Chinese name: origin, main rules, common sense, action group, action posture, action number, action difficulty coefficient, development of China, celebrities of China incident, who jumped further in the history of development origin. Diving is a beautiful water sport, which refers to jumping into the water from a height in various postures, or jumping off diving equipment, completing certain movements in the air and entering the water with specific movements. Diving includes practical diving, performance diving and athletics diving. Diving has a long history. After human beings mastered swimming skills, they began to have simple diving activities. As early as the 5th century BC, there were patterns on ancient Greek vases, depicting a group of lovely little boys diving headfirst. A simple diving apparatus called "Water Swing" appeared in China in the Song Dynasty. Modern athletics diving began in the early 20th century. 1900, Swedish athletes gave a wonderful diving performance at the second Olympic Games, which is recognized as the earliest modern athletics diving. 1904 In the third Olympic Games, men's diving was listed as an official event. 1908 formally formulate the rules of diving competition. By 19 12 the fifth Olympic Games, women's events were added. Modern athletics diving was introduced to China with other European and American movements in the early 20th century. Since 1979, Chinese athletes have made outstanding achievements in a series of major competitions, and now China, the United States, Russia and Germany have been recognized as the world's diving powers. The main rule is 1. According to the rules of diving competition, the events are divided into two types: the optional action with difficulty coefficient limit and the optional action without difficulty coefficient limit. 2. In each event, athletes should jump through all the movements of the competition, and then add up the scores of all the competitions, and the one with more scores wins. 3. The action of diving competition must be selected in the "action difficulty table" of diving competition rules. 4. In the springboard diving competition, men and women have 6 and 5 optional moves without difficulty coefficient limit and 5 optional moves with difficulty coefficient limit respectively, and the sum of difficulty coefficients shall not exceed 9.5. 5. In the platform diving competition, men and women have 6 and 4 optional moves without difficulty coefficient limit and 4 optional moves with difficulty coefficient limit respectively, and the total difficulty coefficient shall not exceed 7.6. 6. According to the regulations of the International Swimming Technical Committee, all Olympic diving competitions and world diving competitions must be held in preliminaries and finals, and 12 athletes with the best performance will be selected from the preliminaries to participate in the finals. In the final, all the actions in the preliminaries must be repeated, and the winner is the one with the highest total score in the final, which is also adopted by China. 7. Athletes' competition actions must be selected in groups and cannot be repeated. 8. In diving competition, every movement that an athlete chooses to jump must be completed at one time, and repeated jumps are not allowed. General knowledge 1. World diving management organization: FINA (FINA) 2. The important international diving competitions are the World Diving Championships and the European Diving Championships. 3. Referees are generally composed of seven referees (specialists), one referee and two secretaries (recorders). The chief referee's duty is to manage the competition process and supervise the referee's work. 4. The six formal movements of diving are forward diving, backward diving, reverse diving, inward diving, turn diving and arm-standing diving. Springboard diving does not require handstand diving. But the six movements of platform diving are necessary. 5. Athletes' movements in the finals: Springboard events: men's 1 1 movements (5 required movements, 6 optional movements) and women's 10 movements. Platform events: 6 movements for men and 5 movements for women. 6. The prescribed movements are forward diving, backward diving, reverse diving, inward diving and forward diving for half a week. These dives can be straight, bent or tuck. 7. In the process of completing the movement, athletes can use several postures to complete it: straight body, arbitrary posture, bending body or hugging knees. 8. Athletes can enter the water with their feet or heads first. When the head enters the water first, the body must keep the vertical toes straight and close together. Put your arms above your head, in line with your body, and put your hands together. Group, posture, quantity and difficulty coefficient of diving movements There are many kinds of diving movements in athletics diving. According to the current rules of international diving competition, there are 87 different types of diving movements. The diving movements of the action group are divided into the following six levels according to the direction of the athletes standing before take-off and the direction of their body movements after take-off. 1 group-dive forward facing the pool. The second group-diving backwards facing the springboard (platform). The third group-reverse diving facing the pool. The fourth group-diving inward facing the springboard (platform). Group 5-twist diving. Team 6-arm diving (platform diving only). Diving posture. It can be divided into four types: straight (represented by "A"), bent (represented by "B"), tuck (represented by "C") and somersault (represented by "D"), which are represented by English letters A, B, C and D respectively in international diving rules. Action number Each diving action has its own number to indicate the action group and the number of somersaults. For example, the numbers of 65438+ 100m platform 1 ~ 4 movements all use 3 digits. The first number represents the action group; The second number represents the flying action (if the second number is "0", it means there is flying action in service), and the third number represents the number of somersaults ("1" is half a week, "2" is a week, "3" is a week and a half, and so on). For example, "20 1" means that the second group dives backwards and flips half a turn; "305" refers to the third group of reflexive somersaults for two and a half weeks; "1 13" means to fly forward and somersault for one and a half times. The fifth group uses 4 digits to indicate the steering action. The first digit indicates the fifth group (especially the twist diving); The second digit indicates the direction of somersault; The third digit indicates the number of somersaults; The fourth digit indicates the number of turns, and the calculation method is the same as before. For example, in the action of "5 136", "5" means the fifth group diving, "1" means the forward tumbling of 1 group, "3" means one and a half weeks, and "6" means three weeks. Another example is the "5337" movement, which refers to the fifth round. The third group of reflexive diving directions is used to complete somersaults and turns for one and a half weeks and three and a half weeks. The sixth group of arm-standing movements also use three fingers. The first digit indicates the sixth group (especially arm diving); The second digit indicates the direction of arm diving; The third digit indicates the number of somersaults (calculation method is the same as above). For example, in the action of "6 14", "6" means that the sixth group dives vertically, "1" means that the first group rolls forward in the diving direction, and "4" means that it rolls for two weeks. Another example is "632", which refers to the arm-standing diving action of the sixth group, and somersaults in the reverse diving direction. The movement difficulty coefficient indicates the difficulty for athletes to complete the movement. The rules of international diving competition determine the corresponding difficulty coefficient for each diving action, which is determined according to the difference of action group, competition events (springboard, platform), instrument height, action posture and the number of somersaults and turns. When diving, athletes have simple movements and low difficulty coefficient; When the action is complex, the difficulty coefficient is high. For example: 3m board 1O3 B, difficulty coefficient 1.6. 10m platform 307 C, with difficulty coefficient of 3.4. For the same action, the difficulty coefficient is different because of the different height of the instrument. For example, the difficulty coefficient of 1 meter board is 3.0, and the difficulty coefficient of 3 meter board is 2.7. At present, the highest difficulty listed in the difficulty table of international diving competition rules is; The difficulty coefficients of 3m board 109C and 307C, 10M platform 109C are all 3.5. China's Development Since China participated in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, it has vigorously developed diving events, and the 10 meter platform is China's dominant event. Gao Min, Fu Mingxia, Tian Liang, Hu Jia and Xu Yanmei are the absolute kings of this project. At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China won three gold medals, including women's singles, women's doubles and men's doubles. Unfortunately, I missed the men's singles gold medal. China celebrity/KOOC-0/988 Seoul Olympic champion Xu Yanmei Name: Xu Yanmei Gender: Female Date of Birth:/KOOC-0/97/KOOC-0/Place of Birth: Nanchang Sports, Jiangxi: Diving Xu Yanmei Sports Experience: 8 years old practicing gymnastics in amateur sports school,/KOOC-0/0 years old joined Jiangxi diving team,/KOOC-0/0. Xu Yanmei's best performance: Xu Yanmei, the gold medal winner of diving women's 10 meter platform in the 24th Olympic Games, sports performance: 1985 won the 3 meter springboard championship in Group B in the world diving championship for different ages, 1987 won the women's team championship in the 5th World Cup diving competition held in the Netherlands, 1987. Won the women's team championship and mixed team championship in the 6th World Cup 1988, won the women's platform diving championship in the 24th Olympic Games 1990, won the platform diving crown in the Beijing Asian Games, and has the reputation of "Oriental Ruby". Xu Yanmei won the championship:1988 September 17, and Xu Yanmei of China won the championship in the 24th Seoul Olympic Games. This is the first gold medal won by the China delegation at this Olympic Games. (Olympic champion) Xu Yanmei Honor: 1987 was elected as the world's best diver of the year by American Swimming World magazine; 1988 was rated as the first of the top ten athletes in China; He was awarded the National Sports Medal of Honor and the title of National March 8th Red Flag Bearer and New Long March Assaulter. Xu Yanmei's current situation: working in the Sports Research Department of Hainan Provincial Department of Culture and Sports. Tian Liang, winner of Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, name: Tian Liang Gender: male height: 1.68 Date of birth:1August 26, 979 Place of birth: Chongqing Sports: diving experience: he started diving in Chongqing amateur sports school in the first grade of primary school, 1987 joined the Sichuan team for training,/kloc-0. Best result: 65438+ 100 m gold medal in men's diving in Sydney Olympic Games in 2000: third place in men's platform diving in Hubei International Diving Open 1994, platform champion in national championship 1994, and third place in men's platform diving in Chun Yan Cup International Diving Invitational Tournament held in Moscow 1995. In the Alamo International Diving Grand Prix held in the United States, he cooperated with Xu to win the men's platform synchronized diving champion 1995. In the men's platform synchronized diving competition held in the United States, he won the championship with Xiao Cooperation 1995, and won the men's platform diving champion 65438 in the diving competition of the third city games held in Nanjing. Cooperate with teammates to win the men's team and mixed team championship 1995, the platform champion of the four countries 1996, the fourth place in the men's platform diving competition of Atlanta Olympic Games 1997, the world cup diving champion 10, and the mixed team champion 1997. In the diving competition of the 8th National Games held in Shanghai, he won the men's 100 meter platform runner-up 1998 Chengdu National Championship and 1998 Asian Games champion 1999 World Cup in New Zealand. Platform and synchronized platform champion (with Sun) 65438+199 Chengdu National Championship 100 meter platform runner-up+099 Mexico Grand Prix Finals defeated Suoding to win the championship, 2000 World Cup defeated Suoding, and 2000 national championship single and synchronized platform champion. Stepping off the platform, the synchronized platform champion (together with Huang Qiang) won the men's 10 meter platform gold medal in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. 2004 Athens Olympic champion Hu Jia Name: Hu Jia Gender: Male Date of birth: 1983 10 Place of birth: Wuhan, Hubei Height: 170cm Weight: 50. Personal hobbies: music, computer, travel registration unit: Guangdong Sports: diving coach now: Zhong Shaozhen Olympic Games registration items: platform jumping (single and double) Best results: the 2004 Olympic men's 10 meter platform single champion went straight to Athens 15 at 20:30 on September. Diving champion Hu Jia visited China Olympic Star Sports Experience: 1993, and started diving at Shantou Diving School. Joined Guangdong team from 65438 to 0994, with Tan Liangde and Li Qing as coaches. 1998 was selected for the national team. The coach is Zhong Shaozhen's main achievement: he won the men's10m platform in the final of FINA Diving Grand Prix in 2000 and the men's10m platform singles in Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. Double runner-up 200 1 ninth world swimming championship men's doubles 10 platform champion 200 1 ninth national games men's 10 platform runner-up 2002 national diving championship men's doubles 10 platform champion, single runner-up 2002 world cup diving men's team champion, men's doubles. Kloc-0/0m platform single champion American men10m platform double champion 2005 FINA diving grand prix Canadian men10m platform runner-up 2005 FINA diving grand prix Zhuhai men10m platform single runner-up Fu Mingxia, Double 1992 Barcelona Olympic champion Name: Fu Mingxia Gender: Female Origin: Wuhan, Hubei Birthday: 1988+00 meter platform champion is only 14 years old, and she is the youngest champion in Olympic history. Later, her photo appeared on the cover of Time magazine in the United States, which also set a precedent for China athletes. The year before last, she also won the platform champion in the 6th World Championship, becoming the youngest world champion and being recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records. 1996 At the Atlanta Olympic Games, she won both the springboard and the springboard, becoming the second person to win the diving championship in succession after Gao Min won the 3m springboard in Seoul and Barcelona Olympic Games, which is also a world record. Fu Mingxia's personality and advantages: introverted, but outgoing to acquaintances. Hard training and high understanding. Steady movements and good psychological quality. The contest is experienced and has the temperament of a leader. Fu Mingxia retired after the Eighth National Games, and returned on 1999. He joined the national training team in early March 2000. After his comeback, his performance rose steadily, and Fu Mingxia consolidated his position in the fourth trial in mid-April. In September, he went to the Olympic Games for the third time and won the gold medal and silver medal in the 3m springboard with Guo Jingjing. Fu Mingxia's successful course: 1988 participated in the training of the national training team, and 1990 officially joined the China diving team. Participated in the Seattle Goodwill Games and won the women's platform diving championship. 199 1 participated in the sixth world championship and won the platform diving championship. Become the youngest world champion and be recorded in Guinness World Records. 1992 participated in the Barcelona Olympic Games and won the 10 meter platform championship. Become the youngest Olympic gold medal winner in the history of diving in the world. 1994 participated in the 7th World Championships and won the platform championship. 1995 participated in the 9th World Cup, 1996 won the springboard championship and runner-up, participated in the 26th Atlanta Olympic Games, won the platform and springboard double crown, and retired. 1998 came back 1999 participated in the national championship and won the third place in the 3m springboard; Participated in the national championship and won the third place in the 3 m springboard; Participated in the World University Games and won the 3-meter springboard and 10-meter platform championship. Participated in the World Cup in 2000 and won the single runner-up in the 3m springboard; Participated in the national diving championship and won the first place in the 3 m springboard synchronized and the second place in the single; Participated in the 27th Sydney Olympic Games, won the champion of 3m springboard and the runner-up of synchronized events. In 2002, she married Hong Kong Finance Minister Antony Leung and gave birth to a daughter in 2003. Gave birth to a son in 2007. Recently, Fu Mingxia gave birth to a third child, which is known to be a boy. 10m platform champion Gao Min Name: Gao Min Gender: Girls Day:1September 7, 970 Height:1.62m Native place: Zigong, Sichuan Project: Diving loved to play with water since childhood, learned to swim at the age of four, entered Zigong Junior Amateur Sports School in Sichuan for gymnastics training at the age of nine, and was later attracted by diving coaches in the swimming pool of the sports school. Join the Sichuan diving team from 65438 to 0980. 1983 Participated in the 4th World Swimming Championships for Different Age Groups and won two diving championships in the same age group. In the same year, he was awarded the title of athlete. 1985 was selected for the national training team. 1986 In the 5th World Swimming Championships, at the age of 15, she won the springboard diving championship with 582.42 points, becoming the highest score in the history of the World Championships, and won the women's team championship with the cooperation of her teammates. In the same year, he won the championship in the former GDR International Diving Competition and Canada Cup International Diving Competition. 1987 won the gold medal in springboard diving in the 5th diving world cup. 1988 The 24th Olympic Games won the gold medal in springboard diving with an absolute advantage of 580.23 points, achieving "three consecutive championships" and becoming the first gold medal winner in China. In the same year, she also won the women's springboard diving championship in the international diving invitational tournament held in New Zealand and Australia and the international diving competition held in Canada. 1989 In the diving competition of the 6th World Cup, she won the women's one-meter springboard and three-meter springboard, and was a member of the China team who won the women's team championship and mixed team championship. 1990 champion of one-meter springboard and three-meter springboard in Australia international diving competition; In the same year, he won the three-meter springboard championship in China International Diving Competition; In the same year, he won the three-meter springboard championship in Jinan four-nation diving competition; In the same year, she won two gold medals in the diving competition of the second goodwill games held in the United States, the one-meter springboard and the three-meter springboard, and in the diving competition of the 11th Asian Games held in Beijing in the same year, she won two gold medals in the one-meter springboard and the three-meter springboard, and won the women's team gold medal with her teammates. 1992 won the women's springboard diving championship in the 25th Olympic Games. It is characterized by graceful figure, light movement and good stability, especially the technology of pressing water into the water. She is the only female diver in the world who has broken the 600 mark. Her technical difficulty and stability have far surpassed any opponent, and she is a well-deserved springboard diving queen in the world today. 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been awarded the best diver in the world for three consecutive years by American Swimming World magazine. 1983 won the title of athlete. 1986 was awarded the title of international sportsman. 1989 was awarded the medal of honor for sports by the State Sports Commission for four times. 1986, 1987 and 1988 were rated as the top ten divers in China. 1988, 1989 and 1990 were rated as the top ten athletes in China. 1989 was rated as one of the outstanding athletes in the 40 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1988, 1990, the All-China Women's Federation awarded her the title of national "March 8th" red flag bearer. 1988 was awarded the National May 1st Labor Medal and the title of National Advanced Worker by the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Huo Liang, champion of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games/Lin Yue On August 26th, at 6:38+04:30 pm, Lin Yue and Huo Liang won the gold medal in men's doubles 18 with a total score of 468. This was the seventh gold medal for the China delegation. German team Sa Klein and partner Pa Hastings overtook Russia to win the silver medal at the last minute, and their score was 450.42, while Galperin/dobroskok won the bronze medal with a total score of 450.26. In the competition, each pair of finalists must complete 6 movements, including 2 required movements and 4 optional movements. In the first round, Lin Yue/Huo Liang appeared in the first round for the seventh time. In the whole set of movements, the two started abnormally synchronously, and the movements of walking, jumping and entering the water were very coherent, and the water was clean and neat. Finally, they got 57.0 points close to perfect score, ranking first. In the second round, the required action is inward diving, and the second action is Lin Yue/Huoliang diving inward. Take-off, tumbling and diving got 59.40 points in one breath, and the total score reached 1 16.40 points. Lin Yue/Huoliang continues to rank first. In the third round of optional movements, Lin Yue/Huo Liang did a back flip for two and a half weeks and rotated for one and a half weeks. They cooperated quite tacitly, but the synchronization was a little insufficient, but the effect of entering the water was well controlled, and finally they got a high score of 89.76. At the end of the third round, China continued to occupy the first place with a total score of 206. 16. In the fourth round, Lin Yue/Huo Liang's optional action was 407C, and their cooperation was almost impeccable. The referee scored a high score of 86.40 points for the actions such as board walking, take-off, kick-off and diving, and their total score reached 292.56 points, which continued to top the list. In the fifth round, Lin Yue/Huo Liang's optional action was a reverse somersault for three and a half weeks. The whole set of movements is completed cleanly, the take-off height is very high, and the whole set of movements is uniform. Finally got 86.70 points, and Lin Yue/Huoliang's lead has been expanded to 26.6 points. In the last round, Lin Yue/Huo Liang made the last jump of 5255B. The two men worked well together. Coupled with the benefits of board walking, jumping, opening and entering the water, the referee scored 468. 18 to win the championship. German player Sa Klein and partner Pa Hastings overtook the Russian team to win the silver medal, and Galperin/dobroskok won the bronze medal. On the afternoon of August 12, Chen, the champion of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, won the third gold medal in the water cube of the National Aquatics Center. Chen, a 6-year-old girl from Nantong, Jiangsu Province who participated in the Olympic Games for the first time, cooperated tacitly with her teammates of the same age, adding another gold medal to the dream team with a score of 363.54, which was also the 1 1 gold medal won by the China sports delegation at this Olympic Games. On the evening of August 2 1 Sunday, Taipei time, in the women's diving 10 platform final of the 29th Beijing Olympic Games, Chen finally defeated Canadian star hymans with the highest score of the last jump 100.30, and won the championship with a total score of 447.70, winning the 46th gold medal for the China delegation in the Beijing Olympic Games. At the same time, it was 10 after the China diving team lost its gold medal in Sydney and Athens Olympic Games. Canadian star hymans won the runner-up; Another China teenager, Wang Xin, won the bronze medal with 429.90 points.