I. Common hazardous chemicals
Common hazardous chemicals include: liquefied gas, pipeline gas, paint thinner such as banana oil, gasoline, benzene, toluene, methanol, vinyl chloride, liquid chlorine (chlorine gas), liquid ammonia (ammonia water, ammonia water), sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride, peroxide, cyanide, yellow phosphorus, phosphorus trichloride, strong acid, strong alkali, pesticides and pesticides, etc.
Second, the damage caused by dangerous chemicals.
1, eye irritation, tears, blindness.
2, damage to the respiratory tract, chest tightness and suffocation.
3, burn skin, ulcer erosion.
4. Nerve paralysis, dizziness and coma.
5. Burning, explosion, destruction and death.
Third, how to prevent chemical accidents.
1. Know the characteristics of hazardous chemicals used, and do not operate blindly or use them illegally.
2. Keep the dangerous chemicals around you properly, keep the labels intact, seal them, avoid light and heat, and stay away from kindling.
Don't store dangerous chemicals in the room.
4. Don't carry dangerous chemicals by car, boat or plane.
5. When the concentration of flammable and explosive gas accumulated indoors is too high, it should be handled according to the measures to deal with gas leakage.
Fourth, the protection of chemical accidents.
1. Respiratory protection: Cover your mouth and nose with handkerchiefs, napkins, clothes and other readily available items immediately after the toxic gas leakage or attack is confirmed. If you have water or drinks at hand, you'd better soak your handkerchief, clothes, etc. It is best to put on a gas mask and a gas mask in time.
2. Skin protection: Wear gloves, raincoats and rain boots. As far as possible, or cover bare skin with sheets and clothes. If you have protective equipment such as chemical protective clothing, you should wear it in time.
3. Eye protection: Wear all kinds of gas-proof glasses, goggles or goggles for swimming as much as possible.
4. Evacuation: Determine the source and direction of the poison, and quickly evacuate the site away from the source of the poison along the upwind or crosswind route.
5. Disinfection: After arriving at a safe place, you should take off the contaminated clothes in time and wash your body with running water, especially the exposed parts.
6. Treatment: Call "120" quickly and send the poisoned person to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible. The poisoned person should keep calm while waiting for rescue and avoid strenuous exercise, so as not to increase the burden on the heart and lungs and aggravate the condition.
7. Food testing: Food and water sources in polluted areas and surrounding areas should not be used casually, and can only be eaten after being tested harmless.
In the face of sudden explosion accidents, we are not completely helpless, and there are many emergency measures that can help us reduce injuries. Here, we have compiled the emergency guide of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). I hope everyone is safe.
When an unknown explosion occurs, it may be accompanied by chemical leakage:
If possible, locate the explosion and possible chemical leakage as soon as possible.
Stay away from the explosion/leakage area immediately!
If something falls around you, hide under a solid dining table or desk. When you stop falling, leave quickly and be careful of the obviously unstable floor and stairs. When you evacuate from the building, you should be extra careful of the falling debris.
Don't stand in windows, glass doors or other places that may be harmful.
Give way to sidewalks or streets for emergency personnel or other people who have not yet evacuated.
If there is an explosion/leak in your building, you should:
Leave as soon as possible, but avoid the polluted area.
If there is a cigarette, bend down. Don't stop to get your personal belongings or make a phone call.
Never use the elevator.
If you can't leave the building or go through the explosion area, then find a place as far away from the explosion area as possible, and then take protective measures on the spot (see the end of the article).
If you were outside when the explosion happened, you should:
Calculate how to find fresh air the fastest. Judge whether to flee as soon as possible or enter the nearest building for local protection.
If you choose to escape, judge the wind direction and move to the windward direction of the explosion point immediately.
If you are trapped in the ruins, you should:
If possible, signal the rescuers with a flashlight and tell them where you are.
Tap on a pipe or wall so that rescuers can find your location.
If possible, whistle to signal the rescuers.
Don't shout unless you have to. Shouting will make you inhale a lot of dangerous dust.
Avoid unnecessary movement, so as not to stir up dust.
Cover your mouth and nose with anything at hand. Close-knit cotton filters very well. Try to breathe through this material. )
If you are told to stay at home, or for other reasons, you decide to protect yourself:
Use all the known information and your common sense to judge when to escape and when to take local protective measures.
If family and pets are nearby, make sure they come into the house together.
Lock doors and windows, vents and fireplaces.
Turn off the fan and air conditioner.
Hide in the back room with as few windows as possible.
Take your emergency supplies.
Seal all doors, windows and vents with 2-4 mm thick plastic paper and adhesive tape. You can cut the plastic paper in advance to save time.
When using adhesive tape, stick it to the corner first, and then seal the edge.
The local government may not be able to provide emergency response information immediately. But you still have to pay attention to TV, radio and internet to keep abreast of the situation. (editor: Ent)
For the general public, it is also urgent to understand the common sense of chemistry and master the basic self-help skills in case of chemical explosion (leakage). The Beijing News reporter connected Lin Ying, deputy director of the Occupational Health Center of the Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the infection prevention experts on standby in Beijing to the scene to inform everyone that they were exposed to chemical explosion (leakage).
How should we save ourselves in the accident? "
■ 5 skills of self-help
1 What should I do in the face of shock wave?
Voldemort is looking for shelter from the shock wave.
Through the video taken by witnesses, we saw the tragic explosion, and also found that these photographers may have been affected by the shock wave during the shooting.
According to some data, when the overpressure of shock wave is 0.5 atmospheric pressure, the eardrum breaks and the internal organs are injured. When the overpressure is 1 atmosphere, the force acting on the whole trunk of human body can reach 4000-5000 kg. Under such a big impact, the internal organs of the human body were seriously damaged, especially the lungs, liver and spleen ruptured, and even some people died.
Xu Laitong, editor-in-chief of Shell.com, reminded the witness through video that in case of explosion and unexplained flash, please don't take photos and avoid first. You should immediately turn your back to the flash, brace your elbows and lie prone.
On the ground, open your mouth at the same time to keep the pressure balance between the inner ear and the outer ear. It would be better if you could hide behind the shelter. Even if the trauma is not obvious, you should go to the hospital for a detailed examination.
After the explosion, lung blast injury is more likely to occur and more serious than other organ injuries. Sun Bing, deputy chief physician of RICU, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, pointed out that lung blast injury is currently considered to be
On the basis of the "first strike" of lung injury caused by shock wave, systemic inflammatory response syndrome causes lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome, which causes the "second strike" of lung.
The clinical manifestations of lung blast injury are late, the symptoms are severe and the duration is long. Studies show that patients usually have chest tightness, shortness of breath, dyspnea and decreased blood oxygen saturation 3-6 days after injury, and some patients gradually get worse.
Heavy, need to give ventilator assisted ventilation. And the incidence of lung infection is very high. Signs of lung infection will appear around 10 days after injury, especially in burn patients. These patients are all immunocompromised and complicated with lung sensation.
The direct cause of dyeing.
2 How to evacuate after the explosion?
We should evacuate in the headwind direction.
Lin Ying introduced that chemical explosion is harmful to human body, in addition to blast injury, burns and scalds, powder produced by the combustion of various chemicals may also enter the respiratory tract or oral cavity; Toxic and harmful gases will be inhaled into the respiratory tract,
Causing damage such as acute poisoning; There is also a high concentration of toxic gas or powder, which can be absorbed through the skin and will enter the human body through the skin. Therefore, after the chemical explosion, the surrounding people should evacuate the accident site as soon as possible and bypass the explosion site.
Be careful, run against the wind and evacuate.
But where is the safe distance for evacuation? Lin Ying said frankly that the amount of gas, toxicity and accident environment after each chemical explosion were different at that time, and the local wind direction and wind force were different, which required professional departments (ring)
Environmental, health and other departments) do a good job in monitoring the air around the accident site, determine the types and contents of pollutants, and provide them to the emergency command center set up by the local government, so as to scientifically determine the safe distance and evacuation scope.
In summer, the wind is small, and pollutants and harmful gases in the air drift slowly. However, Lin Ying suggested that after the explosion of hazardous chemicals, surrounding residents should pay attention to their mobile phones, radio, television and other communication equipment. If the government has issued an evacuation notice, they should evacuate in an organized and orderly manner in accordance with the unified notice of the government.
3 Can masks be protected?
Give priority to professional protection and try to wear long-sleeved clothes.
An anti-infection expert on standby in Beijing told the Beijing News reporter that after the chemical explosion, light chemical protection should be worn in the accident center area (0-500m) and the accident-affected area (500m- 1000m).
Take it. If cyanide exists at the rescue site, rescuers should wear jumpsuits and rubber oil-resistant gloves. Air respirator can be used for respiratory protection, and a self-priming filter should be worn if it is possible to contact cyanide vapor.
Gas mask (full face mask).
Lin Ying also stressed that it is best to put on long-sleeved clothes and protective masks when evacuating. In fact, the hazards caused by each hazardous chemical explosion are different, and the types of protective masks to be used are also different. "It is difficult for ordinary people to have professional protective masks. If you have a dust mask at home, you can also cover up some dust hazards. "
Infection protection experts reminded that after leaving the contaminated area, you should take off your contaminated clothes as soon as possible and put them in double plastic bags. At the same time, wash skin and hair with plenty of water for at least 5 minutes, and pay attention to the protection during cleaning.
Eye protection. If the skin or eyes come into contact with cyanide, they should be washed immediately with plenty of water or normal saline for more than 5 minutes. If they wear contact lenses and it is easy to take them off, they should take them off immediately. If they have difficulties, they can ask professionals for help.
When is the best time to see a doctor?
If you feel unwell, please seek medical advice immediately.
Lin Ying introduced that after different chemicals explode, they will produce toxic and harmful gases, some of which have irritating smells, but sometimes they are colorless and tasteless.
Take sodium cyanide, which has attracted much attention in the explosion accident of Tianjin Hairui logistics hazardous chemicals warehouse, as an example. Sodium cyanide is colorless crystal in normal storage state. Cyanide can be inhaled through respiratory tract and digestive tract.
Absorption and skin contact absorption are harmful to human body. Sodium cyanide will produce hydrogen cyanide when it meets water and acid. Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless and highly toxic gas with bitter almond flavor. "But about 40% people can't smell bitter almonds.
Son, if there is no professional protection, it is easy to inhale. "Lin Ying said, the lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide, is 0.5 mg/liter of air. Therefore, professionals need to wear A to dispose of leaked or exploded sodium hydride.
The first-class protective equipment and respiratory protection must be isolated, and the filter respiratory protector cannot be used.
"However, if it causes an explosion, it must be a large dose of chemicals, and people should also cause acute poisoning after contact." Lin Ying introduced that sodium cyanide is a highly toxic substance. Even if a small amount of cyanide is inhaled or swallowed, it will cause acute poisoning reaction in human body. Most of them will have symptoms such as numbness, dizziness, headache, chest tightness, deepening breathing and rapid pulse in the upper respiratory tract within 1 hour. Although the individual's physique is different, the inhalation amount is different, but
There will be an uncomfortable reaction in a short time.
Therefore, if you feel tingling, numbness, dizziness or headache in your mouth and upper respiratory tract after leaving the scene of the accident, you must seek medical attention in time. Lin Ying emphasized that some chemical poisoning, including highly toxic cyanide, has a special antidote, so we must seek professional medical assistance.
5 How to drink water is safer?
Use emergency water or bottled water first.
Regarding the safety of drinking water, Lin Ying suggested that before confirming that the pollutants discharged from the explosion site have been completely treated professionally and will not be mixed with domestic water sources, we should try to avoid using groundwater supplied by tap water or pipelines, and try to use emergency water sources or bottled water provided by rescuers.
However, in this big explosion accident in Tianjin, the Tianjin Environmental Protection Bureau and the Beijing Military Region, who rushed to Tianjin, publicly stated that the air at the scene of the explosion accident had reached the standard, and cyanide at two monitoring points underground exceeded the standard.
At the scene of the accident, all sewage discharge places have been blocked with cement, and emergency wastewater collection areas have been set up. The waste water generated at the site will be pumped to the professional sewage treatment point by tanker, and all measures will be carried out under the guidance of experts, so there will be no problem.
It has caused secondary harm to the surrounding residents and the masses.