Guan Tong (birth and death unknown) is a painter of the Five Dynasties Houliang. He was born in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) and studied under Hao Jing. In his later years, he was famous for his melancholy. Good at writing about Guanhe River. The pen is simple and powerful, and the scenery means little. He is good at writing autumn mountain cold forest, wild crossing in the forest, secluded people, fish market mountain posts, and is called "Guanjia landscape".
Li Cheng (about 9 19 ~ 967) was a painter in the early Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, and he was born in Yingqiu (Linzi, Shandong, Tan Changle). He first studied under Hao Jing and Guan Tong, and then lived in seclusion in the mountains. He learned from nature and often painted snow scenes and cold forests, mostly for the northern scenery, with little outline and less rubbings.
Fan Kuan (? ~ 1026), a painter in the northern song dynasty, was born in Huayuan (now Yao county, Shaanxi province). He is a beginner of Li Cheng. After following the Dharma, he felt that he should "learn from others, not from nature" and finally "learn from his own family". Write to strengthen the old, "all write about the trend of Long Qing's soldiers pulling, and the overall situation is overwhelming."
Guo's Notes on Painting Spectrum said: Only Li Cheng, Guan Tong of Chang 'an, and Fan Kuan of Huayuan were fascinated by their wisdom, so they were above their class and won the bid for a hundred generations in the three schools. "And he said," the weather is bleak, the smoke forest is clear, the thin front is prominent, and the implicit ink method is the system of yingshan; The stone body is solid, the trees are lush, the pavilions are simple and the characters are leisurely and comfortable. The peak is thick, the potential is strong, the pen is even, and the people and houses are qualitative. Fan Zhigong also. "It shows that Li, Guan and Fan's painting styles are very popular in Qi and Lu areas, affecting Guan and Shaanxi areas, and they are the true masters of the northern landscape painting school. Also known as "Jiangnan Landscape Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. The early Song Dynasty was divided into Northern School and Jiangnan School. The Southern Landscape Painting School was formed between the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. The masters are Dong Yuan and Ju Ran.
Dong Yuan (? ~ 926) was a painter in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, named Shu Da and Zhong Ling (northwest of Jinxian, Jiangxi). Li Jingchao, the leader of China, was then the deputy envoy of Hou Yuan (namely Beiyuan), so he was called Dong Beiyuan. He is good at drawing figures, cows, tigers and dragons, especially landscapes, and writing about Jiangnan scenery. What the picture sees is not mountains and mountains, but mountains and rivers with colorful peaks, dense forests and misty clouds, showing a simple and innocent interest. Composition methods and pen and ink techniques are also innovative in shaping Jiangnan scenery. It is very different from the landscape painting in the north.
Ju Ran (birth and death unknown) was a painter in the early Song Dynasty, and was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). He died in the Southern Tang Dynasty and became a monk in Kaiyuan Temple in Kaifeng. Dong Yuan, a master of landscape painting, is also good at painting foggy weather and Jiangnan scenery with high mountains and flowing water. Shen Kuo's "On Meng Xi" in the Northern Song Dynasty said: "It is not strange for Dong Yuan to write about the true mountains in the south of the Yangtze River; Ju Ran, the founder of Jianye, gave a wonderful description of Dong Fa. " Mi Fei's "History of Painting" also said: "Dong Yuan is simple and naive, and Tang people have no such thing." This school, with Dong Yuan and Ju Ran as its grandmasters, is called "Dong Ju" in the world.
Mi Fei and his son "Yunshan, Mi Pai" described the scenery around Jingkou and showed the new face of this school. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Chang Fa (Muxi) and Ruofen (Encounter) both belonged to the southern painting system and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty. One of Chinese painting schools. This school takes bamboo as the object of expression, represented by Song and Su Shi, especially painting bamboo. Ming Lian once wrote Huzhou Bamboo School, describing 25 painters from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Wen Tong was once the satrap of Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang), hence the name.
In Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Tuizhi believed that Mozi started in Li Longji, and Tang Xuanzong, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei, Li Ang and Xiao Yue were also good at painting bamboo. Bai Juyi once wrote "Painting Bamboo Rest" to praise Xiao. Because of great progress in bamboo art, Wen has been painting bamboo all his life. "Painting Knowledge" said: "Good at painting ink bamboo, full of natural and unrestrained posture." Su Shi said that he painted bamboo "in the chest", taking bamboo as the foundation, and bamboo came from me. Su Shi is also a bamboo slip, calling himself "sending it to Huzhou". But he also said, "Bamboo stone has its own old and vigorous style, and it is called the ancestor of Huzhou Bamboo School in the history of painting.
Painting bamboo became a common practice in the Yuan Dynasty. After the Yuan Dynasty, there were Li Yan, Zhenwu and Ke. Zhenwu, a native of Yuan Dynasty, collected biographies of painters who learned to write bamboo painting skills in Song and Yuan Dynasties and compiled a book "Bamboo School in Wenhuzhou", with 25 people. Dong Qichang said two schools of landscape painters in Ming Dynasty. "Rong Tai Bieji Huazhi": "There are two schools of Zen, the North and the South, which began to be divided in the Tang Dynasty; There are two paintings in the north and south, also from the Tang Dynasty, but their people are not in the north and south ears.
Father and son of the Northern School painted landscapes, which spread to Zhao Wo, Zhao Boju, Bozi and even Xia Gui in the Song Dynasty. Sand King (Wei), the Southern Zongmo, began to use the method of shading and changing the hook, which was handed down by Jing (Hao), Guan (Tong), Dong (Yuan), Ju (Ran), Guo Zhongshu and Mi Jiafu (Bi and You Ren). In the Ming Dynasty, Chen Jiru (then known as "Dong Chen" with Dong Qichang) made it particularly obvious: "Li sent a thin plate with insufficient morale; Ace Xu and Xiaosan. " At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the painting circle echoed, forming the viewpoint of "Southern Sect" or "Orthodoxy". Landscape painters in the early Qing Dynasty were Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi, Wang, and Yun. Also known as "Four Kings, Wu and Yun". There are teachers, friends and relatives among the four heavenly kings. They were all influenced by the painter Dong Qichang in the late Ming Dynasty. They study Song and Yuan paintings and French yellow paintings, attach importance to copying and antique paintings, and despise sketching and creation.
The landscape of the "Four Kings" is highly respected by the government and regarded as "authentic". During the 300 years of Qing dynasty, there were many literati who had a far-reaching influence on painting. Li Wu went out of Wang Shimin and went to Macau with a missionary with a little western skills. He was a native of Wang Miao. The innovative painters who were active in Yangzhou painting circle in Jiangsu during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty were collectively called "Yangzhou Painting School". Its number and name are different. Wang, Huang Shen, Jin Nong, Gao Xiang, Shan Li, Zheng Xie and Li He mentioned in Li Yubang's Textual Research on Ou Boluo's Calligraphy and Painting.
The common feature of this school of painting is that many people end up frustrated and don't become officials. Some of them have been small officials for several years and abandoned their official positions to specialize in painting. They are cynical, do not flatter the powerful, and understand the sufferings of the people. Pay attention to the influence of thought, personality, knowledge and talent on painting creation. Their literature and calligraphy are highly cultivated. The paintings are mainly flowers, but also landscapes and figures. It inherited the innovative spirit of Xu Wei, Zhu Da and Shi Tao, advocated self-reliance and expressed true feelings, and opposed the imitation and clay sculpture style at that time. At that time, they were regarded as "deviant teachers" and "monsters", so they were called "eight eccentrics". Also known as "Lingnan School of Painting". One of Chinese painting schools. Guangdong is located in the south of Wuling. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been more than 1000 painters here. Lin Liang, a famous painter in Ming Dynasty, initiated Lingnan School of Painting. He is a pioneer of modern Lingnan painting school. Gao Yan and Chen Rui are followers of this law, while Li Jian and Li Kui are successors. During the reign of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, there were Su and Su Changchun, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were people who lived in nests, gathered brothers and learned from the clouds, and were good at flowers, birds, insects and fish. Modern Panyu people Gao, Chen studied under Ju Lian in their early years.
Lingnan painting school is the most mature and influential painting school after the nautical painting school. The founders are Gao, Chen, referred to as "two highs and one Chen". It is one of the outstanding cultures of the motherland and the most distinctive Lingnan culture. Together with Cantonese opera and Guangdong music, it is called "Lingnan Three Shows", which is a revolutionary school in China traditional painting, an important school of Chinese painting in the history of China painting and one of the best schools of painting after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Founder (first generation representative): Gao, Chen; Representative figures of the second generation (re-disciples): Guan Shanyue, Li Xiongcai, Lu Chuanyuan, Yang Shanshen, Zhao Shaoang and Huang Shaoqiang; Representative figures of the third generation (re-disciples): Yang Zhiguang, Wu Jialing, Lin Yong, Chen Jinzhang, Wang Yujue, etc. Judging from the development track of Lingnan School of Painting, all the third generation painters have their own innovations and breakthroughs. Yang Zhiguang is a figure painter, Wu Jialing is a famous fish painter, and Lin Yong is a flower-and-bird painter, which has formed a relatively mature personal style and created the prosperity of Lingnan painting school in Guangdong. Founded by the famous painter Sun Jianping, it is one of the oil painting schools in China. There are hundreds of students in this school, covering the United States, Europe and Southeast Asia. The characteristics of the school of painting are contrary to the conservative painting style of the academic school, with concise and exaggerated brushwork, bold and unrestrained colors, meticulous lines and multi-dimensional realism, commemorating the connotation of Chinese painting, absorbing the painting style of German expressionism, and having the wild painting style of China's frontier minorities and unique painting style. Representative figures: Hou, Fen Xiangdong, Che, Guo Tai, Yuan, etc.