1, Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), Ji surname, Meng Shi, Mingke, Zou Guoren in the Warring States Period. A famous philosopher, thinker, politician and educator in the Warring States period, one of the representatives of Confucianism, was second only to Confucius, and was also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius. Advocating "benevolent government", he first put forward the idea that "the people are more expensive than the monarch". He was honored as an "elegant sage" and wrote Mencius, which advocated "benevolence-oriented".

Liezi (450 BC-375 BC), a famous philosopher, thinker and Taoist in the Warring States period, is another representative figure of Taoist thought besides Laozi and Zhuangzi. His knowledge originated from the Yellow Emperor Laozi, and he advocated to wait and see. At the end of Han Dynasty, there were eight volumes of Liezi in the Taoist part of Ban Gu's Yi Wen Zhi. Liezi, also known as Xu Chongjing (written from 450 BC to 375 BC), is an important Taoist classic.

3. Confucius (September 28th, 5565438 BC-April 28th, 479 BC+065438 BC+0 BC), surnamed Kong, first name, Han nationality, Lu nationality. China was a thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius, a masterpiece of China's ancient culture, is known as "the sage of heaven" and "the muduo of heaven", and is regarded as the sage, the most holy teacher and the eternal teacher of Confucius by later rulers.

Extended data:

Mencius' missionary thought;

1, people-oriented thought:

Based on the experience of the Warring States period, Mencius summed up the laws governing the rise and fall of chaos in various countries and put forward a famous proposition rich in the essence of democracy: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." People think that how to treat people is extremely important to the rise and fall of a country. Mencius attached great importance to the opposition between people's hearts, and repeatedly expounded through a large number of historical examples that this is a key issue related to winning or losing in the world.

2. Benevolence:

Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue, and developed it into the theory of benevolent governance, which became the core of his political thought. Mencius' political theory is king with benevolent governance as its content, and its essence is to serve the feudal ruling class. He applied the principles of "pro" and "long" to politics, eased class contradictions and safeguarded the long-term interests of the feudal ruling class.

3, easy to teach:

Mencius' educational thought is also the inheritance and development of Confucius' educational thought of "teaching without class" (The Analects of Wei Linggong). They all regard education for all as the means and purpose of benevolent governance. On the one hand, it advocates "setting up a school to teach it in an emergency" (in Teng Wengong's chapter) to strengthen school education; On the other hand, those in power need to set an example.

"Ren Jun, ruthless; Junyi, all righteousness; Jun Zheng, Zheng Mo. " Educate the people with the power of example. The purpose of education is to make people "understand human relations", so as to establish an ideal society with harmonious and orderly human relations, and "human relations are on the top, and people are dating each other" (Teng Wengong chapter).

4, moral ethics:

Mencius summarized moral norms into four categories, namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. He believes that "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom" are inherent things of human beings and are not obtained from the external world that exists objectively. At the same time, the human relations are summarized into five kinds, namely, "father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, old and young are orderly, and friends are trustworthy".

Mencius believed that benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom were the most important. Benevolence is based on filial piety and filial piety, and it is the basic moral standard to deal with the blood relationship between father and son. He believes that if every member of society uses benevolence and righteousness to deal with all kinds of interpersonal relationships, the stability of feudal order and the unity of the world will be reliably guaranteed.

5. The first king:

The former king of France, the former king's moral standard was the norm. Advocate the way of Yao and Shun. This is a typical Confucianism with certain historical limitations. The practice of the queen of France is the norm of the later kings, paying more attention to reality and not sticking to the past. Although Xunzi is also a representative figure of Confucianism, he has certain legalist thoughts.

At this point, it is more progressive than Confucius and Mencius. Xunzi's so-called "queen king" is different from his so-called "former king" and Mencius' so-called "former king". The academic circles generally generalize Xunzi's historical thought as "after the law", which makes it opposite to Mencius' "before the law".

6, philosophy:

The highest category of Mencius' philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius' thought of destiny, removed the residual meaning of personality god, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Honest people, heaven is also." Mencius defined the moral concept of honesty as the essential attribute of heaven, and believed that heaven was the origin of the inherent moral concept of human nature.

Mencius' ideological system, including his political thoughts and ethical thoughts, takes heaven as the category.

7, epistemology:

To understand the world is to transform it. The most important thing is to master objective laws. Mencius used Xia to control water, and according to the law that the water potential drops, it can guide Fukashi, which shows that it is necessary for people to know the world and transform it.

8, the theory of goodness:

Mencius' main philosophical thought is his theory of good nature, which is opposite to Xunzi's theory of evil nature (Liang Qichao thinks that Mencius' theory of good nature emphasizes the possibility of education and Xunzi's theory of evil nature emphasizes the necessity of education). The theory of "good nature" is the theoretical basis for Mencius to talk about life and politics, and it is the central link in his ideological system.

9. Diet:

Mencius put forward many opinions on diet, which was regarded as a classic by later generations. From the point of view of benevolence: "a gentleman is a beast, and he can't bear to see his life or his death;" Hearing its sound, I can't bear to eat its meat, so it's a gentleman who cooks far away. " Later generations interpreted "a gentleman is far from the kitchen" as not close to the kitchen, and took it as the theoretical basis for Mencius to despise cooking, which is not desirable.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Mencius (one of the representatives of Confucianism)

Baidu Encyclopedia-Liezi (a famous philosopher, thinker and Taoist during the Warring States Period)

Baidu Encyclopedia-Confucius (founder of Confucianism)