Pamir, formerly known as Buzhoushan. During the Western Han Dynasty, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was strong, and the Central Plains began large-scale foreign trade. Businessmen traveling to and from Mediterranean countries along the Silk Road must cross the Pamirs. At the peak of Qing Dynasty, the whole Pamirs was under the jurisdiction of China. /kloc-during the period of 0/890, due to Russia's eagerness to influence China and Britain's ambition for Tibet, the two countries signed a British-Russian agreement, in which Britain acquired the Vaham Pamirs and Russia acquired the North.

After the founding of the Republic of China, the Pamirs have never been effectively ruled. However, the government of the Republic of China has always regarded the Penchi River in the western Pamirs as the westernmost point of China. 1960, People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) signed a border treaty with Afghanistan, officially recognizing the abandonment of Waham Pamir. Tajikistan became independent in 1990. When signing the treaty, it also admitted to abandoning the northern border of Pamirs, and the westernmost point of China moved eastward to its present position. At present, some Pamirs in Langukulele and Takdunbash still belong to China, Pamirs in Waham belong to Afghans, and most of the rest belong to Tajikistan.

Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

1, the Loess Plateau is located in the north of China, south of the Great Wall, east of Sun Moon Mountain, west of Taihang Mountain and north of Qinling Mountain, mainly including parts of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan provinces, covering an area of 400,000 square kilometers, making it the largest loess accumulation area in the world. Loess is 50- 180m thick, with dry climate, concentrated precipitation, sparse vegetation and serious soil erosion. The Loess Plateau is rich in mineral resources, with huge reserves of coal, oil and bauxite.

2. Inner Mongolia Plateau is located in the north of China, which is the second largest plateau in China. Inner Mongolia Plateau is open and magnanimous, and the ground fluctuates gently. Overlooking the plateau from the plane is like a vast ocean of smoke, which the ancients called "the vast sea" Plateau is one of the natural grassland and desert distribution areas in China, with Senecio scandens and sand waves. The climate of Inner Mongolia Plateau is very dry, and the desert distribution area accounts for 37.8% of the total desert area in China. The larger deserts are Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, Wulanbuhe Desert and Kubuqi Desert. The Yellow River flows through this section of the central Inner Mongolia Plateau, and in some places the valley shrinks and becomes a canyon. In some places, the river valley is wide and the sediment accumulates into a fertile alluvial plain, which is the famous Hetao Plain. Hetao Plain has been called "Jiangnan" since ancient times, which is the result of working people building channels here to irrigate farmland with Yellow River water. The altitude of Inner Mongolia Plateau is generally 1000 ~ 1200m, which is high in the south and low in the north. East-west lowlands are formed in the north, and the lowest elevation drops to about 600m m. In the border area between China and Mongolia, there are intermittent dry erosion residual hills with a relative height of about 100 meters. The plateau is flat and complete, with gentle ups and downs, remarkable ancient erosion and leveling, and filled with wind and sand, which was called "the vast sea" in ancient times. Geologically, the Variscan movement at the end of Paleozoic caused the fold and uplift of the Mongolian geosyncline, while the Yanshan movement only experienced extensive and moderate flexure and fracture. Himalayan movement and neotectonic movement caused the plateau to uplift as a whole, and large-scale basalt eruption occurred, filling low-lying areas and forming lava platforms, which were widely distributed in the eastern part of the plateau. The platform is stepped and slightly undulating. There are generally five planation planes on the plateau, forming a layered plateau. In the area where Yanshan movement flexed and subsided, the tertiary lacustrine sediments accumulated very thick, expanding the horizon. Since Cenozoic, the climate has been semi-arid and arid, although cold, warm and dry alternate, and the plateau surface is slightly differentiated. Most of the denudation and planation planes formed in the past can form a flat and relatively complete plateau. Gobi, desert and sandy land in Inner Mongolia Plateau are slightly curved from northwest to southeast: the edge of the northwest plateau is gravel Gobi, the southeast is sandy Gobi, and the middle and southeast of the plateau are covered with sand and exposed sand. Fusha belt is distributed in the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain and the western foot of Daxing 'anling Mountain, which is arc-shaped and intermittently connected. Mingsha mainly includes Bayinguoleng Gobi Desert, Helis Desert, Baiyinchagan Desert, Hunshandake Sandy Land, Wuzhumuqin Sandy Land and Hulunbeier Sandy Land.

3. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is located in the southwest of China, including the east of Yunnan Province, the whole province of Guizhou, the northwest of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the border of Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan provinces. It is the intersection of two groups of mountains in north-south direction and northeast-southwest direction in China, with high terrain in the northwest and low terrain in the southeast. With Wumeng Mountain as the boundary, it can be roughly divided into Yunnan Plateau and Guizhou Plateau. The western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is more than 2,000 meters above sea level, and the plateau topography is obvious. The eastern Guizhou Plateau is undulating, with many mountains and few plateau areas. It is called "Mountain Source" and its altitude is between 1000- 1500m. Yunnan Plateau and Guizhou Plateau are linked together, and the boundary is unclear, so they are collectively called "Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau". Yunnan Plateau is located in the east of Yunnan Province, east of Ailao Mountain. Because it is south of Yunling, it is called Yunnan Plateau.

4. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, formerly known as Qingkang Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (latitude 25 ~ 40, longitude 74 ~ 104), is a plateau region in Central Asia. It is the highest plateau in the world, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, and is known as the "roof of the world" and "roof of the world". Its border is Hengduan Mountains in the east, Himalayas in the south and west, and Kunlun Mountains in the north. Including all of Xizang Autonomous Region, China, parts of Qinghai, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, parts or all of Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, with a total area of 2.5 million square kilometers.