Dharmapāda (Dhammapada), transliterated as Tanbo, literally translated into French sentences; Among them, the Sanskrit word for Dharma is Dharma, which is reasonable and meaningful. "Sentence", the origin of Pada, is "footprint", which is converted into "Tao" or "sentence". What the Buddha said is the path followed by ancient saints, which conforms to the truth and can be used as a model for later sages; Therefore, it is called "French sentence". This passage was revised and supplemented by the French Salvation [[ 1]]. According to legend, Fa Ju Jing was handed down by Buddha in Ye Jia, but it is generally believed that it was not written by one person.
In the Ministry of Everything and the Ministry of Law and Collection, the "French sentence" is also called Brahma/Baud ā na, which translates into self-interpretation. Compiled by Indian Dharmatrāta, the Buddhist words in early Buddhist scriptures such as agama were collected and then classified according to their principles. However, due to the different weight of banknotes collected by different departments, there are similarities and differences in categories, while there are 26 categories, 39 categories and 33 categories of existing intact editions. For example, there are many similarities and differences between Chinese translation of Sanskrit and Pali and Tibetan translation. The content is also a collection of poems, which encourages scholars to improve their practice. The prose is simple and faithful, which records the Buddha's statement and contrasts with the magnificent poems in Mahayana Buddhist scriptures. It is valued by Buddhism, and the book French Sentences is still used as an introductory book for beginners in Sri Lanka and other places.
The existing French sentence classics can be divided into five categories by language: Pali French sentence classics (26 products, 423 poems), Gandhara grammar sentence classics, Buddhist Sanskrit grammar sentence classics, Chinese translation of French sentence classics, and Tibetan translation of French sentence classics (33 products, 99 1 poem). Among them, there are four Chinese-translated French sentences:
1. Dharma Sutra (Volume II) and Zang (Volume IV) No.210. Salvation Law, translated by Wu Zhou (224) and Van Vighna, has 39 articles and about 752 poems.
2. The Analects of Confucius, French Sentences, Volume IV, Da Zhengzang, Volume IV, No.211. Western Jin Dynasty (305), 39 items, about 197. The product name and the second place are consistent with the French sentence Classic, but the praise is not complete.
Three, the "Out of Yao Jing" 30 volumes, "Dazhengcang" Volume 4 No.212. Yao Qin (184-4 17) Zhu Funian, Bao Bin, Sinha Bocheng (Van Sa? Gha-varti), 33 products, about 862. As the annotation of Faju Jing, Dazhengzang has 34 articles at present. We want to combine the two items of "not putting one product" and "putting one product" into one item, which is actually 33 items.
Four, Ji Fayao Song Jing, Volume 4, Zheng Dacang, Volume 4,No. 1. 2 13. Collection of Fajiu, translated by Tianzhu Tianxi Disaster in Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127), with 33 pieces and about 928 poems.
"Fa Sentence Jing" expounds the conditions, methods, purposes and many warnings about life that Buddhist practitioners should have. First of all, we should realize that life and death are important and impermanent, as described in the first impermanent product. Then, let's supplement the old lady's products, secular products, life and death products. Secondly, the product of Saman and Brahma is used to illustrate the qualification of a walker. Then use arhat, Buddha, clay bottle, auspicious products to illustrate the realm reached by walkers, as well as knives, sticks, and hell products to guard against those who are not diligent. Other products illustrate the ways of fruit cultivation, covering the six dimensions of Bodhisattva, that is, giving, keeping precepts, enduring humiliation, diligence, meditation and wisdom paramita. The corresponding relationship is as follows: 1. Wisdom: teach, smell, be stupid, be wise, be dirty, and be considerate. With the concept of impermanence, we should have more wisdom to practice liberation. Second, the degree of meditation: only reading. Concentrate on single-minded practice, and this kind of thinking must be persistent. Third, the progress of refinement: believe in products, describe thousands of products, release one product, conduct products and spread products. These are all firm beliefs and emphasis on practice. Fourth, the degree of humiliation: the product of peace, the product of anger. 5. Commandments: Caution, kindness, words, dual importance, fragrance, evil deeds, loving the body, similarity, offering and holding, metaphor. There are negative explanations for stopping evil and positive explanations for doing good. Sixth, the degree of pay: love goods, profit goods. Therefore, the essence of "Fa Sentence Jing", that is, the original intention of the editor's law rescue, is to make the walker walk, live, sit, lie down and make progress, and (a) make unremitting efforts to practice, and finally achieve Buddha's fruit.
The content of the French sentence sutra is simple, easy to satirize, easy to understand, and has the original Buddhist spirit. It explains the profound essence of Buddhism in the form of ode, and has become one of the world-famous Buddhist scriptures, so it is widely circulated. There are many famous sentences among them. Here are a few examples, such as:
First, "impermanence": "At the end of the day, you will die. Without fish and water, there is no joy. " It is "Bodhisattva warns the public", and it is also recited by Baizhang Zen Master in Qing Dynasty.
Second, "warm-hearted goods": "Hide six like turtles and defend yourself like a city." Six, refers to six; That is, at the head of the six doors, beware of consciousness as a solid door. This is the essence of Buddhist practice.
Third, "Huaxiangpin": "Sandalwood fragrance, violet fragrance. Although it is true, it is better to quit incense. " The Zen gate has "abstinence is really fragrant", whose yuan is it? Master Zhong Feng (1263- 1323), a monk sent by Lin Ji, assembled poems for Brahma, which were often used in Dharma meetings. The language is concise, telling the true meaning of abstinence and fragrance. "Ring is really sweet, burning to heaven. Disciple pious, Ruo put in the golden furnace. Ten squares were filled in an instant. Avoid difficulties and remove obstacles. 」
Fourth, "Describe a Thousand Products": "Qian Qian is the enemy and one person wins; If you don't win. " "Since victory is a man, then people are men. It coincides with Laozi: "The winner is strong and the loser is strong. "It is enough to inspire people to think: all people in the world are proud of being superior to others. The winner is only strength, and the only thing that can win is the real strong.
5. "Evil deeds": "The virtue of good luck increases with each other (music increases with goodness); Willing to do it, happiness should be natural. " "Don't despise small evil, thinking that there is no harm; Although the water droplets are small, they gradually become larger; Every sin is accumulated from childhood to fullness. Don't despise small favors, thinking that there is no happiness; Although the water droplets are small, they gradually become larger; Everything is full of happiness, which is accumulated from fiber (small). " That is, do not do it for the small good, not for the small evil. "Neglect is not evil, repentance is good; It shines brightly on the world, like a cloudless day (darkness). This is the meaning of knowing that you can change and be a good person.
Sixth, "The Product of Buddhism": "All evil deeds must be done, and all good deeds must be pursued; Self-purification is all Buddhism. This sentence is the most straightforward and representative of Buddhism. "History of Buddhism" Volume 42: "Juyi (a great poet in the Tang Dynasty) knew Hangzhou (a magistrate of Hangzhou) and asked the Zen master Bird Ke. The teacher said, "Don't be evil, do good." . "Guy said," a three-year-old boy knows (this). The teacher said, "Although a three-year-old boy knows the way, an eighty-year-old man doesn't. Resign in Yi Fu (admire) his words, made a ceremony and left. 」
Seven, "Anning Pin": "I have been born safely, without illness (not suffering from the karma of birth and death); Everyone is sick (karma and diseases of life and death), and I am not sick (without these problems). I have lived in peace, and I don't care about my worries (life and death worries); Everyone has something to worry about, and I have nothing to worry about. " Laozi: "Know what you don't know (know what you don't know), and go up (is the highest wisdom); If you don't know what you don't know, you will get sick (otherwise, you will be missing). My husband is just sick (knowing that a disease is a disease), so he is not sick (there will be no deficiency). A saint is not ill (so there is no deficiency), so he is not ill because of his illness (knowing his own deficiency). (So nothing is lacking) "Among them, there is a very high philosophy of life.
Eight, "Good Happiness": "If you don't love happiness, why worry about He Wei? Greed begets anxiety, greed begets fear; Xie (Xiao Wu) is not greedy, why bother? " "Zhuangzi? Happiness: "I wonder if what today's customs do is the result of their happiness (such as wealth and longevity, good health, elegant taste, beautiful clothes, lewd voice, etc.). ) "Are you happy? ..... Happiness without happiness, reputation without reputation. 」
Nine, "Lucky Goods": "Living in filial piety is the most auspicious thing to treat your wife." "Everything is for the world, and it is the most auspicious to make great contributions, cultivate benevolence and settle all beings. This language is quite congenial to Confucianism, which also shows that Buddhism does not violate the secular world, but is a positive spirit of taking all beings in the world as its heart.
In a word, Fa Sentence Sutra is the basic spirit of Buddhist Scripture, which has many similarities with China culture, especially in getting rid of and surpassing secular troubles and avoiding the suffering of impermanence of life and death, and has complementary significance and function. Criticism of the secular value system can be said to face life positively in the way of reverse thinking, in which moral cultivation and wisdom are enlightening!
It was first written in 1855 by a Danish scholar V. Fau * *? Ll) Translated Pali pairs into Latin, and attached excerpts of Sanskrit phonological notes, which made great contributions to academic circles. Later, in the west, the United States, Canada, Britain, Germany, Russia, France and other countries, there were also classic translations of French sentences. For example, A. Weber was translated into German by Barry in 1860. 1870, German-born British orientalist F. Max Müller was translated into English by Barry. 1878, British Buddhist teaching scholar S. Beal translated English-Chinese grammatical sentences into fables. 1883, W. Rockhill translated English into * * * Wenyou Tuo that product. In Japan, in 19 15, the Indian Philosophy Research Office of the Department of Literature of Imperial University of Tokyo published "Pali-Chinese Comparative French Sentence Classics". There are also many Japanese translations, such as: 19 18 Lihua Jundao (translated by the Tripitaka, 12), 1925 Akama Shan Zhi (KJV Buddhist Sutra, 6- 1-5),/kloc-. In addition, there are two other Chinese versions of modern vernacular Chinese, namely, Master Shen's Dictionary of French Sentences and Master Jinghai's Language of Truth, both of which were translated from the Dictionary of French Sentences published in the south. To sum up, Fa Sentence Jing is a classic with far-reaching influence in both academic and religious circles.