His surname was Huang for most of his life, and he didn't restore his ancestral surname until he was 4 1 year old.
To understand the reason, we should go back to Kuang Zhong's grandfather, Kuang Yuan.
Kuang Yuan lived in the late Yuan Dynasty.
At that time, it coincided with the fierce battle between the Yuan Army and the peasant uprising army near Jing 'an County, and the Kuangyuan family was killed in the war.
Later, in Kuang Zhong's Poems of Scholar, he implicitly pointed out that his grandfather Kuangyuan's family seemed to have died at the hands of peasant rebels.
However, Zhu Maoyuan Zhang was a member of the peasant uprising army, and the regime of the Ming Dynasty was also based on the peasant armed forces, so the misfortune of Kuang Zhong's family was obscure and rarely mentioned.
This year, Kuang Zhong's father, Kuang Zhongqian, was just six years old. He survived, but unfortunately he became an orphan.
Huang Shengzu, a neighbor of Kuang's family, had no son, so he adopted Kuang Zhongqian as his adopted son.
Kuang Zhongqian changed his surname to Huang Zhongqian.
The Huang family is rich, but Huang Zhongqian is not wronged.
Later, he had two sons, the eldest son Huang Zhong, the later Kuang Zhong and the second son Huang Yong.
In fact, Huang Zhongqian is not only the only descendant of the Kuang family, but also the only person in the Huang family who inherits the incense.
He had a fierce ideological struggle on the issue of returning to the Sect.
He once wanted to restore his original surname, but it was difficult to repay the kindness of the Huang family. This dilemma made him unable to choose.
Since you can't have it both ways, you can only do something about your two sons.
So when he died, he left a will, asking his eldest son, Huang Zhong, to restore his original surname, and his second son, Huang Yong, to continue to be a descendant of Huang and continue the fire of Huang.
Huang Zhong kept his father's will in mind, but did not change his surname immediately.
Until many years later, Huang Zhong went to the etiquette department to be an official, and went to Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji to play "Please compound your surname" and asked for a compound surname.
Zhu Zhanji not only agreed to his request, but also promulgated the compound surname system, praising Huang Zhong's practice.
At the same time, the posthumous title compound surname system was promulgated to restore Huang Zhong's father, Huang Zhongqian, to his original surname, Kuang Zhongqian.
Huang Zhong was 47 years old when he returned to his old surname, and he has lived for more than half of his life.
Huang Zhong finally gave up his ancestor and was called Kuang Zhong.
When Kuang Zhong was a child, his family was poor, but his parents were very kind and hardworking.
Legend has it that a Taoist priest begged food from his family when he was extremely hungry. At this time, his family had no rice to cook, so his father killed the only hen to feed the Taoist priest.
The Taoist thanked the family for their help, so he pointed to the cliff and said, You can build a house in that place, even if you build a hut, your family will flourish.
The family believed it, so they moved to the cliff. Indeed, my mother was pregnant with Kuang Zhong the next year.
Kuang Zhong lost his mother at the age of seven and was tempered by life since childhood.
Smart, studious, straightforward, self-disciplined, familiar with etiquette and sensitive.
Kuang Zhong is very interested in calligraphy and practices hard. He writes well in block letters, official scripts and running scripts.
Kuang Zhong could have studied hard and gained fame according to his parents' wishes.
But in the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Yu Yi, the county magistrate, changed Kuang Zhong's life track.
Yu Yi needed a literate, capable and versatile scribe, and Kuang Zhong was chosen after a thousand choices.
Kuang Zhong's parents didn't want to, but Yu Yi said to them, "Since ancient times, many people started as bookkeepers and became senior officials, not to mention Xiao He in the Han Dynasty and Sun and Zhang in the Tang Dynasty. The former becomes the recommended doctor, while the latter becomes the doctor of gold and purple. What's wrong with being a bookkeeper? " Kuang Zhong put down his fame and followed Yu Yi as the official Cao Ali.
After nine years in office, Yu Yi introduced Kuang Zhong to Lu Zhen, then the minister of the Ministry of Rites, and was named the Lord of the Six Articles of Rites by Emperor Yongle.
Judy, the founder of Chengzu, has a great prejudice against bibliophiles, although she has a wide range of talents.
He once said: "If a knife and pen official knows the benefits but not the righteousness, and knows the meanness but not the overall situation, it will make people despise the court." Kuang Zhong started from the teachers of the law and was directly appointed by the emperor as an official of Zhengliupin, which shows that Kuang Zhong was very appreciated by Chengzu.
During his nine-year tenure, he was highly appreciated by the imperial court for his diligence, honesty, wide knowledge and hard work (only Emperor Yongle awarded him 3 1 time) and was promoted to the rank of doctor (the fourth prize).
Xuande five years (1430), recommended by Zhou Yi, an official at that time, was chosen as "the most complicated drama in the world" and the richest magistrate in Suzhou at that time.
The population and tax revenue of Suzhou government exceeded that of any government in China at that time. The governance of Suzhou government is directly related to the stability of the country, and the collection of tax and grain by Suzhou government will also directly affect the financial income of the court.
As early as the third year of Xuande (1428), Xuanzong had taken care of the official department's candidate for the magistrate of Suzhou Prefecture: "Suzhou Prefecture is a big county with many official duties. Hurry to find an honest and capable person to be the magistrate, and those who corrupt the law and tyrannize the people cannot be appointed." It can be seen that Suzhou house is in the emperor's mind.
Xuanzong chose Kuang Zhong as Suzhou magistrate, which showed that Kuang Zhong's ability and talent were affirmed by the emperor, and Kuang Zhong's integrity as an official also reassured the emperor.
Before Kuang Zhong and other nine people went to their posts, the emperor personally gave a banquet to see them off and issued letters.
In the imperial edict, the emperor gave specific guidance to their government affairs after they took office and gave them certain powers. The memorial can go directly to the headquarters, which means that they can contact the emperor directly, indicating the emperor's support for their administration.
Nine local officials, including Kuang Zhong, were appointed by imperial edicts, equivalent to imperial envoys. This is an unprecedented grace.
Facts have proved that Xuanzong's direct election of officials was very successful.
Later, most of these nine local officials made great achievements, and Kuang Zhong became more famous.
Kuang Zhong arrived in Xuande in July five years ago.
Kuang Zhong himself is an official, and he is well aware of the long-standing disadvantages of official management.
Therefore, he decided to start with rectifying official management.
Suzhou government has a heavy tax burden, and most of the petty officials are cunning and the most difficult to treat.
At the beginning of his arrival, Kuang Zhong quietly inspected his subordinate officials.
When Kuang Zhong was dealing with government affairs, these officials stood around him and gave him orders.
Kuang Zhong pretended not to understand government affairs and asked about government affairs, mostly according to the meaning of these officials.
These officials are very happy and think the new magistrate is stupid and incompetent.
Three days later, Kuang Zhong called a group of officials and asked them, "I had something to do before, but you wouldn't let me do it;" There are some things I shouldn't do. You make me do it.
You corrupt and pervert the law, deceiving the upper and deceiving the lower, damn it. "At the same time, he also read out the imperial edict issued by the emperor in public, which read" subordinate officials are evil and endanger the people. You can arrest them and escort them to the capital ".
These officials were shocked.
Kuang Zhong announced their crimes of corruption and bribery one by one, and immediately executed several people with particularly serious circumstances.
Seeing that Kuang Zhong was resolute and resourceful, the officials dared not provoke him again.
Subsequently, Kuang Zhong abolished a large number of mediocre and incompetent officials and punished a number of corrupt officials.
When Kuang Zhong escorted corrupt criminals and stolen money to Beijing, Xuanzong attached great importance to it. He said to his ministers, "the county magistrate is a model for a country, and we must start with honesty and integrity."
Kuang Zhong must be an honest man. Only after he is honest can he be greedy.
If the county magistrate can be greedy, corrupt officials will definitely be curbed! "Sure enough, through the renovation of Kuang Zhong, the bad atmosphere in Suzhou was reversed, the official management gradually became clear, and most people were law-abiding.
After Kuang Zhong took office, it was found that the Suzhou government's tax and food burden were too heavy, which was an urgent problem to be solved.
There are historical reasons for Suzhou's heavy taxation.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Suzhou House and Songjiang House were all within Zhang Shicheng's sphere of influence.
In the process of Zhu Mao Yuanzhang's unification, Zhang Shicheng and Zhu Yuanzhang waged a fierce struggle in Suzhou.
Therefore, after Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he took his anger out on the people of Suzhou and aggravated the land tax in this area.
At that time, some officials of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development also thought that Suzhou's land was more fertile than other regions, so they also intended to let Suzhou bear more state financial expenditures.
For example, at that time, Suzhou paid 28 1 mangoku for summer tax and autumn grain, while the total amount of summer tax and autumn grain in China was only about 3,000 stones. Suzhou Prefecture, whose arable land only accounts for 1. 1% of the country, has to bear 9.4% of the country's tax revenue.
When the people's economic burden is too heavy, there will be large-scale population flight and land abandonment.
Although the imperial court also issued a pardon and reduced taxes, it has been difficult to collect taxes and grains in Suzhou.
When Kuang Zhong arrived, Suzhou had been in arrears for four years.
With the support of Zuo Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Industry, Governor of the South of the Yangtze River, scholar and fellow countryman Zhou Chen, he repeatedly requested that Suzhou's heavy taxes be reduced or exempted.
At first, Zhou Chen and Kuang Zhong personally conducted investigation, research and accounting, and put forward a plan to reduce official land tax and grain by more than 720,000 stone.
However, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development did not approve it, considering that the amount of relief was too large, which would have an impact on the government's fiscal revenue and expenditure.
Later, Kuang Zhong requested that a large area of wasteland in Kunshan County be exempted from autumn grain; Kuang Zhong also requested that the coastal farmland along the river in the county that has been flooded and cannot be planted be exempted. The sum of the two items is nearly150,000 stone, but the Ministry of Housing is still not allowed to refute it.
Kuang Zhong has made strenuous efforts to reduce local taxes.
It was not until the seventh year of Xuande (1432) that Xuanzong personally asked about the official land tax and food relief, and Kuang Zhong's request was passed by the Ministry of Housing.
This greatly lightens the burden of Suzhou people, enables them to live and work in peace and contentment, and is also conducive to social stability.
Kuang Zhong also put forward practical methods to put an end to the disadvantages of paying taxes and paying grain.
He formulated a strict and unified system, strictly managed the vouchers used for tax and food stamps, and all the account books used in warehouses should be numbered and filled with the date of issue, and no alteration is allowed, in triplicate, which is convenient for verification and clear responsibility.
His suggestion was adopted by the court, which greatly reduced the fraud and corruption in the process of tax and grain collection.
Suzhou is a rich place, but people in Suzhou bear more exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes than people in other places.
Among them, "Japanese boats", "grain carriers" and "borrowing horses" are the most harmful.
Suzhou is not far from the coast, so it is easy to be harassed by the Japanese. The nearby health center has prepared more than 40 Japanese ships to prevent Japanese pirates.
In fact, these ships have not been used for many years.
However, the loyalists deliberately made things difficult for the local people on this ground, and extorted money in many ways in the name of repair costs.
After a detailed study, Kuang Zhong went to the court to expose the extortion of officers and men, and asked the court to stop this factionalism.
The court approved Kuang Zhong's request, and the people in Suzhou were relieved of a heavy burden.
"Water tanker" is a group of ships sent by seven counties in Suzhou every year to transport grain. This was originally a temporary measure, but it has been used ever since.
The number of ships deployed each year is about more than 500, but actually there are not so many, so it needs more than150,000 stone of grain when converted into ship building fees.
Kuang Zhong Shangshu pointed out that the original "unusual" things should not exist every year, but should be stopped, which is approved by the court.
As for "borrowing horses", it was an old problem many years ago.
During the years of Hongwu and Yongle, there was a horse shortage in Jiangbei. The court ordered the Suzhou government to temporarily lend horses to Jiangbei for breeding. There are more than 400 horses before and after, and it is agreed to return them in three years. Unexpectedly, more than 30 years have passed and the horse has not been returned. If the horses die, the original lender will have to buy them again.
Kuang Zhong went to the court to ask Jiangbei Station to return the horses of Suzhou House.
It was not until two years later, in the seventh year of Xuande, that this errand, which had dragged on for thirty years, ended.
Suzhou government not only recovered the lent horses, but also relieved the heavy burden of Suzhou government people.
In addition, the Ministry of Industry has received 800 pieces of three shuttles of cloth, and the distribution standard is unfair. The 11th government of Zhejiang Province only distributed 100 pieces of cloth, but the Suzhou government had to bear 700 pieces.
For these unfair apportionment, Kuang Zhong advocated seeking justice for Suzhou people.
Ming dynasty military fortress has guards, Suzhou has several guards, and each guard has thousands of soldiers.
According to the regulations, these soldiers are all of the same nationality and their descendants attack each other.
This practice is very unpopular. Therefore, as early as the Hongwu period, soldiers fled one after another, and the army was very chaotic.
In the third year of Xuande, the court sent an imperial envoy Li Li to Suzhou and other four companies to rectify the army.
In order to claim credit from the imperial court, Li Li assigned many innocent people to the army, even causing loss of life.
Suzhou government knows that Zhang Hui caters to Li Li and helps others to abuse her.
What they did caused great public dissatisfaction.
After Kuang Zhong arrived, 1000 people demanded that Kuang Zhong be rehabilitated for being wrongfully discharged from the army.
Kuang Zhong carefully inspected and cleaned up, and then reported the crimes of Li Li, Zhang Hui and others to the court.
Xuanzong was very shocked, so he ordered people to review and exempt more than 60 people from Suzhou/Kloc-0, and approved 1240 people to serve as military officers only for themselves, and their descendants were returned to the people.
Kuang Zhong has also taken measures to put an end to cheating in the process of army cleaning, and put this work on the right track.
Less than a year after Kuang Zhong became the magistrate of Suzhou, he rectified the bureaucracy, reduced taxes and grain, abolished a number of exorbitant taxes and levies, rehabilitated the people and won the hearts of the people.
People in Suzhou House love him very much and call him "the situation is clear".
Faced with many historical problems, Kuang Zhong did not shy away, but chose to face and solve them directly.
Kuang Zhong petitioned for the people, and most of them were approved by the emperor.
On the one hand, it shows Kuang Zhong's outstanding political talent and concern for the people; On the other hand, Xuanzong fulfilled his promise and supported Kuang Zhong's rule, which indirectly showed that Xuanzong was a wise king.
Just as he was sorting out the complicated government affairs and wanted to make a difference, his stepmother died in Jing 'an, his hometown.
In the sixth year of Xuande (143 1), Kuang Zhong returned to his hometown in March.
After Kuang Zhong left, Suzhou people missed him and once sang a ballad: The times are too conservative, and the people are their parents.
I am willing to come back and raise a child.
After Kuang Zhong left, people in Suzhou couldn't bear to part with him.
More than 30,000 people in Changzhou County jointly wrote to the court, requesting the court to let Kuang Zhong return to Suzhou.
At the request of the people, Zhu Zhanji, Xuanzong, decided to seize Kuang Zhong's favor (meaning that officials were forced to serve by the court before mourning) and let him go back to Suzhou as a magistrate.
He said to the official: "Let's meet the demands of the people.
Let Kuang Zhong be the magistrate of Suzhou Prefecture again, just go to his post directly, and don't have to come to Beijing to give thanks. "This is Kuang Zhong's second Suzhou magistrate.
Kuang Zhong was ordered to be reappointed. He was very grateful to the emperor for his special care and devoted himself to being a good local official.
In the seventh year of Xuande (1432), Kuang Zhong was reinstated.
In April this year, heavy rain fell in Suzhou, more than 7,000 hectares of fertile land were flooded, and a large number of houses and dikes collapsed.
While organizing disaster relief with county officials, Kuang Zhong reported the disaster situation in Suzhou to the court and asked the court to send someone to investigate and dredge Suzhou's water conservancy.
The court ordered Zhou Chen, the governor of the south of the Yangtze River, to dredge the water conservancy in Suzhou with Kuang Zhong.
Kuang Zhong is serious and responsible, and often visits the construction site.
He proposed a solution through careful investigation.
There are many inland rivers and lakes in Suzhou, and the polder fields along the riverside are low-lying and too large. Almost every polder has an area of three or four thousand mu to six or seven thousand mu, so it is very difficult to irrigate the field by car and water.
Kuang Zhong ordered people to reduce the polder to about 500 mu, and to open a canal next to the polder to connect with the river, so that it would be much easier for the polder to fight drought and drain water.
Since then, the drought and flood disasters in Suzhou have been greatly reduced.
Although there was a big flood in Suzhou in the spring of Xuande's seventh year, the autumn grain in Susong and other places was harvested that year.
Just as the imperial court ordered all localities to store food for the need of famine, Kuang Zhong, with the support of Zhou Chen, set up an agricultural warehouse.
At the peak, the grain reserve of the warehouse reached 6.9 million stones.
In the eighth year of Xuande (1433), a large-scale drought occurred in Suzhou, and1300,000 people were affected. At this time, the agricultural warehouse has played a great role.
In the ninth year of Xuande (1434), a serious drought occurred again in Suzhou, and the victims were relieved by the sufficient grain in agricultural storage.
Agricultural warehouses can play a better role without effective management in Kuang Zhong.
In Kuang Zhong, there are clear regulations on grain storage standards and the amount of loans.
Later, county-level agricultural warehouses were also established in all counties under Suzhou government.
Kuang Zhong was the magistrate of Suzhou for thirteen years. Although various disasters occurred in Suzhou during this period, the victims did not starve to death, and Suzhou has been relatively stable, which has a lot to do with his establishment of agricultural warehouses and giving full play to their functions.
Suzhou folk have good litigation habits. People often go to Beijing to complain, no matter how big or small, often a case involves several cases, involving dozens or hundreds of people.
This not only disturbed the normal social order, but also delayed farming.
In Kuang Zhong, the governor tried to make people complain.
As a result, Suzhou people go to Beijing to complain less, and lawsuits are generally tried by Kuang Zhong.
In addition, Kuang Zhong corrected the reckless behavior of the censors who visited the government.
Since then, the behavior of Suzhou censors has been restrained.
Although Kuang Zhong was born as a bookkeeper and didn't read too many books, he attached great importance to establishing schools and cultivating talents.
Most of the schools in Suzhou Prefecture are narrow and dark, which can't accommodate many students.
Xuande nine years, Kuang Zhong self-financing, not to apportion any fees to the public. It took only half a year to relocate and rebuild Confucianism in Wuxian.
The scale of Confucianism after the new building is much larger than that before, with more than 230 rooms.
Yang Rong, an important official of the imperial court, personally wrote "Reconstruction of Confucianism in Wuxian County" as a memorial.
From the early years of orthodoxy, Kuang Zhong began to expand Confucianism in Suzhou on a large scale, which lasted for three years. After the completion, there are hundreds of Suzhou government schools.
These schools provide good reading conditions for government and county students.
Kuang Zhong also personally questioned the Confucian textbooks of this government.
Later, the influential Confucian prints of Suzhou House in Xuande, Ming Dynasty were carved by Kuang Zhong.
Kuang Zhong is also polite to scholars and never pretends to be a senior official.
He gave generous aid to those poor scholars; He strongly recommended to the court those young Confucian scholars who were excellent in study and behavior.
One of them, Zou Liang, a talented Confucian scholar, expressed the hope of being promoted and recommended by Kuang Zhong.
At this moment, Kuang Zhong received an anonymous letter slandering Zou Liang.
Kuang Zhong thought that the person who wrote the anonymous letter had no real evidence, otherwise he could confront him face to face, so Kuang Zhong said, "Just to make my name known quickly." He immediately wrote a letter recommending Zou Liang to the court.
Zou Liang proved to be a talented person. He started in the official department of making clothes in the alley, and later got tired of supervising the empire.
Kuang Zhong's insight into people contributed a lot.
When the Soviet Union was ruled for nine years, the imperial court was going to be promoted. Thirteen thousand people, including Zhang Hansi, a scholar in Suzhou, signed a letter to the governor of Zhili, pleading with the imperial court and begging for re-election.
A Confucian scholar commented on the book and said, "The situation is clear, so declare it to the imperial court.
Come back early, next year. "Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen will play, Kuang Zhong is an upright official, three meals, only one meat and one vegetable; Live in a simple room, without luxuriant things.
In his farewell poem to Suzhou elders, he wrote: "How long did Chang 'an see it? "? No more flogging, remember it as official day, everything is comparable to the alliance. "
In the first month of the following year, the emperor issued a letter and ordered Kuang Zhong to "promote the provincial judges to official salaries and take charge of Suzhou government affairs".
This is a standard and courtesy that has never been seen in the 70 years since the founding of the Ming Dynasty. This is the emperor's praise for Kuang Zhong's outstanding achievements and good conduct.
In the seventh year of Orthodox Christianity (1443), Kuang Zhong died in any office in Suzhou at the age of 60.
After his death, Su Min went on strike in tears.
When his coffin was transported back to his hometown from the canal, the Su Causeway was crowded with people who sacrificed and cried. On the ship carrying Kuang Zhong's coffin, "there are only books and utensils, and nothing else." Since then, temples have been established in seven counties of 1 county, and memorial tablets of Kuang Zhong have been set up in people's homes.
Later generations compiled their manuscripts into Collected Works of the Taishou.
1956, after the Kunqu Opera "Fifteen Passes" was staged, it was recommended to watch, and the name of Kuang Zhong was famous throughout the country.
From July 2065438 to July 2004, Jiangxi University Press published the historical novel "Kuang Zhong, an honest official", which comprehensively portrayed an image of an honest official with both wisdom and courage, affection and righteousness, and was deeply loved by the people, and encouraged national public officials to establish noble moral conduct.