Ma Zhiyuan literature knowledge 1. I'm confused about Ma Zhiyuan and Zhang's literary knowledge.
Ma Zhiyuan was a famous zaju writer and Sanqu writer in Yuan Dynasty. Representative works include the zaju "Autumn in Han Palace" and the Sanqu "Tianjingsha? Qiu Si ",his" dead vines, old trees, crows, bridges, flowing water, people, ancient roads, west winds and thin horses. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world ",which was called" the ancestor of Qiu Si "by predecessors.
Zhang (1270- 1329), Han nationality, whose real name is Ximeng, also known as Savage, was born in Jinan (now Shandong) and was a famous Sanqu writer in Yuan Dynasty. He has served as county yin, censor and minister of rites. In the first year of Zhi Zhi (132 1), he resigned and lived in seclusion in his hometown. In the second year of Shunzhi (133 1), he was made a guest male and died in Wenzhong. Later generations respected him as a male. He is good at poetry and prose and is famous for his Sanqu. Representative works include "Mountain Sheep, Tongguan Nostalgia" and "Mountain Sheep, Lishan Nostalgia".
2. Tian Jingsha, Qiu Si's literary knowledge, writing background,
Jingsha (1) [Yuan] The old vines in Ma Zhiyuan are faint, the bridges are flowing, and the old roads are thin and thin. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
This is Ma Zhiyuan's famous song, and 28 calligraphy and paintings show a lonely place. This song is heartbroken. The author's lyrical motivation can be seen from the title.
Ma Zhiyuan, together with Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, is known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera" and a famous dramatist and essayist in Yuan Dynasty.
This poem contains feelings in the scenery and vividly shows the sorrow of a long-term exile in a foreign land. The syntax of this poem is very unique. The first three lines are all composed of noun phrases, listing nine kinds of scenery, which are concise and meaningful. The word "heartbreak" is very poetic. It expresses that a wandering wanderer misses his hometown in autumn and is tired of wandering. This poem expresses feelings for things, and vividly depicts sad feelings through vivid images of many natural scenery and strong colors in late autumn.
3.
Gorky: Argumentative: Explanatory: /view/94564#sub94564 There should be no problem referring to these! Good luck! I hope I can help you.
4. Literature common sense materials
Contemporary poets and writers in Xi Murong.
Shen Fu (1763 ——1825), a novelist of the Qing dynasty, is called Yimei.
Confucius (55 1- 479), a thinker and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, was the founder of Confucianism, and was appointed as the head of the State of Lu.
Zhu Ziqing (1898165438+1October 22nd-1August 948 12), formerly known as Huazi, was a famous modern writer, essayist, scholar and democracy fighter.
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Cao Cao Cao (155~220) was born in Mengde, Peiguoqiao County (now Bozhou, Anhui Province). An outstanding politician, strategist and poet in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Wang Wan was a poet in Tang Dynasty. The year of birth and death and the font size are unknown. Luoyang (now Henan) people.
Bai Juyi (772-846), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a Buddhist in Xiangshan.
Ma Zhiyuan was born in 1250 and died in 132 1. He was a famous playwright in Yuan Dynasty.
Ma Zhiyuan was born in 1250 and died in 132 1. He was a famous playwright in Yuan Dynasty. Most (now Beijing) people. Ma Zhiyuan's name is unknown. The name "Dongli" was later used to show Tao Yuanming's ambition.
Lu Xun (formerly known as Zhou Shuren after Zhou Zhangshou) (188 1 September 25th, 2008-1936 10 year 10 month 19), a writer, thinker and revolutionary, Lu Xun.
Rabindranath Tagore (186 1 May 7th-1941August 7th) is an Indian poet, philosopher and Indian nationalist.
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Liu Yiqing (403—about 443), born in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), was a writer in Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty.
Heinz Christian Andersen (1805— 1875) is a Danish writer.
5. The more content, background and related literary knowledge about Tianjingsha in autumn, the better.
Days net sand autumn
Bai Yuan pu
The sunset in the lonely village, the light smoke from the old tree in the west of Western jackdaw, and the shadow of Hong Fei.
Green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
To annotate ...
Tianjingsha: the name of Qupai.
② Sunset: Sunset.
③ Western Western jackdaw: Crows returning to the forest in cold weather.
(4) In the shadow of Hong Fei: The shadow of the wild goose passed by. Hong Fei: A swan in the sky.
translate
The sun has gradually set in the west, and the sunset glow on the horizon has gradually begun to dissipate, leaving only a few dim colors, reflecting how lonely and lonely the quiet village in the distance is, dragging out the long shadow. The smoke drifted faintly, and several black crows perched on the rickety old tree, making a few mournful noises from time to time. In the setting of the sunset glow, the feathers of the whole body sparkled. Suddenly, a wild goose flew down in the distance and crossed the sky. Looking from a distance along it, the scenery is beautiful; Close up, frost grass, flaming maple leaves and golden chrysanthemums are swaying together in the wind, and the colors are almost enchanting.
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There are similarities in writing and artistic conception between Bai Pu's Jing Tian Sand Ball and Ma Zhiyuan's Jing Tian Sand Qiu Si. Although the title of this song is "Autumn" and it is written in autumn, I can't find a word "Autumn". At the beginning of this song, a picture of autumn dusk is painted, creating a quiet and lonely atmosphere. Then, in the form of noun juxtaposition, typical autumn scenery is selected to describe a colorful Qiu Jingtu from far to near. At this point, autumn scenery in front of readers has changed from bleak and lonely to beautiful. This song has only twenty-eight words, but its language is concise and beautiful, with far-reaching significance. This song expresses the author's positive, optimistic and cheerful attitude towards life. It is really the so-called "don't be happy with things, don't be sad for yourself" (Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower).
Bai Pu took autumn scenery as the theme of this song, and readers can see from his rhetoric that his literary accomplishment is extremely high. The whole work consists of some beautiful natural scenes, and Bai Pu himself, like an artist with these natural puzzles, pieced together a beautiful picture of life in harmony.
When writing autumn scenery, it is inevitable to set off a bleak atmosphere, but if the bleak atmosphere is the theme of the whole article, it will make readers feel dull and stressed. In order to avoid this situation, Bai Pu took great pains in choosing words. The first two sentences of Lonely Village Sunset, Light Smoke Old Tree and Western Western jackdaw have six scenes, including Lonely Village, Sunset, Light Smoke, Old Tree and Western Western jackdaw, and any one of them represents the bleak atmosphere of autumn scenery in autumn. In order to make this bleak atmosphere vivid, the author chose Flying in the Shadow as the end of the first half. As a result, the bleak picture turned to be active, and the lonely autumn scenery seemed to present another vivid life. Finally, in order to strengthen the beautiful and charming image of autumn scenery in the author's mind, "Green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" is the conclusion of the song. These two sentences use five colors: green, white, red and yellow. White grass, red leaves and yellow flowers are mixed in the two colors of green mountains and green waters. "Green mountains and green waters" is a vast picture scroll, and "white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" is a delicate picture scroll, which is so patchy that autumn scenery, which was originally lonely and bleak, suddenly becomes colorful. Thus, Bai Pu's prose writing skills are brilliant.
The Qiu Jingtu depicted in this song consists of two parts: the front part is autumn scenery, a bleak, bleak and barren old age, and the back part is a colorful, bright and energetic scene. Before and after the picture is also autumn scenery, forming a strong contrast. If we contact Bai Pu's unwillingness to be an official in the Yuan Dynasty, it is not difficult for readers to understand why the same autumn scenery has such a huge contrast. The "small" in the picture is a sentence in Li Bai's "Send eighteen pictures of Pei to the south of Songshan": "Raise your hand and point, it is difficult to talk." Hong Fei in Sooner or later, Shui Ying has a clear source has the same effect, which are all metaphors of the author himself. Bai Pu doesn't want to get a job in the imperial court, but hopes to fly away from that bleak, cold and lifeless place like a swan, and find a happy land full of vitality. Therefore, the land of "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" in the shadow can be understood by readers as the author's seclusion and the scene in his heart. The artistic conception is cheerful and peaceful, without negative feelings, which shows the author's love for seclusion and should belong to imaginative writing. In this piece of music, the author put "the scene in my heart" together with the real environment at that time in a very clever way, which produced a strong contrast effect and implicitly revealed his love and hate.
Although this song is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's "Tian Jing Sha Qiu Si", it has its own characteristics. The first two sentences are based on Lonely Village, deliberately rendering the cold silence of autumn dusk. "A Little Hong Fei" brought vitality to the cold static picture and caused the transfer of expressing the feelings of the tune. Then people use five colors of green, green, white, red and yellow to describe the beautiful scene of autumn from far and near, from high to low, multi-level and multi-sided, which makes the whole picture full of poetry. This song is full of artistic tension. It successfully combines the bleak scenery of autumn with the bright and beautiful scenery, and takes the pleasing autumn scenery as the main theme of the song. It is another masterpiece of writing autumn.
Words and songs can be divided into refined and popular. Generally speaking, words are charming and implicit, while inflections are sharp, new and straightforward. Bai Pu's poems have the artistic conception of words. Although there is no such sentence as "heartbroken people are at the end of the world" in the song, the lyric hero is hidden from time to time, conveying a kind of loneliness and faint sadness in the hazy haze.
6. Yuanqu literature knowledge
The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Yuanqu.
Generally speaking, zaju and Sanqu are collectively called Yuan Qu, which is the main body of literature in Yuan Dynasty. However, the achievements and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceeded that of Sanqu, so some people called Yuan Zaju "Yuan Qu" or "Yuan Qu".
Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, which embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements and has become three important milestones in the history of China literature. Yuanqu originated from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Le Hu" and was first circulated among the people, and was called "Street Tune" or "Village Square Minor".
With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on.
Although there is a fixed frame, it is not rigid. It is allowed to intersperse in the fixed frame, add sentences to some qupai, and allow flat strokes in rhyme, which is more flexible than quatrains in regular poems and Song Ci. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame).
Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and gracefulness of poetry; On the one hand, in the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers and soldiers were placed in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine men and ten beggars", and the political monopoly and social darkness made Song Yuan radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money". The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties.
All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever. The rise of Yuanqu has a far-reaching influence and outstanding contribution to the development of China's national poetry and cultural prosperity. As soon as Yuanqu appeared, just like other artistic flowers, it immediately showed great vitality. It is not only a convenient tool for literati to express their feelings, but also provides a brand-new art form to reflect the social life of the Yuan Dynasty.
[1] The rise and composition of Yuanqu include two types of styles: first, Sanqu, including poems, songs and collections; Secondly, Wen Qu, which consists of several episodes, is a kind of zaju specially performed on the stage, which is a mixture of Bai Bin and Ke Fan. "Sanqu" is opposite to "drama".
Drama is a script used for performance, writing lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles; Sanqu is only used as the lyrics of oratorio. In form, Sanqu is similar to Ci, but in language, Ci should be elegant and implicit, and Sanqu should be popular and lively. In terms of meter, words are more rigorous, while Sanqu is more free.
Sanqu can be divided into "Xiao Ling" and "San Tao". Xiao Ling, also known as Ye Er, has a short system and is usually just an independent tune (a few contain two or three tunes).
Three peaches are composed of many songs, and it is required to always use a rhyme. Qupai of Sanqu also has various names, such as Diaodaoling, Chuidi, Huanle Spring, Alpine Sheep and Hong Xiuxie. Most of these names are vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer to folk songs than Ci.
With its profound reality, extensive theme, popular language, vivid form, fresh style, vivid description and changeable skills, Yuanqu radiated dazzling brilliance in China ancient literary garden. There are complicated reasons for the rise and development of Yuanqu.
First of all, the social reality of the first generation is the foundation of the rise of Yuanqu. The vast territory, prosperous urban economy, grand theater, active book club and all-weather audience laid the foundation for the rise of Yuanqu. Secondly, the exchange and integration of the cultures of all ethnic groups in the Yuan Dynasty promoted the formation of Yuan Qu. Thirdly, Yuanqu is the inherent law of poetry itself and the inevitable result of the inheritance and development of literary tradition. [2] The development of Yuanqu can be divided into three periods.
Early stage: from the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuanqu has just entered the poetry world from folk slang, with distinctive characteristics of popularization and colloquialism, bold and straightforward, simple and natural.
Most of the authors are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun, Bai Pu and others have the highest achievements. For example, Guan Hanqing's zaju vividly depicts the world, with wonderful songs, changeable styles, vivid and profound poems, crystal-clear beauty and gorgeous and bitter sets. Ma Zhiyuan's creation has a wide range of themes, lofty artistic conception, vivid images, beautiful language and harmonious phonology. He is known as the first master of Yuan Sanqu, "the first person of Qu Yuan" and "the father of Qiu Si".
Mid-term: from Yuan Shizu to the first year to Yuan Shundi, and then to the first year. During this period, the creation of Yuanqu began to make a comprehensive transition to knowledge and specialization, and Sanqu became the main genre of poetry.
Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui, George and. The last period: from Yuan Chengzong to mindfulness, to the end of Yuan Dynasty.
At this time, Sanqu writers were specialized in composing music. They pay attention to metrical words, deliberately seek work in art, and advocate gracefulness, exquisiteness, elegance and beauty. Representative writers are Zhang, Xu Zaisi and so on. In a word, Yuanqu, as a "literature of one generation", has rich and diverse themes, broad creative vision, vivid life, full and touching characters, and easy-to-understand language, which is an indispensable and valuable heritage in China's ancient cultural treasure house.
[3] The rise of Yuanqu system Yuanqu represents the highest achievement of literature in this period. As far as it is concerned, it is because Yuanqu established and perfected the system form. The system of Yuanqu is embodied in the following six aspects: 1. Gongdiao: Gongdiao refers to the mode of ancient music in China. Tunes and palace tunes originated from Yan music in Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are five palaces and four tones commonly used in North and South Song Dynasty, commonly known as Jiugong or Jiugong in North and South, including Gong Zheng. The number of opera episodes and Sanqu episodes in Yuan Qu is connected by two different tunes in the same palace tune.
2. Qupai: commonly known as "Quzi", it is the general name of various tunes, each with a proper name, such as Dianjiang Lip and Shanpo Sheep. There were 335 Qupai in North China in Yuan Dynasty, and each Qupai had a certain tune and singing method. At the same time, it also stipulates the number of words, syntax and so on.