In the pre-Qin era, special judgments had not yet been formed. In addition to occasionally using "yes" to judge, on the one hand, the modal particle "ye" is used to assist judgment, and "Wei" is used to express weak judgment; On the other hand, adverbs are widely used to express judgments. This phenomenon has existed from ancient times to the Middle Ages, from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese. As we all know, the predicates of ancient and modern Chinese judgment sentences can generally be served by nouns or noun phrases, and such predicates can be modified by adverbs. So what adverbs in classical Chinese can modify noun predicates and express judgments? This is a long-standing controversial issue. We believe that range adverbs are "all, all, all, all, all, only"; Modal adverbs such as "must, sincerity, goodness, namely, then, nai, truth, righteousness and happiness"; Time adverbs such as "element, essence, reality, total, qi, time"; Modal adverbs such as "almost, should, and start"; Negative adverbs such as "Fei, Fei" and so on. Both can express judgment, but they are still adverbs.
2. How to judge the sentence patterns of classical Chinese and the marker words (be more detailed, preferably with examples)? What sentence patterns are there in classical Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese? There are several types, such as judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, inverted sentence (special sentence) and fixed structure. Judgment sentences and passive sentences should be mastered from the structural characteristics, ellipsis sentences should be related to the context to infer the omitted part, inversion sentences should master the rules of preposition object, attribute postposition, verb inversion and adverbial postposition, and fixed sentences should remember their own idioms. General sentence pattern 1. ) Zhao Zhiliang will also be a general. At the end of the sentence, it is judged that Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a handsome man of Qi. (3) Judge "four people, the youngest of Luling, the father of Changle, the father of the Jade Emperor's Anping and the father of An Chun" (4) Use the verb "or" for "or". Not for profit (2) You are a big family (5) Adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "ze", "ben", "sincerity" and "su" are used to express positive judgment, and the tone is strengthened, and "no" is used to express negative judgment (1). (2) This is the autumn when sincerity is at stake. (3) Liang Jiang is a dangerous autumn for Chu. Bear's paw is what I want, too ⑧ Give it to non-literati painters. (6) Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) The word "yes" that appears before the predicate in the sentence of "special reminder" is generally not a judgment word, but a demonstrative pronoun. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, but it was used more and more frequently after the Han Dynasty. Secondly, the so-called passivity in passive sentences means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior represented by the verb, not the active and implementer. There is a sign (1) that smiles at the world with "Wei" or "Wei …". "(... laughed at by the world)" (giant) is far away from the county seat and will be merged by others. ("Zi" (2) Can you complain about being slandered by negative and loyal people by using "Bei"? "(loyalty is vilified by others, can you not dislike it? (3) Use "see" or "see ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. This situation refers to passive sentences that are not verbalized. For example, "Jingzhou people attached symbols, forcing soldiers to listen to orders." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) The "forcing soldiers" here means "being forced by the military situation". "Attention" and "seeing" have special usages and tables. Putting it before the verb means that the action is biased to one side, which is a polite expression of "how to look at yourself", such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese, which will be explained in detail later. 3. The subject of the ellipsis sentence (1) omits the wild snake in Yongzhou, and the snake is black and white ... (2) The predicate is omitted. All three drums have been used up. (3) The omission of the verb object is as great as merit, and worship (referring to Lin Xiangru) is a noble person. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (4) Ellipsis of prepositional object is what this person said and heard (5) Ellipsis of preposition. The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan. Interrogative modal particles (Hu, Zhu, Zai, Yi, Ye, etc. ) and interrogative adverbs (qi, du, qi, etc. ). Sometimes you don't need interrogative words. In addition, there are some idioms to express rhetorical questions. There are no examples here. Special sentence patterns The following examples are used to translate and explain several special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese. You are too clever. (2) You can worry about other people's difficulties. (The new thief saves Zhao) Translation: "Where can I be anxious about the difficulties of others? "Second, the pronoun preposition object in the negative sentence of preposition object: subject+negative word' no, no, mo, no, fu'+object' Yu, Wu, Er, Zi, Zhi, it is'+verb (1) Three years old, I don't care (say ② People don't agree with my translation: "But people at that time didn't agree with him". (3) Qin people can't help feeling sorry for themselves. 4 don't be unconfident. There is no such thing as "I can't be the king of the world" (Qi Huan Jin Dynasty Story). There is also an idiom: "I don't lie to you, you don't lie to me." Second, the whole sentence must be negative, that is, there must be negative adverbs such as "bu, Wei, Wu (nothing)" or indefinite pronouns's "Mo". Pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words. In the' 2' question, the pronoun preposition object (1) is placed before the verb. The format is: subject and ten objects' who, Hu, He,. (1) Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" Sean asked justice, "What did the king bring when he came?"? ""(2) Ask the woman what she thinks? Translation: "Ask your daughter what she is thinking?" .
3. How to judge whether a sentence in classical Chinese is a translation of a judgment sentence, which contains the flavor of "something is something", that is, a judgment sentence.
The basic condition for the formation of ancient Chinese judgment sentences is that nominal words directly act as predicates. Moreover, the modal particle "ye" can be used after the predicate to strengthen the judgment tone. You can also refer to the subject with the pronoun "zhe" after the subject. Thus, according to the usage of "zhe" and "ye", there are four basic forms of judgment sentences in ancient Chinese.
1, subject, predicate+"ye". ("system, rock wood also." )
2. Subject+"zhe" and predicate+"ye". ("Soldiers, killing weapons." )
3. Subject+"zhe", predicate. ("Soldiers, killing weapons." )
4. Subject and predicate. ("soldier, murder weapon." )
Adverbs often appear as adverbials between the subject and predicate of a judgment sentence. For example, the adverb "Fei" is used to express a negative judgment.
Negative judgments such as: "The body is not vegetation"; "The words of right and wrong gentlemen are also". Although the word "Fei" here can be translated into "Fei", its part of speech is an adverb, not a copula.
Another example is to use modal adverbs such as "Ze", "namely", "Cheng" and "Nai" to strengthen the judgment mood, and to use range adverb "Jing" to express the scope of judgment, which is also a common situation in judgment sentences.
"This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower." "Liang's father is Chu General Xiang Yan." "This is a crucial autumn." "I am from A Liang." "It is the sin of Qin." Several sentences with the verb "Wei" also express judgment, such as "I am a boy"
4. In ancient Chinese, how do you tell which sentence is a judgment sentence ... is this a sign of judgment? The most striking feature of the nonsense judgment sentence in classical Chinese upstairs is that the judgment word "yes" is basically not used to express it, but a noun or noun phrase is often used as a predicate to judge the subject directly. The sentence pattern is as follows: first, ".
,.
Yes "This is the most common form of judgment in classical Chinese. The subject followed by "zhe" means Teton, which has a soothing effect. The predicate is followed by "ye" to make a positive judgment or explanation of the subject. For example, "Chen She is from Yangcheng" (Historical Records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng. Second, ".
,。
In the judgment sentence "Ye", sometimes "Zhe" and "Ye" do not necessarily appear at the same time. Generally, "zhe" is omitted and only "ye" is used to judge. For example, Cao Cao is a thief in China (sub-Jian), the third chapter.
,.
Some judgments only use the word "zhe" after the subject to express Teton, which is not common. For example, "four people, Lu's, Changle Wang's father, Yu Ping's father, and An Chun's father." (Wang Anshi's trip to Baochan Mountain) Chapter 5.
The modal particle "this also" is used at the end of the sentence to strengthen the positive tone. At this time, the "person" does not refer to the Tetons, but only acts as an agent. This kind of judgment sentence is also very common in classical Chinese. For example, "Xu Gong in the north of the city is also more beautiful than Qi" (Warring States Policy). Qi Ce)-Duke Xu in the north of the city is a beauty of Qi. Judging directly by semantic expression. For example, Liu Bei is a hero in the world (Battle of Red Cliffs by Sima Guang) and Liu Yuzhou's Abdomen (ibid.) 7. Sometimes in classical Chinese, adverbs such as "Nai, Bi, Yi, that is, sincerity, completeness, then, ear" are often added before the verb predicate. This form is also more common. For example, "When you stand, you are your son Fu Su" (Sima Qian's Chen She Family) and "This is the Grand View of Yueyang Tower" (Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower). Eighth, use verbs "for" and "yes" to express judgment. It should be noted that the "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but an indicative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence, and not all the "yes" in some judgment sentences indicate judgment. It is rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese before Qin dynasty, but it is used in Chinese. (Sima Qian's "The Hongmen Banquet") You ask what the world is. You don't know that there are Han people, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. "(Tao Yuanming's" Peach Blossom Garden ")" The giant is a mortal, and if he is partial to the distant county, he will be merged. " (Sima Guang, "Battle of Red Cliffs") "The voice in the stone is loud, and it is everywhere." (Yes, pronouns, so ..
5. When is the expression (yes) in classical Chinese? In the pre-Qin era, special judgment words were not formed.
In addition to occasionally using "yes" to judge, on the one hand, the modal particle "ye" is used to assist judgment, and "Wei" is used to express weak judgment; On the other hand, adverbs are widely used to express judgments. This phenomenon has existed from ancient times to the Middle Ages, from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese.
As we all know, the predicates of ancient and modern Chinese judgment sentences can generally be served by nouns or noun phrases, and such predicates can be modified by adverbs. So what adverbs in classical Chinese can modify noun predicates and express judgments? This is a long-standing controversial issue. We believe that range adverbs are "all, all, all, all, all, only"; Modal adverbs such as "must, sincerity, goodness, namely, then, nai, truth, righteousness and happiness"; Time adverbs such as "element, essence, reality, total, qi, time"; Modal adverbs such as "almost, should, and start"; Negative adverbs such as "Fei, Fei" and so on. Both can express judgment, but they are still adverbs.
6. Special sentence patterns and sentence components in classical Chinese What are the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese? Please attach some examples. A sentence consists of subject, predicate, object, complement, attribute and adverbial. Several common special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese mainly include: judgment sentence pattern, passive sentence pattern, inverted sentence pattern, ellipsis sentence pattern, interrogative sentence pattern, negative sentence pattern and so on. The most striking feature of classical Chinese judgment sentences is that the judgment word "yes" is basically not used, but nouns or noun phrases are often used as predicates to judge the subject. The sentence pattern is as follows: 1, ". Zhe. Leaves. "This is the most common form of judgment in classical Chinese. After the subject, the word "zhe" means pause, which has a soothing effect. A positive judgment or explanation of the subject. For example, "Chen She is from Yangcheng" (Historical Records) 2. ",."Yeh "sometimes" zhe "and" ye "do not necessarily appear at the same time in the judgment sentence. Generally, "zhe" is omitted and only "ye" is used to judge. For example, "leaf" is used to judge. This situation is not common, such as: four people, your father, Changle Wang's father, Yu's father, and An Shangchun's father. (Wang Anshi's Travel Notes of Baochan) 4. "This is also used with the modal particle" this is also "at the end of the sentence to express a positive tone. At this time, "zhe" does not refer to Tetons, but only. The beauty of qi is also. "("Warring States Policy ". Qi ce) the unmarked judgment sentence in classical Chinese is unmarked, and the noun is judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) In addition, in classical Chinese, in order to strengthen the judgment mood, the adverb "Nai, Bi, Yi, that is" is often added before the verb predicate. Generally speaking, the word "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is not a judgment sentence, but a demonstrative pronoun and the subject of the judgment sentence. However, it is not that the word "yes" in some judgment sentences does not represent judgment. In ancient pre-Qin Chinese, "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word, but it was more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty. Also, the adverb before the affirmative judgment predicate and the negative adverb "no" before the negative judgment predicate are not judgments. The subject of a passive sentence is a passive person, a patient, not an active person or agent, and is expressed by a predicate verb. There are two main types of passive sentences in ancient Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences. Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: 1. "Yu" plays the role of introducing the initiative in action. For example, "Zheng Xiu is in civil strife, and Zhang Yi is bullying outside." ("Historical Records". Biographies of Qu Yuan) The actions of "confusing" and "deceiving" here were made by Zheng Xiu and Zhang Yi after "Yu". Be subject to others. "("History as a Mirror ") 3. Use "see", "metaphor" and "see". Yu "to express passivity. For example, "Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, only seeing bullying." ("Historical Records, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" "I am afraid that I will see the deceiver and lose Zhao." (ditto) "suddenly see the king. For example, "Ji Jun is really angry" ("Reply to Sima's suggestion") The word "see" here is not passive, but a polite way to express yourself before giving a rich verb, such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese. Use "for" and "for" to express passivity, such as "(the giant) will see Ding Mao in March." (Zhang Pu's Tomb Monument of Five People) An unmarked passive sentence refers to a passive sentence without verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attached symbols, forcing soldiers to listen to orders." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) "Forced soldiers" here means "forced by soldiers". Generally, it is "Wang-predicate-object" and "Ding (form)-head word", but in classical Chinese, the order of sentence components will change under certain conditions, which is the so-called inverted sentence in ancient Chinese, that is, the order of some sentence components in classical Chinese is reversed. There are mainly the following inversion forms: 1, subject-predicate inversion (predicate preposition or subject) is usually placed after the subject, but sometimes in order to emphasize and highlight the meaning of the predicate, in some questions or exclamations, the predicate is placed before the subject. For example, "What a shame!" ("Yu Gong Yi Shan") is actually "You don't know how to appreciate! "2. In the classical Chinese of prepositional object, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the object will also come before it. The conditions are as follows: first, in interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. In such a sentence, the object of a preposition is also a preposition. For example, "Is Pei Hongan there? The key of this kind of sentence is interrogative pronouns as objects (such as who, he, Li, Hu, evil, An, Yan, etc.). It is worth noting that the object of the preposition "one" is more active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be prepositioned. For example, "the rest is to remember, so. "Pronouns are used as objects and prepositional objects. There are two points to pay attention to in this kind of sentence. One is negative sentences (there must be negative words such as "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "nothing" and "nothing" in general sentences); Second, pronouns are used as objects. For example, the normal word order should be "Don't make promises when people are around" (Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang). Third, use "zhi" or "Shi" to bring the object before the verb and emphasize the object. At this time, "zhi" is only the symbol of prepositional object, which has no practical significance. For example,
7. Words expressing honorific words in ancient classical Chinese are names given by the ancients when they were young, and taken by adults (male 20 years old, female 15 years old). There is a meaningful connection between words and names.
Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.
Book names are also called alias numbers and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.
Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. In ancient posthumous title, after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes, they were called posthumous title.
For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong. Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death".
Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number. For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name.
Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building). According to legend, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan).
There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren." The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu.
Although Han Yu, known as the king of the county, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", because the Han surname of Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was an aristocratic family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli. For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County.
It is called "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu. In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his troops wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his troops to make a bright future". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position.
"Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much." "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou.
It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su. The title of "training frugality to show health" is "the luxury crown in recent years", the title of Kou Zhun is Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong is a provincial title.
In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty. Liu Jingting biography: "Ningnan South, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan, Gongting in the shogunate". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty.
For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity. Official land refers to the place name of official land.
Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place. Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection.
Also known as "four people, Lu Zhi, the father of Changle Wang, the father of Yu, and the father of An Shangchun", the first two people are also called native place, name and character, and the last two people write the relationship with the author first, then the name and character; "Five Tomb Monuments" "The wise men are Wu Gong, the Taishi Wen Qi Wengong and Meng Changyao Yegong", the first two are called official positions, characters and surnames, and the last one is called characters and surnames; Meihualing is called official posthumous title, also known as surname, official position and first name. "Sheng Zhi" is called "official position, native place and honorific title".