wen tianxiang

"However, if you teach eternal fame, you can't wait for it, and you can't be a quick person"-Zhang Hongfan, a great yuan star

China people have always attached importance to honor, and loyalty is an important standard to measure moral standards. However, traditions and ideas are not formed at one time. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and elites traveled all over the world, choosing their teachers and choosing their right ones, and no one accused them of their morality. Wu Zixu, a native of Chu, did not hesitate to destroy the country for revenge, but in the eyes of the world, he and crying Shen are both heroes. However, with the evolution of the times, history has gradually shouldered a heavy moral fate, and personal choices have become narrower and narrower.

For thousands of years, there may be no more unlucky founding hero than Zhang Hongfan. This famous soldier, who has both military and cultural resources, has made great achievements in history books, but he has fallen into a strange circle of loyalty and treachery. "Loneliness is a thing before death, and loneliness is a name after death."

Young talents after famous soldiers

In A.D. 1238, Zhang Hongfan was born into a noble family. He is the ninth son of Zhang Rou, a Mongolian family. When it comes to Zhang Rou, it's a famous figure in the Mongolian period. He is from Dingxing, Hebei. When the Mongolian army invaded Xu Jin, as a local strongman, he gathered thousands of villages in neighboring countries to protect himself and got the post of Dingxing Order. Later, he got tired of staying behind and learned about Daxing. In A.D. 12 18, Zhang Rou was defeated by Mongols in Langya Ridge and surrendered to Mongolia.

Yuan Taizu still ordered him to hold his original post. In A.D. 1 125, Zhang Rou was made governor of thousands of households, and his power was greatly increased. Later, they besieged Bianjing. In A.D. 1233, Marshal Cui Lixian surrendered and followed him to conquer Cai Zhou, where Kim died. Also in this year, Zhang Rou was promoted to Wan Huhou by Wokuotai, in charge of the military and civilians, and became the commander-in-chief of the Han army.

Although Zhang Rou is a military commander, he deeply admires the culture of the Central Plains, and intends to recruit Han literati living among the people. When he captured Bianjing, many generals plundered their children's treasures, but he took away the precious document synopsis of the golden chamber and hired Wang E, the champion of the last branch of the Jin Dynasty, into his own shogunate. Zhang Rou has talents such as Lekui, Xuan Jing and Hao Jing.

When Zhang Hongfan was born, it was ten years in the reign of Yuan Taizong and four years in the downfall of the rulers, which strongly refuted the statement that he was a so-called traitor in Guo Xu. Zhang Hongfan has eight brothers and two younger brothers. Zhang Jia was a famous bibliophile in the early Yuan Dynasty. It is said that he had collected over 10,000 books. The famous Confucianists and Hao Jing are their children's mentors. Under such influence, Zhang Hongfan quickly grew into a young general with comprehensive skills. By A.D. 1256, Zhang Hongfan, at the age of 20, had become a "horse-jockey", quite a poet.

This year, Zhang Honglve, then the general manager of Shuntian Road, went to the emperor's official residence to report on his work, so he left Zhang Hongfan to perform his duties. The young Zhang Hongfan is honest and clean, and the history contains "the government and the people follow their wishes." At that time, the Mongolian army was cruel and always disturbed people, but as long as it made trouble in Shuntianfu, Zhang Hongfan would "fight and send away" mercilessly. The Mongolian army feared its majesty and no one dared to cross the border.

This experience reminds us of Wen Tianxiang's early years. When I was young, I was always a loyal minister, but I was "extravagant in sex, generous in life, and full of musicians." Comparing the two, the result is intriguing.

In 1260, Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne and was transferred to the central unification. Zhang Hongfan was appointed as the general manager of the Imperial Bureau, which Kublai Khan knew. In A.D. 1262, Li Chao, a warlord of Han nationality who occupied Jinan, rebelled, and Zhang Hongfan led the army to join forces with Prince Hehe to make a crusade. It was in this battle that 26-year-old Zhang Hongfan took command of the town, repeatedly made outstanding achievements, and began to show the elegance of a generation of famous soldiers.

At that time, Zhang Hongfan's army was in the west of Jinan, and Li Jue sent troops to counter the besieged army many times, but he just missed Zhang Hongfan. This move did not fail. Zhang Hongfan judged: "My military camp is in a dangerous place. Li Jue deliberately showed weakness on me, and he will attack it with surprise soldiers, thinking that I don't know!" So they were on strict guard, built a long base, buried soldiers inside, set trenches outside and opened the east gate for them.

The next day, Li Tan led the troops to raid the camp at night. Most of the foot soldiers fell into the ditch, and a few people who broke into the camp were killed by Zhang Hongfan's ambush. The battle also captured two enemy generals. After hearing this, father Zhang Rou praised: "It's really my son."

Zhang Hongfan is a famous military commander in ancient and modern times. He admired Wang Huan, a famous soldier of Chu in the Five Dynasties, and did as he said. Whenever a foot soldier has an illness or trauma, he should visit him personally and take care of medicine. If you die unfortunately, you must send the bones back to your hometown; Where there are rewards, they must be given to subordinates; Because of this, Zhang Hongfan won the morale of the army and gained more and more prestige. In A.D. 1264, his brother Zhang Honglve was transferred to Jing Suwei, and Kublai Khan personally appointed Zhang Hongfan as the general manager of Shuntianfu.

Zhang Hongfan paid attention to the sufferings of the people as an official, perhaps because he was taught by Hao Jing. In 1265, when he moved to the town name, it coincided with a flood, and the people lost their houses and could not pay the rent. Zhang Hongfan was immediately exempted. Later a company impeached him as an "expert" and complained to Kublai Khan. Zhang Hongfan complained in front of Kublai Khan: "If we don't collect water this year, we will blame the people for suffering. Although the warehouse is solid, the people will die. Will rent be released next year? If I live with my people so that they don't flee, I will have a stable income every year. Isn't it your majesty's big warehouse? ! "

This sentence is profound to the herdsmen, and it is even sharper in his words. It can be seen that Zhang Hongfan is not only a general, but also a reasonable person. Kublai Khan also praised him, pardoned his privilege and said, "Don't ask him if he knows the body."

Ride the battlefield and defeat the enemy

A.D. 1269, the offensive and defensive war around Xiangyang between the Yuan Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty entered a critical moment. Bo Yan, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally led the army to reinforce him. Kublai Khan ordered Zhang Hongfan to March thousands of households for Yidu and Zilai, and Li Zhuo Kibaki to help him. Zhang Hongfan was ordered to guard Lumengbao, cut off the route for providing foodstuff in Xiangyang and stop reinforcements in Yunzhou at the same time.

Later, Zhang Hongfan led an army of 1,000 people to build a city in Wanshan, which has just been built. Song concealed Xia Guijun, and his men were outnumbered, demanding to retreat. Zhang Hongfan replied categorically: "What are you doing here? Will the enemy stop fighting? Those who dare to retreat die! " Then he put on his armor and got on the horse. He and PianJiang Li Ting led two hundred cavalry, defeated Song Jun.

In A.D. 127 1 year, Zhang Hongfan built a "word city" between Xiangfan, which split Song Jun's defense system and began a key attack on Fancheng. In the fierce battle, Zhang Hongfan was shot by an arrow in the elbow, so he wrapped himself up and met with the commander-in-chief, and put forward a battle plan of cutting off the river with the navy, cutting off Fancheng's rescue, and then going hand in hand with the land. As a result, the Yuan army took turns to win Fancheng, and the Song general Fan Tianshun died. Niu Fu led more than 100 soldiers in street fighting, and after being defeated, he was thrown into the sea of fire. Fancheng was broken, Xiangyang Shoujiang fought alone, and it was difficult to keep it. Shoujiang Lu Huan Wen had to surrender to the Yuan Dynasty. The battle of Xiangfan, which lasted for six years, ended in Yuan's victory over Song. This is a decisive battle between Song and Yuan. Song lost its last barrier, and its demise is a foregone conclusion.

After the transfer, Zhang Hongfan was awarded "Jinyi, Platinum and Security" by Kublai Khan for his contribution to Xiangfan. In A.D. 1274, Bo Yan once again set out to attack the Song Dynasty. The soldiers were divided into two ways, attacking Huaixi and Huaidong together, pointing to Yangzhou; Led by generals Ali Haig and Zhang Hongfan, with army commander Lu as the pioneer, they went down the Hanshui River from Xiangyang, passed Wujibao and went straight to Lin 'an.

Jia Sidao, a traitor in the Southern Song Dynasty, feared the enemy and avoided the war. Although Du Shi was stationed in Wuhu, he sent Song Jing to Yuan Jun camp for peace, demanding that money and silk be exchanged for the survivors, but Bo Yan flatly refused. Jia Shidao ordered Sun Huchen to lead 70,000 infantry to Chizhou in front of the temple, and Xia Gui, commander of the water army, led 2,500 warships to Lugang.

Yuan army didn't give Jia Sidao a break. Zhang Hongfan led the cavalry into the shore and attacked Sun Huchen first. Sun Huchen's army collapsed and fled to Lugang. Xia Gui heard the news, abandoned the army and fled. Song Junjiang prevented the complete collapse, and Zhang Hongfan took advantage of it and occupied Jiankang. At that time, Kublai Khan ordered "stay and wait less" because of the hot weather, fearing the fatigue of the army, while Zhang Hongfan said: "The grace is sincere to the foot soldiers, but it is far away. Now that the enemy has seized the gas, he will take advantage of the situation and break through the bamboo. Is it appropriate to delay and make the enemy plan? " Bo Yan, the prime minister, agreed with him, so the Yuan army entered Guazhou and lined up along the river, ready to continue the attack.

At this time, Jiang Cai, the governor of Yangzhou in the Song Dynasty, led 20,000 soldiers to battle. Jiang Caijun claimed to be brave and good at fighting and blocking water. Yuan Jun looked at it in fear. Zhang Hongfan asked Marshal Dou Shu to supervise the array, and since then, he rode thirteen soldiers across the water to rush the array. Because Jiang Cai was strong, Zhang Hongfan pretended to retreat, and Song Jun chased after him. One of the cavalry swaggered forward with a knife and pushed forward gradually. Zhang Hongfan suddenly turned his horse's head and struck with a knife, and the enemy cavalry was killed by him. Yu Qi was frightened to disgrace, and the Yuan army stormed and defeated Song Jun, beheading more than 10,000 people.

The pioneers of the southern expedition seized Lin' an

After the Yuan Army captured Jiankang, Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, was in danger. Song Tingfa called the throne king, and few people answered, only Zhang Shijie and Wen Tianxiang. Zhang Shijie, originally a subordinate of Zhang Rou, went south to the Song Dynasty after the fall of Mongolia in Zhang Rou, and later became one of the generals who resisted Yuan Dynasty in the Southern Song Dynasty. Finally, he died heroically. In July, Zhao Qing and Shu, envoys along the Yangtze River in the Southern Song Dynasty, both entrusted Taizhou masters Zhang Shijie and Sun Huchen to the north and south of Jiao Shan to prepare for a decisive battle with the Yuan Army. Asu, commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army, assembled thousands of warships from various provinces in Guazhou, Atahai and Dong Wenbing assembled thousands of privy council warships in the Western Jin Dynasty, and Zhang Hongfan and other warships plundered pearl sand in the Western Jin Dynasty. Asu and Atta Hayden went to Shigong Mountain on the south bank, and ordered Liu Chen, the dependents of the water army, to follow Jiang Nanan. Dong Wenbing bypassed the defense forces of the Southern Song Dynasty and arrived at the southern foot of Jiao Shan, echoing Liu and Yuan Army from a distance, and every household suddenly attacked the middle road. Zhang Hongfan joined forces from the upper reaches in the north of Jiao Shan.

The battle, Song Jun rout, countless casualties, Zhang Hongfan with a great army to the east of Miaoyu Mountain, Kublai Khan gave it the honorary title of "Badou", and awarded it as a milli-state household.

In view of the futility of continuing to resist, in the first month of A.D. 1276, Song Ting sent imperial clan Zhao and Zhao Jifu to the Yuan army camp to make peace, which was commensurate with the table. Bo Yan first sent Zhang Hongfan, Meng Ji, Cheng Pengfei and others to Lin 'an City to break the contract. Zhang Hongfan persuaded Song Ting to obtain the form that Wang Song was renamed as a servant and humiliated and demanded surrender. In March, in Lin 'an, Master Song, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong) and the entire empress dowager were escorted to Dadu.

At that time, the anti-Yuan forces in southern China were very strong, and many cities rebelled. Most Mongols suppressed by killing cities, but Zhang Hongfan didn't take this method. For example, during the East Zhejiang Uprising, he only killed a few leaders. In a.d. 1277, Zhang Hongfan was promoted to "general of the town" and concurrently served as ambassador of Jiangdong Road. He is forty-one years old this year.

Both loyalty and righteousness in the Five Slope War

In A.D. 1278, Wen Tianxiang, Zhang Shijie and others established Zhao Gang, the little emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, and went south to Guangzhou. Unexpectedly, Zhao Gang died in Dongzhou Island. They also supported Wang Guang's king Zhao Dong, and Yuan Xiangxing continued to resist the Yuan Army.

Of course, the Yuan government would not tolerate the continued existence of the Southern Song regime, so Kublai Khan appointed Zhang Hongfan as the commander-in-chief of the Mongolian Han army and specially assigned two groups of Mongolian troops to his command. This was an unconventional measure at that time, and even Zhang Hongfan wrote, "The Han people did not unify the Mongolian army, and they begged the handsome to lead." Kublai Khan replied, "Do you know anything about your father and Chahan? After the destruction of Anfeng, your father wanted to stay and guard, but Chahan refused. Because the teacher is in the south, An Feng was reinstated as Song You, and he lost his position several times. Your father deeply regrets his good appointment, so how can you save your father's regret? I will pay you a large sum of money today. If I can take your father's heart as my heart, I will give it to you. "

In the golden palace, Kublai Khan gave Zhang Hongfan a gold coat, a jade belt and other things, but Zhang Hongfan asked for a sword and armor. Kublai Khan immediately ordered the best swords and armor in the armory to be displayed in the hall for Zhang Hongfan to choose from. Kublai Khan also solemnly warned Zhang Hongfan: "The sword is your deputy, you don't need to give orders." In fact, this gives him the right to tax.

Before he left, Zhang Hongfan recommended Hengli, a descendant of Xixia, as deputy marshal. Soon, this army of 20,000 people, consisting of Mongols and China, traveled south under the leadership of Zhang Hongfan. Zhang Hongfan appointed his younger brother Zhang as a pioneer and warned him, "It is not personal to choose your bravery. Military law is heavy, and I dare not scratch the public with private interests. " No one can beat the Yuan Army, even Zhangzhou, Chaozhou, Huizhou, Tan, Guang and Qiong. Zhang Hong is joining forces with Wen Tianxiang, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, in Wupoling. Song Jun was scattered and Wen Tianxiang was captured. The Yuan Army invited Wen Tianxiang to see Zhang Hongfan, but Wen Tianxiang refused to bow down. Zhang Hongfan didn't embarrass him, so he let Wen Tianxiang loosen his tie and treat him as a guest.

In A.D. 1279, Zhang Hongfan led the water army to attack Zhang Shijie, which occupied the cliff mountain, and began the last battle to destroy the Song Dynasty. At this time, Wen Tianxiang was also placed under house arrest as a prisoner of war on the ship of Yuan Army. Zhang Hongfan asked him to write to Zhang Shijie to persuade him to defect. Wen Tianxiang conveniently copied his own "Guoyang" and gave it to Zhang Hongfan as a reply.

After reading it, Zhang Hongfan also deeply respected Wen Tianxiang, so he laughed it off and didn't force him to write a surrender book. During the period, Zhang Hongfan talked with Wen Tianxiang many times, and his subordinates repeatedly advised Zhang Hongfan: "The enemy prime minister has ulterior motives and cannot be close." Zhang Hongfan said with a smile: "He is a loyal and honest man, and I guarantee that he has nothing else."

Yashan Xerox became famous in one fell swoop.

In January, the main force of the Yuan Army arrived at Cliff Mountain, and Zhang Hongfan sent Han Mou, the nephew of Zhang Shijie, to surrender three times, all of which were flatly rejected. At that time, there were 1000 warships in Zhang Shijie, and he connected them into a word array. "Above Gai Lou, it is hidden and solid." Zhang Hongfan blocked Haikou and cut off the water source in Song Jun. Song Jun was thirsty, so he drank seawater, and his foot soldiers were exhausted.

After Heng Li, deputy marshal of Yuan Army, arrived from Guangzhou, Zhang Hongfan "gave two ships to defend the north". At the beginning of the war, the soldiers demanded shelling first. Zhang Hongfan said: "When the fire started, the ship broke up. It is better to fight. " It can be seen that Zhang Hongfan's strategy in the Battle of Yashan was adowa. The next day, Zhang Hongfan divided himself into four roads and surrounded Song Jun on three sides. Zhang Hongfan led an army to the left and ordered, "Song will retreat eastward, attack it urgently, and don't let it go. If you hear that I am happy to fight, those who violate the order will be beheaded! "

After the high tide of the sea, Yuan troops led by Hengli rushed into the enemy lines and attacked Song Jun, but Hengli and others drifted with the tide. At this point, there was music in Zhang Hongfan's army, which was a signal of general assault, but Song Jun thought that Zhang Hongfan was "eating and drinking" and relaxed. To take this opportunity, Zhang Hongfan led the shipmaster to rush ahead, followed by the ministries of the Yuan Army. After the two sides boarded the ship, the Yuan Army "crossed the flint" and instantly sank seven warships in Song Jun. In the fierce battle, the Song navy was defeated.

Seeing the destruction of the country, Song Zuocheng, like Lu Xiufu, "threw his wife and children into the sea" and threw himself into the sea with Zhao Jian, the Song Emperor who was seven years older than him. Zhang Shijie rushed out of the tight encirclement and prepared to gather old employees; Looking for the descendants of Zhao's imperial clan and then trying to restore them, it's a pity that all the people on board drowned at the foot of Pingzhang Mountain in a big storm, and the Southern Song Dynasty was completely declared extinct. History shows that after Zhang Hongfan's victory, he made great contributions to the cliff. Later generations attached the joke that "Song and Zhang Hongfan perished here". In fact, Zhang Hongfan is neither Chen nor Chen. Why did he say that?

After the Battle of Yashan, when the Yuan Army held a reception, Zhang Hongfan said to Wen Tianxiang, "The country is dead, and the loyalty and filial piety of the Prime Minister have been exhausted. If he can change his mind and serve the emperor of the Song Dynasty, he will be regarded as the prime minister. " Wen Tianxiang was in tears and said, "The country is doomed. The minister's death is not just a crime. How dare he escape death? " Zhang Hongfan felt his loyalty and sent messengers to escort him to Beijing. Wen Tianxiang's old friend, assistant minister Deng Guangjian of the Song Dynasty, was a scholar. Because of his extensive knowledge, he was hired by Zhang Hongfan as the teacher of Zhang Jue, his beloved son.

Who comments on the entanglement between loyalty and betrayal?

In October this year, Zhang Hongfan moved troops back to the DPRK, and Kublai Khan greeted him in the inner hall. However, Zhang Hongfan's health is getting worse. Due to the long-term campaign, he became ill from overwork, acclimatized and contracted malaria. Zhang Hongfan fell ill soon after he returned to metropolis.

Kublai Khan attached great importance to this auxiliary father. He sent a doctor to see him, and at the same time sent a close minister to discuss medication, and ordered a guard to go to Zhangjia prison to prevent people from disturbing his illness. When Zhang Hongfan was critically ill, he finally got dressed after taking a shower. People helped him to the atrium, where he bowed again. Sit down, drink and have fun, and say goodbye to friends and family. He took out the armor given by Kublai Khan and gave it to his son Zhang Jue, saying, "Don't forget your father's meritorious service." After that, he sat up and died at the age of 43.

After Zhang Hongfan's death, he was posthumously awarded as a doctor in Rong Lu by the Yuan Dynasty. He was a political official, who died unexpectedly and was later sealed many times. In A.D. 13 1 1 year, the Yuan Dynasty gave him another gift, namely, "Yi Yun, a surname, the Third Division of Kaifu Instrument, Shang and Qi Guogong", and changed him to Zhong Wu. In A.D. 13 19, the Yuan Dynasty gave him another gift.

Zhang Hongfan is a civil and military generalist. He studied with Hao Jing in his childhood and was good at poetry. He wrote Huai Yang Ji and Huai Yang Yue Fu. The content of Sanqu is mainly about the battle of iron fighters, which is listed in Taihe Yin Zhengpu 150 people by Zhu Quan in Ming Dynasty.

There has always been much controversy about Zhang Hongfan's merits and demerits in his life. Some people say that he is a founding hero, others say that he is a shameless traitor. In fact, as long as a gentleman is upright and upright, why should he care about the evaluation of future generations?