The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, which contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (Xiaoya has six poems without words, so it is also called "Three Hundred Poems"). Together with Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Spring and Autumn Period, it is called the Five Classics. There are more than 300 ancient poems, which are related to Confucius, but not important ... "(Historical Records? 6? 1 Confucius' home), it is said that it was compiled by Confucius. Formerly known as "Poetry", it was regarded as a classic by Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty, but it was called "The Book of Songs", also known as "Poetry 300". He initiated the excellent tradition of realism in China's ancient poetry creation. The content in The Book of Songs, in terms of its original nature, is the lyrics of songs. Mozi? 6? 1 Meng Gong said, "There are 300 poems, 300 strings, 300 songs and 300 dances. "That is to say, there are more than three hundred poems that can be recited, played with musical instruments, sung and accompanied by dances. Historical records? 6? 1 Confucius also said: "Three hundred and fifty poems were all written by Confucius, in order to combine Shao, Wu, elegance and praise. "Although these statements may have yet to be verified, there is no doubt that the Book of Songs has a close relationship with music and dance in ancient times.

"Six Meanings" in The Book of Songs

The "six meanings" in The Book of Songs refer to style, elegance, praise, fu, comparison and honor. The first three are content and the last three are technology.

The division of style, elegance and fu is based on the difference of music. The Wind consists of 15 parts, most of which are folk songs of the Yellow River valley, and it is called the Wind of Fifteen Countries, with a total of 160 articles. Ya is divided into Xiaoya and Elegance, which are court music songs, with a total of 105. Odes include

Zhou Fu, Lu Fu and Shang Fu are 40 pieces of music and dance music used in ancestral halls.

"Wind" means tone. It is relative to "Wang Ji", an area directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. It is music with local color. The ancients called it "Shaanxi Opera", "Feng Wei" and "Zheng Opera", just like Shaanxi Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Henan Opera we are talking about now.

National wind? 6? 1 Nan Zhou national wind? 6? 1 Call for the south wind? 6? 1 hurricane national wind? 6? 1 is the national wind? 6? 1 Feng Weiguo? 6? 1 Feng Wang national wind? 6? 1 Zheng Feng

National wind? 6? 1 Wei Feng? 6? 1 tang style national wind? 6? 1 Qifeng Guofeng? 6? 1 Qin Feng national wind? 6? 1 Chen Fengguofeng? 6? 1 is the national wind? 6? 1 Cao Feng? 6? 1 hurricane

Elegance is the joy of "Wang Ji" and is called "Xia" by Zhou people in this area. "Ya" and "Xia" were commonly used in ancient times. Elegance also means "positive". At that time, Ji Wang's music was regarded as a positive tone-a model music. People in the Zhou Dynasty called Zheng Yayue, just as people in the Qing Dynasty called Kunqu Opera Ya Bu, with the meaning of honorific title. Elegance and vulgarity may be divided according to chronological order, or according to their musical characteristics and application occasions.

"Ode" is music specially used for offering sacrifices to ancestral temples. "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "The description of the beauty and virtue of the eulogists tells the gods of their merits. "This is the meaning and use of ode. Wang Guowei said: "Praise is slower than elegance. "This is the characteristic of his music.

According to Zhu's Biography of Poetry, "Fu" means "Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Zhu". In other words, Fu is directly narrated. Is the most basic expression. Such as "life and death are generous, Zicheng said. Holding your hand and growing old with your son "means expressing your feelings directly."

Zhu's interpretation of "comparison" is "comparing one thing with another", which is metaphor. Metaphors are used in many places and in various ways in The Book of Songs. For example, Dream uses the change of mulberry trees from lush to withered to compare the rise and fall of love; "heming" uses the metaphor that "stones from other mountains can attack jade" to govern the country with sages; In Shuo Ren, the metaphor of beauty's hand, beauty's skin, beauty's teeth and so on are all good examples of using "Bi" in The Book of Songs.

"Fu" and "Bi" are the most basic means of expression in all poems, while "Xing" is the unique means in The Book of Songs and even China's poems. The original meaning of the word "Xing" is "Qi". The word "xing" in The Book of Songs is interpreted by Zhu as "talking about other things first, so as to stimulate what is sung", that is, paving the way for what is sung by other things. It is often used at the beginning of a poem or a chapter. About the most primitive "xing" is just a beginning, which has nothing to do with the following, but shows drift and association for no reason. Just like Qin Feng's Morning Wind, it is difficult to find a meaningful connection between the "Morning Wind" at the beginning and the "Seeing a gentleman, worrying" at the back. Although in this case, it may be incomprehensible because of the time gap, this situation definitely exists. Even in modern folk songs, we can still see such "xing".

Besides, there are many meaningful uses of "Xing", such as metaphor, symbol and contrast. But it is precisely because "Xing" is originally produced by the drifting and association of ideas without reason, so even if it has a more real meaning, it is not so rigid, but subtle. For example, Guan Guan's novel begins with "Guan Guan's dove is in the river continent", which was originally used by the poet to lead to the following "My Fair Lady, Gentleman is Nice", but the harmony of Guan Guan can also be used to describe the courtship between men and women, or the harmonious love between men and women, but its metaphorical meaning is not clear. Another example is the poem "Peach Blossom", which begins with "Peach Blossom Blossom Blossom Blossom Blossom" and describes the beautiful atmosphere of peach blossom in spring. It can be said to be a realistic pen, but it can also be understood as a metaphor for the bride's beauty, and it can also be said to set off the warm atmosphere of the wedding. Because "Xing" is such an implicit and freely used technique, later poets who like the implicit and euphemistic charm of poetry are particularly interested in it, and all of them are ingenious and innovative, which constitutes a special taste of China's classical poetry.