Aristotle (Greek: α ρ ι ο ο ο) was a famous philosopher, scientist and educator in ancient Greece. He was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the Great. He summed up the achievements of the development of ancient Greek philosophy since Thales, distinguished philosophy from other sciences for the first time, and initiated independent research on logic, ethics, politics and biology. His academic thoughts had a great influence on the development of western culture and science. Aristotle divided science into: (1) theoretical science (mathematics, natural science and the first philosophy later called metaphysics); (2) Practical science (ethics, politics, economics, strategy and decoration); (3) The science of creation, namely poetics. When it comes to ancient Greek philosophy, we have to mention three consecutive figures: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Together, the three of them founded today's western philosophy. Although Aristotle is a student of Plato, his views are quite different from Plato's. Plato was an idealist and a rationalist. Plato believes that our material world is actually an imperfect world with a perfect "conceptual world" behind it. On the other hand, Aristotle believes that our understanding of the world comes from our senses. Therefore, in fact, Aristotle's philosophy initiated the later scientific method. Aristotle's works still exist today. Most of them are textbooks, and many of them are even Aristotle's students' notes. In the early Middle Ages, Aristotle's works were not translated due to the prevalence of neo-Platonism. But in the12nd century, Aristotemism began to rise, and his works were translated into various European languages, forming the scholasticism in the late Middle Ages. This philosophy was later refuted by early modern philosophers such as Galileo and Ducal. Aristotle was born in Starkila, Thrace, and his father was a doctor of the king of Macedonia. In 366 BC, Aristotle was sent to study in Plato Academy in Athens, where he lived for 20 years until his teacher Plato died. After Plato's death, Aristotle left Athens because the new leader of the college was more sympathetic to the mathematical tendency in Plato's philosophy, which made Aristotle unbearable. However, it can be seen from Aristotle's works that although Aristotle disagreed with Poseidon and other new leaders of the academy, he still maintained good relations with them. After leaving college, Aristotle accepted the invitation of his former classmate Hermias for the first time to visit Asia Minor. Hermia was then the ruler of Misia along the coast of Asia Minor. Aristotle also married Hermias' niece there. But in 344 BC, Hermias was murdered in a riot, and Aristotle had to leave Asia Minor and go to Terrini with his family. Three years later, Aristotle was called to his hometown by King Philip II of Macedonia and became the teacher of Alexander the Great, who was only 13 years old at that time. Plutarch, a famous biographer in ancient Greece, believes that Aristotle instilled moral, political and philosophical education into the future world leader. We also have reason to believe that Aristotle also used his influence to play an important role in the formation of Alexander the Great's thought. It was under the influence of Aristotle that Alexander the Great always cared about science and respected knowledge. However, Aristotle and Alexander the Great may not have exactly the same political views. The former's political view is based on the declining Greek city-state, while the centralized empire established by Alexander the Great is tantamount to the invention of barbarians for the Greeks. After Philip's death in 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school there. The name of the college (Lv Keang) is named after the werewolf killer (Lv Keang) near the temple of Apollo. During this period, Aristotle wrote many philosophical works while giving lectures. Aristotle has the habit of walking in corridors and gardens when giving lectures. Because of this, the philosophy of academy is called "carefree philosophy" or "wandering philosophy". Aristotle also wrote many works in this period, mainly about natural science and philosophy in Nature and Physics, and the language used was much more obscure than Plato's dialogues. Many of his works are based on class notes, and some are even the class notes of his students. So some people regard Aristotle as the author of the first textbook in the West. After Alexander's death, the Athenians began to rebel against Macedonian rule. Because of his relationship with Alexander, Aristotle was accused of ungodly and had to take refuge in Calais. His college was handed over to Theophrastos. A year later, in 322 BC, Aristotle died of a disease accumulated for many years. The rumor that he poisoned himself or committed suicide by jumping into the sea because he couldn't explain the tidal phenomenon was completely unfounded. Although Aristotle was a student of Plato, he was the first person to publicly criticize Plato. What he is particularly opposed to is the part about mathematics in Plato's philosophy. Some people think that Aristotle was familiar with mathematics at that time, but he never understood Plato's mathematics. In addition, Aristotle also criticized Plato's theory of phase. Although he agrees that the "form" of a thing is eternal, he believes that this "form" does not exist in itself, but is a concept formed after people feel the real thing. So he thinks that "shape" is actually the characteristic of things themselves. He pointed out that any idea or concept we have enters our consciousness through our senses. But Aristotle does not deny that man is rational. It is with reason that people can distinguish different sensory impressions. But at the same time, he pointed out that reason is completely vacuum before human senses experience anything. Aristotle believes that there is a causal relationship in nature. He thinks there are four different reasons in nature. The ancient Greek concept of "cause" is different from the modern concept of "cause and effect". "Cause" corresponds to "Why" but not to "Result". That is, objective reasons, material reasons, dynamic reasons and formal reasons. Aristotle put forward the so-called syllogism in logic. In the next two thousand years, his theory has been the only recognized form of argument in the West. In ethics, Aristotle emphasized the so-called "golden mean". This may be similar to the concept of "harmony" of Greek naturalist philosophers. He believes that people should not be biased towards any extreme, and only balance can lead a happy and harmonious life. Aristotle believes that man is a natural political animal, and unless he lives in society, he is not a real man. He also proposed three good political systems: monarchy, aristocratic politics and democratic politics (which he called "regime"). Aristotle's view of science marks a turning point in the history of ancient Greek science, because he was the last person to put forward the whole world system and the first person to engage in extensive experience investigation. In astronomy, Aristotle founded the theory that the running celestial bodies are physical entities. In physics, Aristotle believes that objects can only keep moving under the direct contact of a constantly acting promoter. Aristotle believes that "vacuum" cannot exist, because space must be filled with matter. Only in this way can physical effects be transmitted through direct contact. Newton, a physicist of later generations, pointed out the fallacy of Aristotle's assertion and pointed out that "force is not the direct reason for keeping objects moving." Force can only change the motion state of an object. "It can be said that before the building of Newton's classical mechanical system was built, the whole western world was ruled by Aristotle's physics. In drama, Aristotle's Poetics is the first summative work on the tragic art of ancient Greece. In his book, he put forward the famous "imitation theory", arguing that tragedy "describes serious events in a certain length and imitates actions; The purpose is to arouse pity and fear, leading to the purification of these emotions; The protagonist often meets misfortune unexpectedly, which leads to tragedy, so the conflict of tragedy becomes the conflict between man and fate. "This is the first time in the history of art to discuss the essence of drama, which also created Aristotle's poetic tradition. His views were later developed into the art of poetry by Horace in ancient Rome, which indirectly influenced the whole history of western art. ..