In June, he was admitted to department of mechanical engineering Railway Gate of Jiaotong University, and in June 1934, he was admitted to the second publicly-funded international student in Tsinghua University. /kloc-0 entered the department of aeronautics at MIT in September, 1935, and/kloc-0 transferred to the department of aeronautics at California Institute of Technology in September, 1936. He became a student of the world-famous aerodynamic professor von Carmen and soon became his most proud disciple. He received a master's degree in aviation engineering and a doctorate in aviation mathematics. From July 1938 to August 1955, Qian Xuesen worked in the fields of aerodynamics, solid mechanics, rockets and missiles in the United States, cooperated with his tutor to complete the research project of high-speed aerodynamics, and established the "Carmen-Qian approximation" formula. At the age of 28, he became a world-famous aerodynamicist. He died in Beijing at 8: 06 am on June 3, 2009. At the age of 98. Comrade Qian Xuesen is an outstanding patriotic scientist in China, the third-generation flag bearer of aviation and aerodynamics, the founder of engineering cybernetics, and a figure in applied mathematics and applied mechanics in the twentieth century. In the 1940s, he became one of the most outstanding representatives in the aerospace field, keeping pace with his mentor von Carmen, and was one of the few superstars in many disciplines in the 20th century. Comrade Qian Xuesen is also an outstanding representative of the older generation of scientists, and has made inestimable contributions to the growth of new China. He is the most representative national builder among patriotic returnees in New China and a great people's scientist in the history of New China. He is known as "the father of China's space flight", "the father of Chinese missiles", "the king of rockets" and "the father of China's automation control". China the State Council and the Central Military Commission awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and won the "Two Bombs and One Satellite" Meritorious Medal awarded by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Qian Xuesen
1950, Comrade Qian Xuesen tried to return to the motherland. Kimble, then undersecretary of the US Navy, declared: "Qian Xuesen is worth five divisions wherever he goes. I would rather kill him in America than let him leave. " Comrade Qian Xuesen was persecuted by the American government, placed under house arrest and lost his freedom. 1955 10 After Premier Zhou Enlai's continuous efforts in diplomatic negotiations with the United States-even at the expense of releasing 15 senior American generals captured in the Korean War, Comrade Qian Xuesen finally broke through various obstacles and returned to the motherland. 1958 Since April, I have been the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time, working for rocket and missile technology in China. At the beginning of 1956, the opinions on establishing China's national defense aviation industry were put forward to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council; In the same year, according to his suggestion, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Committee, the leading body of missile and aviation research, and appointed him as a member. From 65438 to 0956, he participated in the first five-year science plan of China. Qian Xuesen, together with Qian Weichang and Qian Sanqiang, was called the "San Qian" of China science and technology by Zhou Enlai. Qian Xuesen was appointed to set up the first rocket and missile research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology" and participated in short-range missiles and medium-and short-range missiles.
Qian Xuesen, together with China (13) and the development of China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. In the field of control science, 1954, Qian Xuesen published Engineering Cybernetics, which caused a sensation in the field of control and formed the research climax of control science in the 1950s and 1960s. 65438-0957, Engineering Cybernetics won the first prize of Natural Science Award of China Academy of Sciences. In September of the same year, the inaugural meeting of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) elected Qian Xuesen as the executive director of the first IFAC Council, and he became the only China person in the first IFAC Council. [1] Vice Chairman Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of China Aerospace Society and chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. 199 1 In June, the State Council and the Central Military Commission awarded Qian Xuesen the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal. In the field of applied mechanics, Qian Xuesen made pioneering research in aerodynamics and solid mechanics, revealing.
Qian Xuesen's portrait (18) can compress some temperature changes in the boundary layer, and introduce the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers into transonic flow problems for the first time. 1953, Qian Xuesen formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated that the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter should be determined from microscopic laws, which opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. In the field of system engineering and system science, Qian Xuesen put forward the concept of the general design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s, and insisted on popularizing and applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and explored the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. He developed the systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems. In the field of jet propulsion and aerospace technology, Qian Xuesen put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device in the 1940s, which shortened the runway distance. 1949, he put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1962, he put forward the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth with a large plane equipped with a jet engine as the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine as the second-stage vehicle. In the field of thinking science, Qian Xuesen proposed the establishment of the Department of Thinking Science and Technology in the early 1980s, arguing that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and promoting the research of thinking science is the need of the computer technology revolution. Qian Xuesen in his later years
He advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers, and applied systematic scientific methods to the research of thinking science, and put forward a systematic view of thinking; In addition, Qian Xuesen also made important contributions to the humanities and the scientific and technological system. Is one of the pioneers and founders of human life science. Comrade Qian Xuesen 1959 joined China. He has served as director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, vice minister of the seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, vice director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, honorary chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology, vice chairman of the sixth, seventh and eighth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of the China Aerospace Society, and senior adviser of the Science and Technology Committee of the General Armament Department of China People's Liberation Army. He also serves as the first and second chairman of China Automation Society; 199 1 In June, the State Council and the Central Military Commission awarded Qian Xuesen the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal. In Qian Xuesen's mind, "the country is important, the family is light, learning is important, and fame and fortune are the lightest." Returning to China in five years, two bombs in ten years. "Money will always be a treasure house of knowledge, a banner of science, a model of China intellectuals and a great people's scientist. Premier Zhou called them "San Qian" together with Qian Weichang and Qian Sanqiang.
The academic contribution of editing this paragraph.
applied mechanics
Qian Xuesen
Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics; The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and establishes the "Carmen-Qian approximation" equation. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time.
Space and jet propulsion
From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.
engineering cybernetics
In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work.
physical mechanics
Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter from microscopic laws, which changed the previous method of measuring mechanical properties only by experiments, greatly saved manpower and material resources, and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. Now the leader of this subject is Professor Gou Qingquan. 1984, Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering and technical field of atomic and molecular design.
systems engineering
Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. He also insisted on applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and discussed the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering.
system science
Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems.
science of thinking
Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, proposed the establishment of noeticscience Science and Technology Department, and scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly stated at that time. The outstanding contributions are as follows: (1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed the establishment of the Department of Thinking Science and Technology, and thought that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and it is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking. (2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance. The theoretical basis of artificial intelligence is the basic scientific thinking in thinking science. The way to study thinking is to look for it from the achievements of philosophy, and thinking actually evolved from philosophy. He also believes that the establishment of image thinking is a breakthrough in the current scientific research of thinking, and it is also the core issue of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. (3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking. 8 Science and Technology System and Marxist Philosophy Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world and modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory.
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The school age is advanced, the educational system is shortened, and everyone can become a talent early. According to the concept of "Dacheng wisdom education", children can enter school at the age of 4 and graduate from junior high school at the age of 12; From 12 to 17 years old, he went to high school and university, completed the knowledge study of Dacheng wisdom, and became an expert in an industry, wrote a graduation thesis and became a master of Dacheng wisdom education. Qian Lao imagined that by the middle of the 20th century, all young people in China could finish their master's degree at the age of 18 and become useful generalists in society. This educational system is designed to train talents at an early stage and meet the needs of world competition in the information age. Master the modern science and technology system and cultivate a "generalist" who combines science, engineering and literature. The "modern science and technology system" proposed by Qian Lao includes all the knowledge realized through human practice. According to the current knowledge system, it can be temporarily divided into 1 1 departments, namely: natural science, social science, mathematical science, systematic science, thinking science, humanities science, military science, behavioral science, geographical science, architectural science and literary theory. This is a living system, which develops and changes in the activities of all mankind to constantly understand and transform the objective world. Accordingly, the talents to be trained in education should be: 1. Familiar with science and technology system and Marxist philosophy; 2. It is wise to combine science, engineering, literature and art; 3. Be familiar with information network and be good at using computer to process knowledge. Such people are all versatile. "In Qian Lao's view," 2 1 century's all-rounder does not deny experts, but his all-rounder can transfer from one major to another with only one week's study and exercise. This is the dialectical unity of comprehensiveness and professionalism. Such a great master of wisdom can get into any job. If the job requires it in the future, there will be no difficulty in changing careers. Of course, you can also continue to study as a doctor, mainly engaged in scientific and technological research and open up the field of knowledge. "At the same time, in the vertical structure, human knowledge system can be divided into three levels: basic science, technical science and applied technology (the level division of literary theory is slightly different). These three levels are interrelated. The relationship and influence between the three levels of science and technology are two-way and unified. They permeate and promote each other, and no one can do without theoretical research and engineering practice. As the highest generalization of science and technology, philosophy is rooted in science and technology and based on human social practice; Philosophy cannot oppose or deny the development of science and technology, only because of the development of science and technology. " Unify science and technology with philosophy, pay equal attention to morality, emotion and intelligence, and cultivate noble morality and scientific spirit. Qian Lao always insists on unifying basic theory, technical science and applied technology to consider the content of professional teaching. He proposed to make full use of the advantages of computer, information network and man-machine combination. The key to the cultivation of Dacheng intelligent talents lies in students' morality and spirit. Therefore, we should rely on the great scientific spirit and lofty moral education, the interest and passion of consciously pursuing truth, the effective integration and accumulation of knowledge with complementary advantages of human and computer, and the long-term exercise of social practice to cultivate real high-end intelligent talents. Qian Lao attaches great importance to the significance of philosophy: "A scientist must first have a scientific outlook on life and the world, and must master a scientific method to study science!" " In this way, he will never get lost at any time; In this way, all his efforts in scientific research will not be in vain, and he can really make beneficial contributions to mankind and his motherland. "One year, in the graduation exam of students majoring in modern mechanics, Qian Xuesen asked a question," Launch a rocket from the earth, bypass the sun, and then return to the earth. Please list the equations and find out the answers. At noon, no one answered, "I fainted several classmates. "He said," Let's eat first, and then take the exam. " After dinner, the students returned to the examination room. In the evening, only a few students in the class passed. An exam showed that students' math foundation was not solid. Qian Lao decided at that time that the whole class would postpone graduation and study for another six months, focusing on mathematics and laying a good foundation for mathematics. Now many students in this class have become academicians. Looking back on that year, they all felt that the past six months had benefited a lot.