First, memorize: the cultural remains of Yuanmou people and Beijingers.
Yuanmou Man: (1) Time: About 1.7 million years ago, it was the earliest known human being in China. (2) Location: Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. (Yangtze River Basin)
2. Beijingers: (1) Time: About 700,000-200,000 years ago. (2) Location: Longgushan Cave, Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing. (Yellow River Basin) (3) Main living conditions: I have been able to make and use tools (the fundamental difference between humans and animals), and I have been able to live in groups with natural fires.
Second, understand the situation of Banpo and Hemudu settlements.
1, Banpo people: (1) Time: about 6000 years ago. (2) Location: banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province, a representative of the Yellow River Basin. (3) Main living conditions: grinding stone tools are widely used; Planting millet (China is one of the earliest countries in the world); Living in a house in a semi-basement; Use pottery (called painted pottery).
2. Hemudu people: (1) Time: about 7000 years ago. (2) Location: Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, a representative of the Yangtze River Basin. (3) Main living conditions: grinding stone tools are widely used; Planting rice (China is one of the earliest countries in the world); Live in a dry room.
Third, understand the legends of Yan Di, Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu.
1, Yan Di: Known as Shennong, he taught people to farm and was the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine.
2. Huangdi: There are many inventions: making weapons, cars, ships and palaces. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling technology.
3. Formation of Huaxia nationality: Yan Di formed an alliance with Huangdi tribe, which later developed into Huaxia nationality and became the predecessor of Han nationality.
4. Yao Shunyu: According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor, Yao Shunyu was an outstanding tribal alliance leader in the Yellow River valley of China. At that time, the abdication system was adopted, and the leader of the tribal alliance was democratically elected. (Basis for abdication: virtue and talent)
Y: He is a hero of water control.
Fourth, remember when and who established the Xia Dynasty.
1 Establishment of Xia Dynasty: Around 2070 BC, Yu established the first country in the history of China-Xia Dynasty, with Yangcheng as its capital.
2. Political system: From the beginning, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. (The "public world" has become the "family world")
Five, understand the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment system.
1. Objective: To consolidate the rule and implement the system of enfeoffment in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
2. Content: Zhou Wang granted the land and subjects of a certain place to the vassal, which is called "granting the land to the people", and the vassal managed local affairs. The vassals must accept the leadership of Zhou Wang, and regularly go to Zhou's pilgrimage, pay tribute and serve to defend Zhou Wang.
3. Function: Through the gradual enfeoffment, the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal states were strengthened. The close relationship with the surrounding ethnic minorities has promoted the economic and cultural development in remote areas.
6. Understand the social changes during the Warring States Period through Shang Yang's political reform.
1, time: in 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform. 2. Purpose: Qiang Bing, a rich country.
3. Content: 1) Make an account and strengthen punishment; 2) Reward production; 3) Reward the military industry; 4) admit that land is private; 5) county system; 6) Unified measurement.
4. Function: The old system was abolished, agricultural production was promoted, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved, and Qin became the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of six countries and the reunification of China.
5. Enlightenment: the reform is not smooth sailing, and sometimes it even costs blood; The reform that conforms to the historical trend will eventually win. At the same time, we should learn from Shang Yang's spirit of being brave in reform, innovation and dedication.
Seven, understand the achievements of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Simu Wuding and China ancient bronze craft.
1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions: The Shang dynasty characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Our country has a history of textual research. Since the Shang Dynasty, today's Chinese characters have developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
2. Bronze inscription: The words cast on the bronze are called inscriptions, also called inscriptions.
3. Simu Wuding: Simu Wuding is the largest bronze ware found in the world. Bronzes were widely used in Shang Dynasty, which created a splendid bronze civilization, and the representative work was Four Sheep Square Zun.
Eight, know the main historical facts of Confucius and "a hundred schools of thought contend"
1, Confucius: Confucius was the founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His thoughts are mainly "benevolence" and "courtesy". Politically, Confucius advocated "ruling the country by virtue". His contribution to education: (1) setting up private schools. (2) Advocating "teaching without class". (3) Put forward the viewpoint of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". (4) Put forward the attitude towards learning: "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing."
Confucius' words and deeds were compiled into The Analects by his disciples.
3. During the Warring States Period, many thinkers expressed their opinions and formed different schools, forming a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend". The thinkers at that time mainly included Mozi of Mohism, Mencius and Xunzi of Confucianism, Zhuangzi of Taoism and Han Feizi of Legalism.
The main ideas and viewpoints of the representatives of this school
Mencius, Confucianism, benevolent, the people are noble and the monarch is light.
Mozi, a Mohist school, loves but does not attack.
Legalist Han Feizi's Han Feizi's Rule of Law and Centralization.
Zhuangzi of Taoist Zhuangzi complied with nature and ruled by doing nothing.
Nine, know Dujiangyan
Dujiangyan is a world-famous flood control and irrigation project built by Li Bing and his son in the middle reaches of Minjiang River during the Warring States Period. It consists of a water-separating fish mouth, a sand-flying weir and a bottle mouth. In 2000, it was listed in the "World Cultural Heritage" list by UNESCO.
Ten, understand the historical facts of Qin's annexation of six countries, and know Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising.
1. Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms: From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed the Six Kingdoms successively, and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital. Significance: The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the long-term feudal situation, which was conducive to economic development and met the wishes of the broad masses of people.
2. Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising: (1) Location: osawa Township (Anhui) (2) Regime: Zhang Chu Regime. (3) Advertising slogan: "Princes and princes will meet, which would you rather have?" (4) Significance: It was the first large-scale peasant war in the history of our country, which calmly dealt a blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty. Driven by this uprising, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty. Uprising has revolutionary initiative.
Eleven, understand the historical facts of Qin Shihuang to strengthen centralization, and evaluate Qin Shihuang.
1, measures to strengthen centralization:
① Political measures: establish feudal autocratic centralization: a, claim to be the "first emperor" and monopolize power; B, the establishment of the prime minister, suggestion, qiu; C. implement the county system throughout the country. Influence: Used by later feudal dynasties. (2) Economy and culture: unified measurement, currency and writing (currency is unified as round square hole money; With Xiao seal as the standard text); Later, official script became popular. Function: Promoting economic and cultural development and consolidating national unity. 3 ideologically: burning books and burying Confucianism; Suppressed the development of ideology and culture. ④ Militarily, the purpose is to build the Great Wall (from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east); Watch out for Huns.
2. Evaluation: Qin Shihuang-the first emperor of China ancient feudal society.
Contribution: (1) Realizing the unification and destroying the Six Kingdoms, ending the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and establishing the first centralized feudal country in the history of China. (2) The unification was consolidated, and a set of feudal autocratic centralization was established, which had far-reaching influence. (3) Unifying writing, currency, weights and measures and tracks is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and development. (4) Strike the Xiongnu in the north and build the Great Wall of Wan Li.
Guo: (1) The rule was cruel: heavy taxes, harsh criminal laws and numerous military corvees accelerated the demise of the Qin Dynasty. (2) Burning books and burying Confucianism: destroying culture and suppressing thoughts.
Twelve, list the main historical facts of the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and evaluate Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
1. The unification measures of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: ① Politically, he accepted Zhu's suggestion and issued a "decree of granting favors", which weakened the power of the kingdom. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty vigorously strengthened the supervision system. At the central level, a captain of Li Si was set up, and at the local level, the whole country was divided into 13 monitoring areas, which were called "thirteen state departments", and each state department sent a secretary to supervise local officials. (2) Adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", set up imperial academy and vigorously promote Confucian education; (3) Wei Qing was sent militarily, and Huo Qubing defeated Xiongnu, which completely solved the problem that Xiongnu threatened the Western Han regime; (4) In terms of foreign relations, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions to communicate with other countries in the Western Regions.
2. Evaluation: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a successful emperor in the Western Han Dynasty. On the basis of economic prosperity and political consolidation in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday. During his reign, a unified pattern appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. The unification of Liang Wudi conforms to the trend of establishing a unified country and the direction of historical development.
Thirteen, understand the historical facts of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, and understand the role of the Silk Road in Sino-foreign exchanges.
1, Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions: (1) Purpose: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked the Xiongnu in order to unite with the Yue people in the Western Regions. (2) After BC 138 and BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice. (3) Function: It opened the road to the Western Regions and strengthened the ties between the Han Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions.
2. The role of the Silk Road in Sino-foreign exchanges:
Route: From Chang 'an to Hexi Corridor, which is now Xinjiang, to Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.
Significance: The Silk Road is a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, which has effectively promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, enhanced mutual understanding and friendship between China and people of other countries, and played a positive role in promoting the prosperity of the Han Dynasty. This Silk Road is still an important channel for Sino-Western exchanges, and it still plays an important role in China's foreign economic and cultural exchanges today. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions' Capital Protection House in the Western Regions, which was the beginning of the official jurisdiction of Xinjiang.
Fourteen, understand the invention of papermaking, know Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases.
1. Papermaking: In the early Western Han Dynasty, people invented paper. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuch Cai Lun improved papermaking.
2. Hua Tuo: Good at acupuncture and surgery. Anesthetic "Mafeisan" is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine. Known as the "imperial doctor."
3. Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His Treatise on Febrile Diseases laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics. It was called "medical sage" by later buddhas.
Fifteen, understand the main historical facts of the introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism, and remember the author and style of Historical Records.
1. Historical facts of Buddhism introduction: Buddhism originated in ancient India, and was introduced to the Central Plains of China through the Silk Road in the late Western Han Dynasty. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Hanming sent envoys to Tianzhu to seek Buddha, which promoted the spread of Buddhism in China. Promote the cycle of life and death, karma.
2. Taoism: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the immortal magic was combined with Taoist thought to form Taoism. It is advocated that you can live forever through self-cultivation and alchemy. It shows that China traditional culture pays attention to reality and reproduces the characteristics of the world.
3. Historical Records: Sima Qian, the first biography in the history of China. Known as the pioneering work of biographical history books. It describes the main historical events from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty for about 3000 years. (Lu Xun praised it as "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme").
Sixteen, know the historical facts of the formation of the Three Kingdoms.
220 years
Cao Pi made Luoyang its capital.
22 1 222
Liu Bei has its capital in Chengdu, and Sun Quan has its capital in Jianye.
Seventeen, know that population migration to the south and ethnic exchanges have promoted the development of Jiangnan.
Reason: (1) There are few wars in the south, which provides a relatively stable environment. (2) The migration from the north to the south has brought a large number of labor, advanced production tools and production technology. (3) The common development of the working people in the North and the South. (4) Some rulers in the south have implemented some policies that are beneficial to production. Superiority of natural conditions in Jiangnan area.
Eighteen, the Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen's measures to promote national integration
1. Objective: To learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the control of the Yellow River basin.
2. Measures: Move the capital to Luoyang. Sinicization: change Hanfu, learn Chinese, adopt Chinese surname, and advocate intermarriage with Han people.
3. Impact: It has promoted ethnic integration, enabled backward Xianbei and other ethnic minorities to learn the advanced culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, promoted social progress and promoted the understanding of all ethnic groups.