Briefly introduce the early life, the political struggle in the revolutionary period led the Soviet Union in the post-war period of World War II, and the political struggle in the revolutionary period led the Soviet Union in the post-war period of World War II.
Edit this biography [1] Stalin [2] joseph vissarrionovich stalin, 1879 65438+2 1, born in Gori, Georgia, formerly known as dzhugashvili. My father was a shoemaker from a peasant background, and my mother 1937 died in July. She is the daughter of a serf. 1888, Stalin entered Gori Church Primary School. 1894, Stalin entered the Orthodox Middle School in Tifries (now Tbilisi) and began to study Marx's works and take part in revolutionary activities. 1898 Joined the Tifries organization of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. 1900 began to participate in underground political activities and organized strikes and demonstrations in some industrial centers in the Caucasus. 1903 He joined the Bolsheviks after the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. Led the workers' strike in Baku in February. From April 1902 to March 19 13, he was arrested seven times for participating in revolutionary activities and was exiled and imprisoned many times. In February 2002, 1965438+ was elected to the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and edited Pravda, the party's organ newspaper. From July 2003 to July 2003,1965438+March 2007, he was exiled to Siberia. 1965438+From May 2007 to 1952 65438+ 10, he was elected as the CPSU members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. Assisted Lenin in organizing and leading the 19 17 October socialist revolution. After the victory of the October Revolution, he joined the first People's Committee headed by Lenin and successively served as the People's Ethnic Affairs Committee (19 17- 1922) and the People's Supervision Committee (191922). During the period of opposing foreign armed intervention and civil war, Stalin served as a member of the Revolutionary Military Committee of the Soviet Republic, and Lenin sent him to the most critical front line to direct operations many times. In the battle to defend Charizin, in the battle to crush Yudenich, Denikin and Polish nobles, he was brave and fearless, and made great contributions to defending the Soviet regime. The Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union awarded him the Red Flag Medal for this purpose. From 1922 to 1952, he was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee in June and served as the chairman of the Soviet People's Committee (renamed the Soviet Council of Ministers in June, 194 1). 1922 In February, at the first Soviet Congress, a report on the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was made. He put forward the idea that "a country must first build socialism". [3]192465438+1October 24th, Lenin died, and Stalin began to lead the socialist construction in the Soviet Union. 1925 In February, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) was held, and the general policy of socialist industrialization was adopted, which turned the Soviet Union from an agricultural country to an industrial country, from a country importing machinery and equipment to a country producing machinery and equipment, with emphasis on developing heavy industry. From 65438 to 0928, a planned economy was established. Before the Great Patriotic War, three five-year plans were implemented. During the first two five-year plans, a relatively complete industrial system was formed and national industrialization centered on heavy industry was realized. From 65438 to 0937, the total industrial output value ranked first in Europe and second in the world. However, the Soviet Union unilaterally emphasized giving priority to the development of heavy industry, which led to the long-term backwardness of agriculture and light industry, and finally restricted the development of heavy industry. One-sided emphasis on output value and output leads to monotonous products and poor quality, while neglecting the development of light industry leads to the shortage of consumer goods, which affects the improvement of people's living standards. 1927 65438+February, the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Brazzaville) established the policy of agricultural collectivization. It is necessary to unite the individual small-scale peasant economy and transform it into a large-scale collective economy. Since then, the new economic policy has been phased out. Agricultural collectivization provides conditions for industrialization, but there are also serious problems and mistakes, which go against farmers' willingness to join. In order to accumulate funds, too many things were taken from farmers, which greatly damaged their enthusiasm for production and was incompatible with the low level of productivity in rural areas at that time, thus destroying agricultural productivity, making agricultural production stagnant for a long time and seriously hindering the economic development of the Soviet Union. With the realization of industrialization and agricultural collectivization, public ownership of means of production has occupied an absolute dominant position in the national economy. 1936, the eighth Soviet congress adopted the new constitution. It is stipulated that the Soviet Union is a socialist country of workers and peasants led by * * *. Its economic foundation is the socialist economic system and the socialist ownership of the means of production; Its political basis is that workers at all levels represent the Soviet Union. The promulgation of the new constitution marks the establishment of the basic socialist system in the Soviet Union and the formation of a highly centralized political and economic system initiated by Stalin. It is characterized by using administrative orders to manage the economy, denying the law of value and excluding commodities and markets. Its political characteristics are: highly centralized power, no distinction between party and government, lack of mass supervision, and neglect of democracy and the legal system. Stalin model played an important role in wartime and national economic recovery. However, there are serious defects and deficiencies. Later, it hindered the development of the Soviet national economy and various undertakings more and more. With the firm establishment of Stalin's position and the development of Soviet construction, Stalin's prestige was unprecedentedly improved. By the 1930s, his personal worship of Stalin had reached a quite serious level. Due to the prevalence of personality cult, Stalin's wrong views and practices had a great negative impact on the development of the Soviet Union. During the period of 1935 ~ 1938, a wrong purge movement was carried out, and a large number of outstanding party, government and army intellectuals, ordinary cadres and the masses were accused of various crimes and brutally suppressed and persecuted. Socialist democracy and legal system have been brutally destroyed and trampled; Destroyed the socialist scientific and cultural resources and cadres at all levels. 1941June served as chairman of the national defense commission, and in August of the same year served as supreme commander-in-chief of the Soviet armed forces. /kloc-0 was awarded the title of Soviet Grand Marshal and the highest rank in June, 945. During the German attack on Western Europe, he became one of the most successful commanders of the Allied Forces, and the Soviet Union established the "Eastern Front" by expanding its territory. 1941On June 22nd, Germany invested 190 divisions with a total of more than 5.5 million people, and launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union in three ways. 194 1 In winter, when the Germans arrived at the gates of Moscow, Stalin always stayed in the capital to organize a big counterattack. After the battles of Leningrad and Moscow, the Soviet Union smashed the German lightning attack. Under his excellent command, the Soviet Union successively won the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk, which made the situation turn sharply, and the soldiers pointed directly at the Germans. Since1July, 942, the Soviets fought fiercely with the Germans in Stalingrad for 200 days, killing a total of1.5000. 1944, the Soviets organized 10 strategic battles to drive the Germans out of the Soviet Union. Later, the Soviet army continued to advance westward and cooperated with the anti-fascist armed forces of eastern European countries to liberate eastern Europe. He led the Soviet people and finally defeated Nazi Germany. Stalin attended several summit meetings of allies, including the Tehran meeting and Yalta meeting with British Prime Minister Churchill and American President Roosevelt. 1945, China's anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians launched a comprehensive counterattack, and the Soviet Red Army also sent troops to the northeast of China to panic in the main force of the Japanese Kwantung Army. political struggle
Propaganda photos of Stalin era: After the October Revolution of Stalin, Lenin and Kalinin, all ethnic groups in Russia established their own independent countries or autonomous republics. During the civil war, in order to fight the common enemy, the Russian Federation established military and political alliances with Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. With the end of the civil war, the recovery of the national economy and the beginning of the period of socialist construction, in order to unify the national defense construction and economic construction, the Soviet republics put forward the joint problem. 1922 In August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Brazzaville) set up a special committee with Stalin as its chairman, and put forward a plan for Soviet republics to join the Russian Federation as autonomous republics. Georgia * * * opposed the plan and was treated rudely. Ill Lenin immediately wrote to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, severely criticizing the "autonomy" plan and some people's chauvinistic mistakes. Lenin suggested that all Soviet republics should join the Union of Soviet Republics on the principle of equality and voluntariness. According to Lenin's suggestion, 1922+00 in June, the Central Plenary Session discussed and adopted the new document, which was warmly responded and supported by various Soviet socialist republics and Soviet organs.
19 19 Lenin and other * * * photos19221On the evening of February 30th, the first Soviet Congress of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was held in Moscow. Stalin made a report on the establishment of the Soviet Union at the meeting. Lenin did not attend the meeting due to illness and was promoted to honorary chairman of the meeting. The congress adopted the declaration of the founding of the Soviet Union. At that time, Russia, the South Caucasus Federation, Ukraine and Belarus joined the Soviet Union. The Union Treaty adopted by the General Assembly stipulates that the Union Soviet Congress is the highest organ of state power and the Union People's Committee is the executive organ. The treaty also specifically stipulates that the participating republics reserve the right to freely withdraw from the alliance. [5]
[6]1922 65438+In mid-February, Lenin suffered another stroke, and the Central Plenary Session of the Russian Communist Party instructed Stalin to be responsible for supervising the implementation of the system of doctors prescribing for Lenin. Late at night on the 22nd, Lenin's health deteriorated further. His right arm and right leg were paralyzed, but he was conscious and clear-headed. He dictated a batch of letters to the upcoming party congress. This letter is dedicated to his comrades-in-arms or successors. It is about three kinds of people, Stalin and Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev, Bukharin and Pi Dakov. It talks about their advantages and points out their disadvantages. Regarding Stalin, the letter said: "Comrade Stalin became the general secretary and mastered unlimited power. I'm not sure whether he can always use this power very carefully. " The letter wrote: "Stalin is too rude. This shortcoming is completely tolerable between us and in our contacts, but it is intolerable in the position of general secretary. Therefore, I suggest that comrades carefully think of a way to raise Stalin from this position and send another person to this position. This person is more patient, more modest, more polite, more concerned about comrades, and less willful in other aspects. " In the next few days, Lenin continued to dictate letters, discussing the reform of the Central Committee and the Central Supervision Commission, the Workers and Peasants Inspection Institute, giving the State Planning Commission legislative functions, ethnic issues and so on. 192365438+1On October 4th, Lenin made a specific supplement to the letter of February 24th, 65438+,suggesting that Stalin be removed from his post as general secretary. Stalin resigned according to Lenin's will, but Kamenev, Zinoviev and others disagreed. They thought Lenin's suggestion was inappropriate and unanimously elected Stalin as the general secretary of the Central Committee.
After Lenin's death, Trotsky wrote "On Lenin" and "Lessons from October", bluntly criticized Kamenev, Zinoviev and others, and urged them to join hands with Stalin to form a situation of common opposition to Trotsky. The three published articles saying that Trotskyism is not true Leninism, and Stalin also said that "the task of the Party is to bury Trotskyism". The isolated Trotsky failed in the political struggle and was dismissed as the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Commission. Soon after, Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev also had different opinions: Stalin supported Bukharin's opinion, continued the new economic policy, reduced the constraints on farmers, and hoped to build socialism in a country first; Kamenev and Zinoveyev opposed the idea of expanding the new economic policy and supporting the world revolution, and they formed a "new opposition". At the 14th National Congress of 1925, they openly confronted the mainstream faction headed by Stalin, but ended in failure. Zinoviev reunited Trotsky and formed an opposition alliance with Lenin's widow, Krupskaya, and others to jointly fight against the Stalin Group. 1927 After the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in February, Trotsky, Zinoveyev, Kamenev and others were expelled from the Party one after another, and Bukharin's "right capitulationists" were also expelled from the Politburo in June 1929. At the end of 1936, Stalin made a report on the draft new constitution at the Eighth National Congress of the Soviet Union, and then adopted the draft Soviet Constitution, which legally stipulated the highly centralized political system and planned economic system of the Soviet Union.
Stalin ordered "retouching" historical photos, and there was a large-scale cleaning campaign in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. In the early 1930s, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik), headed by Stalin, exaggerated the seriousness of class struggle, and took the opportunity of 1934+05438+02 to assassinate Kirov and launched a large-scale counter-revolutionary movement. According to Stalin's suggestion, the Soviet criminal law was amended as follows: the investigation of terrorist activities should not exceed 10 days; The relevant conclusions were handed over to the defendant the day before the trial; Once the judgment is made, there is no appeal and pardon; The death penalty will be executed immediately. 1935, 16 Former opposition elements, including Zinoviev and Kamenev, were accused of organizing underground counter-revolutionary organizations such as "Leningrad Headquarters" and "Moscow Headquarters" at the instigation of Trotsky, plotting to assassinate Stalin and other parties and countries, and Kirov was murdered by them. Defendant 1936 was sentenced to death in August and immediately executed. Since then, the scale of purges and repression has expanded rapidly, and a movement of "exposing and destroying the people's enemies" has been launched throughout the country. During the period of 1937, the counter-revolutionary movement in the Soviet Union reached its climax. During the period of 1937- 1938, major cases included: the "anti-Soviet Trotsky Center" headed by Central Committee members Peter Dakov and karl berngardovich radek; The "anti-Soviet military center" headed by Soviet Marshal and Deputy Minister of National Defense tukhachevsky; The "Right-Trotskyite Anti-Soviet Alliance" headed by Bukharin, former member of the Political Bureau, and Likov, former chairman of the People's Committee. The defendants in these cases were all sentenced to death on charges of "public enemy" and immediately executed. The elimination of counter-revolutionary movement caused many innocent people to be arrested and killed, caused a large number of unjust, false and misjudged cases, seriously undermined the socialist legal system, and caused great losses to the party, country and people of the Soviet Union. [7] There were three trials in Moscow, which was the climax of 1937 ~ 1938. The number of defendants in the three trials was 16, 17 and 2 1 respectively. Except for three people who were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment for the second and third time, all the other defendants were shot. In the famous Lenin's will, six CPSU members were mentioned. Finally, except Stalin, the other five people-Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin and PiDakov-were executed in three big trials (Trotsky was tried in absentia for exile overseas, but was later assassinated). In addition, two-thirds of the six Central Committee members who led the October Revolution were shot. 1 1 20 of the 27 members of the central Committee were shot; 15 Seven members of the Politburo, except Stalin, six were shot or assassinated; Of the 1 5 members of the1Soviet government, except for five who were dead, all the others were shot, except Stalin. During the purge, more than 40,000 Red Army commanders and political workers were purged, of which 50,000 were shot 1.36, including 5 marshals, 3 first-class army generals, 65,438 second-class army generals +0.2, 67 commanders, 65,438 teachers1.36 and 0.99. [8] During the period of1936-1938, about 1.2 million people were arrested in party member. Stalin's purge of the old Bolsheviks during Lenin's period was actually not an arrogant purge. As early as 1929 ~ 193 1, 250,000 people were expelled from the party. Not only countless Soviet cadres and masses died in the purge, but also many foreigners, including a large number of China cadres and students who worked and studied in the Soviet Union, as well as many staff members of the Communist International China delegation. Li Zhengwen and Yao Gen were imprisoned for several years before being rehabilitated.
[9] 1937 to 1938 is called the "great terror" period of the Soviet Union. During this period, 6,543,800+3,000 people were sentenced, of which 682,000 were shot, many were arrested and detained in the gulag labor camp, and some died of poor living conditions such as hunger and disease. Many ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union were collectively moved and exiled, including Poles, Volga Germans, Moldovans, Jews, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Koreans and so on. Examples of collective punishment abound. For example, Marshal tukhachevsky was arrested and executed with his wife and two brothers. His mother and three sisters were put into a concentration camp, and his mother and one sister died in it. There are countless examples of couples being executed together. At that time, collective punishment had a legal basis. 1934 "counter-revolutionary treason law" stipulates that soldiers flee abroad and their families collectively bear the responsibility; For treason, whether it is a fact or just a premeditated act, you don't report it, and hell pays the bill. 1the decree issued on April 7, 935 lowered the death penalty age to 12. Many elites from all walks of life, such as the army, economy and art, have been purged. In addition to the criticism and political persecution of experts and scholars in the social sciences, the authority in the natural sciences is also doomed. For example, experts and academicians in physics, almost all academic leaders are called "smugglers of hostile ideas", and many people are arrested and executed. However, in lysenkoism, agriculture and biology, genetics is regarded as "bourgeois pseudoscience". Scientists who have made outstanding achievements in genetic research are denounced as "stubborn anti-Soviet elements" and even brutally persecuted as "foreign imperialist spies". The president of Leningrad Agricultural College was executed, and the * * of cotton, animal husbandry, agricultural chemistry, plant protection and other research institutes suffered the same fate. Astronomers are even more afraid. According to statistics, about 20% astronomers were arrested during this period. In addition, almost all the researchers of the Central Institute of Gas and Fluid Mechanics of the Soviet Union were arrested and imprisoned, while almost all the academic backbones of aviation science were imprisoned-but in order not to interrupt the development of new aircraft, the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to set up a special prison code-named "Central Design Bureau No.29" to allow these scientists to conduct scientific research while being interrogated. Because the Soviet football team lost to the Yugoslav football team in the semi-final of 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, all the players were exiled to Siberia. Fortunately, with the death of 1953 Stalin, these players quickly ended their exile and were rehabilitated.