When we read ancient books, we often see the words "Jinshi A" and "Jinshi B", and there is always a feeling of incomprehension. At first, there was no A and B in the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty. From the high-impedance Li Yuan to the early Tang Dynasty, all Jinshi were called "B subjects". In order to show his virtue, Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty issued a decree saying, "There is no Jiake in modern times. Starting from me, we must open the door of Jiake and let the best talents become the model of the world. " In the last Tang Dynasty, "Jiake" became the top three names of Jinshi.
Great changes have taken place in the Song Dynasty. In the previous Jinshi examination, subjects A and B both referred to Jinshi, and subject A must be better than subject B. For example, the biography of Emperor Taizong's Five Years of Taiping and Xingguo (980) clearly recorded that Zhang Yong, a famous official, was a scholar B. Ouyang Xiu's son, Ouyang Bi, and Su Shi, a great writer, are both B subjects. Until the late Northern Song Dynasty, subjects A and B were still the concept of Jinshi grade, that is, subjects A were the first class, subjects B were the second class, and even the third class appeared.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was clearly stipulated that the Jinshi examination was divided into five grades. For example, in Li Zongbao's four years (1256), 60 1 person was admitted to the Wen Tianxiang list, including 2 1 person in Grade A, 40 in Grade B, Xie Fangde ranked first in Grade B, and the rest were Grade A, Grade A and Grade A. The Biography of Song Shi Xie Fangde said that he took the Jinshi exam in Baoyu. Except Hu Si, they will be abandoned. "It means that Xie wants to be a top student, but the result is only" in the second class ",but he refuses to accept it. Comparing these two materials, we can see that "Dimethyl" and "Branch B" in the Southern Song Dynasty are equivalent concepts, so there is no formal "Branch B" after the Southern Song Dynasty, but people still call the second-class Jinshi "Branch B".
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the names A and B appeared again, which made it easier to distinguish them: all the regular Jinshi who passed the court examination were called A, and those who did not pass the court examination were called B.
Jin Shi Jia ke
One subject: originally refers to the imperial examination subject, and later extended to the imperial examination.
Jinshi: refers to the person who has passed the court examination in the imperial examination and was admitted. Divided into the top three, the top one, the second place, Hua Tan. Dimethyl,
Transmission. . . . Top three. . . . . .
Jinshi Jiake refers to being a scholar in the imperial examination!
And what does it mean to be admitted to the first division?
The ancient imperial examinations in China were called palace examination and Winner. It means someone who can be knighted. This term first appeared in The Book of Rites. During the great cause of Yang Di, Jinshi was established. Tang also set up this subject, all candidates called it Jinshi, and those who took the exam called it Jinshi. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Gong passed the imperial examination, and all of them were scholars. And it is divided into three parts: one is 3 people, for Jinshi and; Second, the top three, given Jinshi origin, with Jinshi origin.
Ancient imperial examination system
A form of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty. Chaju means investigation and recommendation, also called recommendation. The local governors, prefectures and counties of Houguo inspect and select talents at any time within their respective jurisdictions, recommend them to superiors or the central authorities, and appoint official positions after probation and assessment. The main themes of Zaju are filial piety, virtuous literature and Cai Mao. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Yong Yuanzhong, unfilial." "Chen Qingbiao": "Former satrap minister Kui, governor; After stabbing Chen Rongshi, give a scholar. " (Liu Xiu was taboo in the Han Dynasty, calling a scholar Cai Mao)
Expropriation is also a form of selecting officials in Han Dynasty. Sign, is the emperor to recruit celebrities to the court to take up important positions. Bi, a senior official of the central government or a local official, appoints a subordinate official and then recommends it to the court. Zhang Hengchuan: "Not even the government." "Andy heard about Hengshan's medical skills, and the characteristics of the bus worship the doctor."
Filial piety is one of the objects of inspection system in Han Dynasty. Filial piety means filial piety and integrity. In fact, the tea bureaus are monopolized by clans, boasting about each other and practicing fraud. At that time, there was a nursery rhyme irony: "Give a scholar, I don't know the book; If you are filial, your father will be separated. "
Imperial examination refers to a system in which feudal dynasties selected officials through examinations. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. From the Sui Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system was implemented for more than 300 years. "Second Comment on Poetry" refers to Jia Dao's going to Chang 'an to take the imperial examination. By the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination had formed a complete system, which was divided into four levels: the bachelor's examination (that is, the juvenile examination), the rural examination, the general examination and the palace examination. The content of the examination is basically Confucian classics, with the sentence of "Four Books" as the topic, and the article format is eight-part essay, and the interpretation must be based on Zhu's "Four Books Notes".
Delivery test is also called "child test"; The local imperial examination was presided over by academic officials in Ming Dynasty and provincial academic institutions in Qing Dynasty, including three stages: county examination, government examination and university examination. Only by passing the college examination can you enter the government, state and county schools, so it is also called the entrance examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called Tong Sheng. "Zuo Yi Shi" refers to "try", in which Zuo Guangdou accepted Shi Kefa as an apprentice (scholar), and Shi Kefa was twenty years old at that time. In "Promoting Weaving", "If there are celebrities in the city, fuck the boy's business" and "fuck the boy's business" means preparing to take part in the boy's test.
After having obtained the rural examination, the examinations were held in provincial capitals (including Beijing) every three years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because it is held in autumn and August, it is also called Qiu Wei. The examiner was appointed by the emperor. After the exam, the positive and negative lists will be released. The positive list is called Juren, and the name is Xieyuan.
Will try the exam held in Beijing every three years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because it is held in spring, so it is also called Spring Wei. The examination was presided over by the Ministry of Rites, and the emperor appointed the president and vice president. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy's supervisor students can take the exam. Three hundred students were admitted to Gong Shi, and the first one was Huiyuan.
Palace examination is the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system. At the court, the emperor personally questioned Gong Shi who would be admitted to the first place to decide. As a matter of fact, the emperor sometimes appointed ministers to take charge of court examinations without asking himself. Admission is divided into three classes: first class, third class, with "Jinshi Ji" as the title, the first champion (Dingyuan), the second, the third, Hua Tan; A number of dimethyl, given the name "Jinshi origin"; Among the top three, the first name is Chuanchuan, and the first, second and third names are collectively referred to as Jinshi.
It also refers to the imperial examination, and those who fail are called the first and second. "Sacrifice to Sister": "After more than three years, I will return to China with a palace brocade." In ancient times, Jinshi who took the exam had to wear palace robes. Here, "wearing Gong Jin" refers to China Jinshi. "Sacrifice to Sister": "It probably means that Chang 'an has been admitted to the Ministry, and the letter will send news sooner or later. "It's another name for Ji, referring to the scholar who passed the exam.
Jinshi sees "Gong Kao". It is the highest reputation in the imperial examination. "Scholars" the seventeenth time: "After all, reading Jinshi is a game." Gong's participation in the court examination was recorded as the top three and was called Jinshi. According to statistics, in the history of China 1300 years, there were at least 98,749 scholars who passed the examination. Many famous writers in ancient times were scholars, such as ...
Kangxi Jiazike Jinshi List
In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Jiazike took the provincial examination, and the exam was Juren. There were no scholars this year.
In the second year-twenty-four years of Kangxi, there will be a B-ugly exam:
List of ugly families in Japan:
First and third place
Lu Kentang * Chen Yuanlong Huang Menglin
Ranked 40 th in the second place.
Zhang Xiliang, Jiang Chenxi, Gu Yongnian, Wei Shouqi, Xu Chengjia.
Shen Qiu Song Daye Yu Zhaozeng Wang Dianbang
Xu Shugu Wang Song Zhangheng
Xie Jikang Zou Rong lujun
Feng Wang Cheng Xu Rujin, etc.
Zhang Ruolu ■ Zheng Kunying Chen Limao Wu Zhiyu
Feng Hou Gong SHEN WOO ■ Wei Qizong
The third place is 12 1.
Zhu Laisheng and Li Yudaoyuan
Wang Yun, Chen Xingkui, Xu, Anqing, Fan Zeda, Jin.
Wang Zhishu Wu Ce Cai Qicong Peng■ Wang Zhi
Wang Deyou Wang Liyuyuan
Shan Li Lv Yang Chenshou Shitai Zhong Yijia Song Ruchen Li
Shen Shiben Li Ma Ti Gan Deng Wei
Li, Chang, Liu Kun, Zhang Jian.
Niu, Bian Jiang, Wu E, Mei Zhiheng,
Wang Angtian ■ Zhao Hao Zhang Tingbiao
Song Jingxian (1) Ren, Wang Duzhao, Ge Changzuo, Zhang Zhenguo.
Zhang Mingxian Jiang Zhao Taigan Fu Jing
Gao Shou Ming Houpu Han Xuguan right front Xuan Wang Sinian.
Wu Wei Ji-cheng was appointed as Chao Zong.
Liu Boxing Wu Qiyuan Tong Xian 2 Liu Bao
Sun Xieshen He Yuhan
Zhao Taixian, Wei Pu, He Chaozong, Yang Dusheng and Tian were named after this.
Pan Dayu Cao Jue Jiang Guangyu Qiao Shishi Yang Erhao Fu Kesheng
Li Zichang Wang Yongchun Fu Liu Chenying Longqing Xiao Chen Han Zhu Embroidery
Yiwu Town, Zhang Nai Kuangyuluan
Zhan Dianbang, Xu Xiaodi, Ding Huang, Zheng Zhiyan, Deng Wenwei, ③ Wang Xun, ④.
Dong yixun
① Real name: Chen Jingxian
② Compound surname: Bao Tongxian
③ Inscription: Deng Wenqi
④ Inscription: Wang Ting
How did the imperial examination system in Song Dynasty select talents?
How to test the imperial examination in Song Dynasty
In the early Song Dynasty, although it was still in a state of semi-war, Zhao Kuangyin did not slack off in the imperial examinations. In the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (960), the first imperial examination was held, and 19 people were admitted. Why do you want to recruit 19 people? Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, the number of scholars in various subjects has been around 20 or 30, and it is better to be short than excessive. Of course, the first subject of the Song Dynasty needs to set an example for the future, so we chose 19 outstanding figures. In the second year, I took the exam again and only accepted 1 1 person. In the following years, there were about ten scholars in each list, and it was rare that Gander only admitted six people in four years (966).
Zhao Kuangyin is a country ruled by literati. How can so many people fill many jobs in the country? In 970, in order to win over scholars, he gave an imperial edict to the Ministry of Rites who presided over the imperial examination, ordering them to sort out the children's files of the last ten years, the later Zhou Dynasty and even the later Han Dynasty, and make statistics to see how many people failed the 15 exam. After careful verification, the Ministry of Rites listed the names of 106 people headed by Sima Yi. With a stroke of his pen, Zhao Kuangyin said: These people are really hard to get, and they all have undergraduate degrees. In the Song Dynasty, this kind of Jinshi had a special name, called "Cohen Jinshi", which was given by Emperor Kane. Zhao Kuangyin's Cohen is a bit big this time, but it is not unreasonable. At least we can see how flexible this great politician is in governing the country and how generous he is in recruiting talents. Since then, "Cohen" generally only involves a very small number of people, which is not uncommon throughout the Song Dynasty.
After talking about the special phenomenon of "Cohen", I returned to the regular scientific research. The imperial examination in the early Song Dynasty basically inherited the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and it was still a routine examination and a system examination.
"General subjects" are permanent subjects, similar to public examinations such as the college entrance examination today. The state stipulates the outline, content, time and specific procedures. Besides Jinshi, there are other subjects, including Nine Classics, Five Classics, Kaiyuan Rites, Three History, Three Rites, Three Biographies, Ming Classics, Faming and Zi Ming. Every autumn, candidates from rural areas in central China gather in Beijing at the end of winter, and the national unified examination is presided over by the Ministry of Rites in the following spring. The so-called "Nine Classics" are the nine classics set by the Tang Dynasty and the "Five Classics" are the five classics set by the Western Han Dynasty. Kaiyuan Rites is a large-scale ritual book compiled in the Tang Dynasty, and it can also be regarded as a special examination of practical "rites", while "Three History" refers to historical records, two Han Dynasties and the annals of the Three Kingdoms, which can be understood as the history department. It can be regarded as a special examination of etiquette theory. The three biographies refer to Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Liang Bochuan, which can be regarded as a special examination of the history books of the Ministry of Economics. Ming Jing refers to the unified examination of all classics, which can be regarded as the examination of traditional Confucian classics. Fa Ming is a method test, and Zi Ming is.
We need to say a few more words about "Jinshi" and "Mingjing". Since the Tang Dynasty, scholars have paid the most attention to these two subjects, among which Jinshi is the most important. The reason is simple: China scholars are optimistic about their future careers, and they often climb to the high position of Zaifu, while Mingjing's future is much more bumpy, and few people can eventually become senior officials. Other small departments know at a glance that even if they are admitted, they will only be small business officers for life, and it is difficult to grasp power.
"Making the subject" is a small-scale examination presided over by the emperor himself. This form of examination originated from the shooting strategy of the Han Dynasty and was very common in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, some "regular subjects" were gradually formed, that is, frequently repeated subjects. For example, the sage founder established in the Taizu era can be outspoken and remonstrant, classic and excellent, profound in knowledge, can be a model, and can educate detailed and idle officials. Renzong's sage and ability at the time were square, and he was able to speak bluntly and remonstrate extremely. The tomb of Broadcom was enlightened, and his knowledge was clear and practical. His detailed understanding of official management made him succeed in politics, learning caves and strategizing, and his army was brilliant. Although the scope of the system examination is not large, the qualifications of candidates are very wide. Both the incumbent official and Shan Ye Wang Can were recommended by the Prime Minister to take the exam. Those who have been admitted to the Jinshi can also take the examination system. Fu Bi, a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty, originally wanted to take an examination of Jinshi. It happened that his father-in-law, Yan Shu, was the examiner of that year and needed to be avoided, so he had to take the systematic examination of that year. Another example is Su Shi and Su Zhe brothers. In the second year of Jiayou (1057), he was admitted to Jinshi, but he was not reconciled. Both of them took the systematic examination in the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1) and entered the third class. According to the textual research of Ye Lang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, Su Shi should be "a virtuous man who can speak out and remonstrate", which is very consistent with Su Shi's later self-mockery -->>；;
I don't know what hunger, thirst, cold and heat mean.
From then on, I studied hard, even to the point where I didn't know hunger, thirst and warmth.
Hmm. How interesting
If you contact the original text, then
From then on, I couldn't put it down for Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, even forgetting hunger, thirst, cold and heat.
Original text:
Sima Guang is a gentleman from Xia County, Shaanxi Province. Father pool, Tianzhangge to be built. Guangsheng, born at the age of seven, is as imposing as an adult. As soon as he heard about Zuo Chunqiu, he loved him and retired for his family, which means he lost his big finger. Naturally, I can't put down my books. I don't know if I'm hungry or thirsty. A group of children were playing in court. One climbed the urn and his foot fell into the water, so everyone abandoned it. As long as the urn is broken with a stone, the water will burst and the child will live. Later, Beijing and Luoyang drew a picture. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Injong Baoyu was an academician of China Academy of Sciences. When I was crowned, I didn't like luxury. I didn't wear flowers when I heard about the party. In the same sentence, I said, "You can't violate it." This is a hairpin.
Translation:
When Sima Guang was 7 years old, he was told that Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals was his favorite. He came back to tell his family after knowing its main idea. From then on, I couldn't put it down for Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, even forgetting hunger, thirst, cold and heat. A group of children are playing in the yard. A child stood on a vat and fell into the vat and was flooded. All the other children have run away. Sima guang broke the jar with a stone, and the water flowed out, so that the children could live. People in Chang 'an and Luoyang recorded it with pictures and spread it widely. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Injong Baoyu was an academician of China Academy of Sciences. When I was just twenty, I didn't like luxury by nature. When I heard the wedding reception, only (I) didn't wear flowers. People around me said, "(Flowers) are given by the king, and I can't violate them." I just inserted a flower (on the brim of my hat).
What does it mean to write Qin Gui on the wall?
Qin Gui (1090-1 155) was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and was born in Huiji. A famous traitor and representative of the main peace faction in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In five years (1 1 15), Zheng He was a scholar, specializing in China Ci and Maoke, and served as an official. In Song Qinzong, he was Zuo Si's admonition officer. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), Hui Di and Emperor Qin were arrested in Jin for writing against the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130), he fled back to Lin 'an to persuade Song and Jin to make peace. In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), he participated in politics and later paid homage to the Prime Minister. The following year, he was dismissed from office and returned to Shaoxing as prime minister for eight years. He was in power for nineteen years before and after, and was named King of Qin and Wang Wei, which won him great favor. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1 155), Qin Gui died of illness and was dedicated to Wang Shen.
In the second year of the Jubilee (1206), Song Ningzong drove away his nobility and changed his ugliness.
Qin Gui belonged to the main peace faction in the Southern Song Dynasty, and pursued the policy of dividing fields, vassals and tributes. During the second visit, he strongly denounced the anti-Jin soldiers and prevented the recovery; At the same time, he is also one of the famous traitors in the history of China.
Who was Chen Jiake's Jinshi in the 23rd year of Jiajing in China?
First and third place
Qin Qu Jing Chun * Light Dance
Second and ninety-third place
Tu Xuan Xiong Kui (1) wears Zhu Lin, Ada and Jiang Bin.
Tian Chenyou, Liu Song, Zhang Yizhou
Xu Yingting, Xie Bin, Xu Yong, Chen Yi, Meng Lin of Mo Lei.
Wang Yang, Wu Guifang, Li Xun, Cha Maochang, Luo Yimou, Yu
Liu Guangji Feng Younian Xu Weixian Wang Zongyao Feng Xiong Ji Defu (2)
Ge Jiuzhang Liu Lun Lin Aimin once thanked Jin Meng Yu Fang.
And Zhang Guantao, Lu Weijin.
Wang Xu Guan Feng Li Yichun Huangfu Shixue
Li Qiao ③ Qian Jiayou Road qi zhou Zhang Ran Zhong
Wan Hong Tang Yu Hu An Lin Guangzu Zhang Zihong 4 Wang Xun
Shu Chunfang, Liu Dazhong and Deng Fang's wine theory
Yuan Fuzheng, Lu Mengbao, Zhou Jian, Zhou Yao, Yu Wen, Xiang Shouli
Wang Shiyuan Chi Shiyuan
Tao Qinyou Liu Chaozuo Yang Shizhen Liu Ermu Zhu Daqi Xiong Ruda
Bi Qiang's every move Fan Jie (5) Wang Yiyang Lin Li Zi Kai Linyang
Wu Chaofeng Chen Huai Kangdiji
Third place, 226th place ⑥
Cao Sanmin, Jiang, Liu Feng, Yukime, Xian.
Ma Zhang Xi cheng xian Zhao Shi kui ye Cai live chicken
7 Huang Guoqing 8 Shang Tan
Chen Jiangjiang was originally named Wang Xizai and attending Hong Mai (1 1).
Yu Jin 90% Ren Shi Road (12)
Ouyang Dong Ben Tang Shouxun Sun Bengu
Ni Run Yu Shixin Qiu Bingwen Wang Hu (13) Miao Wang Xuan Guangzu
Song Guohua Hu Ruan Hu Zhang Caijian
Liu Zhixue Guo Wangnan (14) Wang Qishen
Cai Dabin Zhao Huiyan Tian Xiang
Zhang Jian and Liu Gan are in charge of Shen Si Keyong.
He Haiyan, Kangdiji, Zhang Chaofeng
When my brother moved, Zhang Xue and Gu Xuling were like Chen Zhi and Gan Yu.
Jiugong Zhaokong Zhaochen
Yang Xuan Xiao Yi Wang Hua He Wang Shunde Huang Xizhou Feng Yinglin
Shenzhang Ma Jing Kuai
Zhang Tingbai, Zhang Bangyan, Jiang Tingfu Sun (15) > >
When did Sima Guang become a scholar?
1038 (the first year of Renzong Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty), Sima Guang was 20 years old. He took the exam, entered the first division in high school, and then entered Shilin.
I hope I can help you!