Today, many people have clearly known that the "peasant uprising" actually played a role in changing the dynasty in ancient China, but did not bring revolutionary impetus to the development of China society. Hong Xiuquan, as a scholar, can certainly find some rules of the game about the "peasant uprising" in the layers of historical hints. In ancient history, any organized "peasant uprising", such as the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising in the Eastern Han Dynasty, must meet the following conditions: first, the situation-the ruling procedure was in crisis and chaos; Second, the emergence of the leader uprising or the formation of the leading group; Third, the source of spiritual power-the formation of uprising theory or slogan; The fourth is the source of material strength-the people who participated in the initial uprising.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement is no exception, and all the above four conditions exist. The first condition of the uprising, that is, the objective situation of the uprising, certainly exists, but it is not as urgent as people think. The rule of the Qing dynasty was quite stable. The poor people in Zijingshan, Guangxi, the core force of the initial uprising, never lived a hard life enough to inspire the uprising, but it was not until they had a leader that they turned to revolt. In the biggest uprising in the history of China, we can clearly see that Hong Xiuquan, as the organizer and initiator of the uprising, played a huge personal role. He was the first to mobilize and organize the masses. Therefore, it can be said with certainty that without Hong Xiuquan, there would be no Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Like most peasant uprising leaders in past dynasties, Hong Xiuquan came from the lower class. Of course, even the most naive class theorists will not directly associate poverty with rebellion. The crux of the matter is, why did he rebel? It should be pointed out that as the initiator of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, Hong Xiuquan, like other characters we described, was originally a scholar. It can be seen what kind of ideal Hong Xiuquan has in his heart. It is obviously impossible to make a comprehensive analysis of the peasant uprising here, but at least we can make a comprehensive perceptual investigation of the phenomenon from Hong Xiuquan and his Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
1. Holding the battle right of Gan Kun ── Angry rural Confucian scholars
Hong Xiuquan, formerly known as Ren Kun and nicknamed Huo Xiu, 18 1 1 year (December 10, the 18th year of Jiaqing) was born in an authentic peasant family in Hua County, Guangdong Province. Hong Xiuquan is self-sufficient at home and lives in poverty. Shortly after his birth, his family moved from Fuyuan Village to Lu Guan Village. This village is not closed, 50 miles from the county seat and only 90 miles from Guangzhou. Hong Xiuquan has two brothers and two sisters, both of whom help the family farm. Only when he used all his family savings did he get a chance to study. From the age of seven to sixteen, he studied in a private school for nine years and later became a young rural school teacher. Hong Xiuquan was clever since he was a child, and his family had great expectations of him. He hopes to become a successful scholar and seek fame to change his school style. Loved by the whole family, Hong Xiuquan thinks highly of himself and is full of hope for the future.
However, from the age of fifteen to twenty-nine, Hong Xiuquan went to Guangzhou to take the exam four times in a row, but all failed in Sun Shan. Even the most basic famous scholars have not reached it. Investigate its reason, we will find that what hinders him is his family background, as well as his personality and knowledge defects. Maybe fate played a joke on him; He belongs to the kind of rural cold Confucianism who just has the conditions to study, but has the least hope of becoming famous. Hong Xiuquan's family is not rich, and his ancestors did not have the background of studying and entering the official career. Therefore, as the first generation scholar of the Hong family, Hong Xiuquan lacked due expectation and financial resources in making friends and studying, and it was difficult to gain the recognition of Confucian scholars at the county and government levels, to get guidance and improvement in his studies, and to get vital support in the imperial examinations. In fact, judging from the large number of poems left by Hong Xiuquan, people can really doubt the regularity of his education. Moreover, we also know that Hong Xiuquan, a teenager, was spoiled by his family and had an unruly personality, which was not conducive to the learning and growth of the younger generation at that time. Hong Xiuquan's examination room is really dark, but he is really not the kind of talent that the ruling class needs, so it is inevitable to fall behind again and again.
Hong Xiuquan, who had high hopes from his family and people, but could not enter the house, finally could not bear this cruel blow and had a mental breakdown. 1837, when he was 25 years old, a failure of scientific research befell him. Hong Xiuquan, who was heartbroken, came back from Guangzhou and had a big accident. For two days, he was delirious and unconscious. After he woke up, he lost his mind and walked around the room, singing wildly. It took him a long time to get back to normal, but he seems to be a different person. The villagers were surprised to find that the former rural teacher has now become a "freak". Before her illness, Hong Xiuquan was cheerful and lively, and liked to play jokes on others. After this serious illness, he became dignified and silent. But he is easily angered by some small things, and at one time he looks like a fire, which can't be contained. But the bigger change is hidden in Hong Xiuquan's heart, which people don't know. Hong Xiuquan, who was ill, was so angry that he couldn't help himself. He once wrote a poem "Curing Evil": he held the right to kill Gan Kun, and he held the right to the people. Looking through the mountains and rivers in the northwest, the sound vibrates the southeast side of the sun and the moon. The light of the sword is honored by the emperor, and the poem is recited before the Lord. Peaceful reunification of the light of the world, prestige and happiness for a thousand years.
In this poem, Hong Xiuquan expresses his strong desire to control his own destiny, and at the same time endows his personal ideal with justice. In the poem, he also used more pen and ink to describe the wonderful realm after the realization of his fantasy ideal. This is a standard "anti-poem", and Hong Xiuquan has not made it public. At this time, Hong Xiuquan had not completely given up the imperial examination, but he did change. Being "happy" through rebellion is just a fantasy and self-consolation. Hong Xiuquan, who is keen on fame, now wants to get people's respect. Because of this, Hong Xiuquan alienated from the crowd and acted strangely to improve his position. His manners are different from ordinary people. Whether he is walking, sitting or lying down, he is a sacred person. Sit with your hands on your knees, your feet flat, never cross your knees, and your body never leans forward or sideways, so you are not tired after hours; If you walk calmly, you will walk solemnly and never look back. Hong Xiuquan can't win people's respect through normal channels. Now he can only create a mysterious atmosphere on himself in this way to gain people's awe of him. Although this still does not represent respect in the pure sense, it can prevent people from treating him as an ordinary person after all. Living alone is unbearable for ordinary people, and Hong Xiuquan's inner pain can be imagined. Now that he can withstand this kind of ordeal, it is not difficult to imagine that he really went to revolt later. Therefore, when Hong Xiuquan described himself as a "freak", he took the first step of rebellion.
We also see that Hong Xiuquan only regards rebellion as a very necessary way to become famous. Therefore, it was not until six years later, that is, 1843, that he finally despaired of his official career and instigated a "rebellion" after experiencing the failure and humiliation of the last imperial examination. On the way home from Guangzhou, he said: "Long Qian is absolutely afraid of earth-shattering, so I'll take a break and jump deep;" Waiting for the gathering of dark clouds, the soaring Liuhe will dry up. "When he got home, he was still angry. He threw all his books on the ground and said indignantly," From now on, I will never take the Qing exam again. Let me start my own course to get the world! "Hong Xiuquan, who has passed the age of" standing ",is no longer Hong Xiuquan six years ago. The blow didn't make him crazy, but it completely put him on another path.
Scholars who have been caught up with Liangshan for a long time are not uncommon in history. In the Tang Dynasty, there was Huang Chao, who called himself "General Tian". At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Ji and Li Changshan joined the Zhu Yuanzhang Rebel Army. In the late Ming Dynasty, Niu Jinxing and Song Xiance joined the Li Zicheng Rebel Army. Even seven years before Hong Xiuquan decided to rebel, Lan Zhengzun, the imperial academy imperial academy diploma who made a great contribution, launched a peasant uprising in his hometown of Xinning and Wuning, and finally spread to Guangxi, the uprising place of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. As Hu Linyi, a contemporary of Hong Xiuquan who later suppressed the Taiping rebels, said, rural literati "look forward to official positions". They are the most eager to be famous, but they are the least likely to be famous. Fu Bi, an official in the Song Dynasty, also had a deep understanding of this, and said: "Those who are in danger have no way to study and take the exam, and their hearts are often dissatisfied. Therefore, they are intrigued and intrigued. This generation scattered among the people can really set off a disaster. " However, this explanation is general. As far as Hong Xiuquan is concerned, we must also find something unique, and all this must be found in Hong Xiuquan's personality.
Hong Xiuquan, as the only scholar in the family, has been out of heavy physical labor since he was a child. During his school days, people also praised him and gave him many gifts. Teachers in private schools even waive tuition fees. Although he tried again and again, his family strongly supported him to take the exam again and again, which shows that his family and villagers placed great hopes on him. Since the age of sixteen, Hong Xiuquan has been a teacher in a private school and is still respected in the countryside. Hong Xiuquan's characteristics of high self-esteem and high self-expectation are shaped in this way. Facing the cruel blow of reality, Hong Xiuquan embarked on the road of rebellion. Because he is determined to pursue his official career, he lacks the conditions to achieve any "legitimate" career. Because of his limited talent and knowledge, he can't be a crazy student and a celebrity, such as Liu Sanbian, who was ordered to write lyrics, and Jin Shengtan, who criticized famous works. He can't be Tang Bohu who sells calligraphy and painting for a living, nor can he be Pu Songling who writes books in anger. Hong Xiuquan, who didn't even get admitted as a scholar, longed for fame. History made him angry and made an extraordinary move with extreme measure.
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