and call it the Lord of Jiangnan, so please stop the imperial edict and belittle all systems; Song's envoy came to Tang, dressed in purple, and went to kiss him. Every year, a large amount of property is taken out from the state treasury to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty, which is called offering sacrifices to help with burial, teaching, buying banquets and celebrating festivals. He also wrote a book on the orders of the Song Dynasty, and invited Herry Liu, a master of the Southern Han Dynasty, to work for the Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Lu Duoxun of the Song Dynasty came to ask for "Jiangnan Tujing". Li Yu knew this was a prelude to the Southern Expedition of the Song Dynasty, but he still sent a copy. Song was so familiar with the distance and the number of registered permanent residence of the nineteen countries in the south of the Yangtze River as a reserve soldier. In the same year, Lin stayed, secretly calling himself the last master, and advised him to return to his native land while the Song conquest was exhausted. In order to excuse his late master from joining the army, Lin even said, "From the day of joining the army, please rebel and not send troops to benefit the country, and don't be a vassal. Your majesty did not plan it. " After all, he was timid and couldn't believe it. He listened to rumors and killed Lin Suan. That year, Pan You, a folk historian, felt that the national fortune was weak, so he used this person to fill the position, angrily remonstrate, and even sparse the characters. The late Lord was furious and thought that his good friend Li Ping had instructed him to kill Ping and save himself. The chapter on the right said, "Your Majesty should not be strong or weak. It is better to help Hedong with hundreds of soldiers. Because he leads an official to pilgrimage, it will also protect the country's good policies. " This is brilliant. In the Song Dynasty, Ji Li didn't dare to disobey a little and didn't want to go to Hajj. He saved luck. One day after his death in the Southern Tang Dynasty, it seemed that he, the heir, had fulfilled his obligations and lived up to his ancestors.
Li Yu is naive. "The world is a family. You can't allow others to sleep on the lying side." In the seventh year of Kaibao, Li Mu was sent as an envoy, who wrote to read a eulogy and told him that he would beg for it and should enter the DPRK as soon as possible, so he made a stern speech. Seeing that it is coming, I am greatly disappointed. He reported: "I am a great minister, and I am a disciple of Ji Quan. Unexpectedly, it is now dead. " So he repaired the castle, taught warships, and began to prepare for war. The following year, Song and wuyue joined forces around Jinling to avoid self-immolation, so they led relatives of officials to surrender naked.
In the first month of the ninth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (976), Li Yu and his party were taken to the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan), and Yu Baiyi shamao was punished downstairs. In the song dynasty, he refused to surrender after repeated appeals, but rose up to resist, so he was disobedient. In the same year, Taizong died, and Taizong acceded to the throne, renamed Longxi Gong. As early as the fourth year of Kaibao, the Lixian Pavilion was built in the south of Bianjing, aiming at attracting danger. After giving Qian Chu. On the day of the audience, Mao gave Guan Yu some coins. In the second year of Taiping rejuvenating the country (977), Emperor Taizong ordered a monthly salary increase of 3 million yuan. Jade was depressed, so she drank all night, and the Song Palace provided Sanshi wine every day. As a king, Emperor Song did not make things difficult for him. But they deprived him of his personal freedom and humiliated his personality and dignity in every way.
This hatred is so deep and so strong. He can't get rid of it. He keeps cutting and it's still messy. He sometimes drinks hard to temporarily anesthetize the painful nerves, but once the wine is over, sorrow and sorrow come together; Sometimes, he feels dreamy and greedy, but when he wakes up, he is lonely after all. "At noon, only Lacrimosa." He can only fill in a minor with pen and trembling heart sound, and cry when singing Long song.