introduce
From the beginning of Ma in Ming Dynasty to the end of the imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty, the leaders of Ma family were fifteen generations of Confucian scholars [2], among whom thirty-nine generations gained fame.
general situation
Horse: the fourth son of a horse and the descendant of Ma Zirang, the eldest son of a horse. Jing Guan in the Ming Dynasty. During the Wanli period, he resigned and retired, and his life multiplied. Ma's former residence (built in 16 12, later called "New House Courtyard") is still preserved in. From Ma to the end of the imperial examination system, 39 generations of 15 generations of Confucian scholars won fame:
Ma Rongxian: The third son of Ma Zhikui, the eldest son of Ma Zailan and the third son of Ma Muzhao. Words are simple, just a few lines. Born in the sixty-first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1722). China students [3].
Ma: The third son of Ma Zhikui, the third son of Ma Zaixiu and the third son of Ma. The word Yu Pei. Born in the sixty-first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1722). Music was awarded to Deng (Zhengjiu, the official name of Wen San).
Ma Zongwu: the eldest son of Ma Rongxian. The word Chao Feng,No. Zhu Ling. Born in the 13th year of Qing Qianlong (1748). Toshiro (Zhengjiupin, official name of Wen San).
Ma Zongliang: The second son of Ma Rongxian. The word Xiong Qian,No. Wang Jian. Born in the 17th year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1752). Imperial academy was promoted to the capital (Guo Zisheng) [3] and was awarded Zheng (official name; Sui began to collect; Tang Wei official twenty-three orders and eight products below, Song waste; Gold is reset, from eight products; Sheng Yuan comes from Qipin; Ming changed its name to Zheng, which is the order of promotion from seven products; In the Qing Dynasty, it was also called Zhengshilang, which came from Qipin. )
Ma Zongbang: the third son of Ma Rongxian. The word pavilion house,no. Meiling. Born in the 22nd year of Qingganlong (1757). China students [3].
Ma Zongxu: the grandson of Ma Muzhao and the second son of Ma Rongheng. The word Dan Sheng,no. Lin Dong. Born in the 25th year of Qing Qianlong (1760). China students [3]. Famous for charity.
The word "zong" is a generation. Official edict (During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the county set up "County Confucianism", which was the highest educational institution in a county. There was one official edict and several people were taught. )
Ma Zugao: the eldest grandson of Ma Rongxian and the eldest son of Ma Zongwu. The word Zhang Zhou, number Xiqi. Born in the thirty-fifth year of Qing Qianlong (1770). Xiuzhilang (positive eight products).
Ma Zuji: the grandson of Ma Rongxian and the eldest son of Ma Zongbang. The word "Dehe" was changed to "Cuisong". Born in the forty-fourth year of Qing Qianlong (1779). Toshiro (Zhengjiupin, official name of Wen San).
Ma Zuyu: the eldest son of Ma Zongliang. The word tunan. Born in the forty-seventh year of Qing Qianlong (1782). An example was given to Xian Cheng (who started in the Warring States period and was the assistant officer of the county magistrate; Qin and Han dynasties; Canon documents and warehouse supervision are the assistants of county orders and county orders, which are similar in all previous dynasties; But there was no Jin Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty, only the Song Dynasty established Jiankang Prison. The official rank of Cheng in Han Dynasty was 200 to 400 stones, and that of Cheng in Ming and Qing Dynasties was eight stones. )
Ma Dehe: the eldest son of Ma Zongbang. Send a name to Mazuyi. Sheng. When he was in his seventies, his family was in decline, and his fifth son lost his family and was unfilial; Fortunately, Ma Fuquan, an illegitimate child, took care of his paralyzed mother and young brother Ma Fubao wholeheartedly to make ends meet. -from the biography of the dutiful son Ma Fuquan written by Ma Lianxian.
Ma Zuyuan: the second son of Ma Zongbang. The word is big and the number is changed to Cymbidium. Born in the fifty-first year of Qianlong (1786). China students [3]. Build a tea pavilion at the entrance of the pass. Rebuild the Ma Shi Ancestral Hall with the third brother Ma Maoyuan.
Ma Zuyao: The second son of Ma Zongxu. Also known as Dexuan and Xingpu. Born in the 54th year of Qingganlong (1789). In the 17th year of Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty (18 12), [65438+ Outstanding figures among the students in the same list are: Prince Taifu and Sichuan Governor Luo (1862 captured in Shi Dakai); Niu Jian, one of the nine famous ministers in Qing Dynasty, was the mentor of Daoguang and Xianfeng ("the emperors of the two dynasties"). Assistant Minister of Rites, Sir Alex Huang, a "famous minister of no smoking"; Doctor of the Ministry of Finance and the Hunan Magistrate Xie; Lin Zhaotang, editor of Hanlin Academy and National History Museum, etc. Ma Dexuan is good at poetry, literature, calligraphy and seal cutting. I used to run a private school in Changchun and was enthusiastic about public welfare. In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), on July 19th, the Xiang army invaded Tianjing, the capital of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. There is a small Taiping Army hiding in the golden cave in the rock mouth, and often comes to Chang Gan to rob and make trouble. He organized group training, killed more than 40 Taiping soldiers and made Changchun peaceful. Later, he led the militia to fight back against the local armed forces that led the trouble, and was deeply loved by the people. Life stories can be found in Baoqing County Records and Xinhua County Records. (Supplement: Renbish Middle School in Yongxin County, Hunan Province is located at Ma Dexuan research shed).
Mazukan: the third son of Ma Zhikui, the fourth son of Ma Zaiwei, the third son of Ma Mulian and the grandson of Ma Zonggu. The word reflects the guest, and the number comes out of spring. Born in the seventh year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1802). China students [3].
Ma Fulai: the eldest son of Ma Zucui. This word is auspicious. Born in the 12th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1807). From do, give Wuqi a riding captain (rank name; Qianlong fifty-one years (1786) custom-made, six-grade military attache. He was awarded the rank of military commander, and his parents, wives and concubines could confer titles, which gave him two lives.
Ma Fuzhen: the grandson of Ma Zongliang and the third son of Ma Zuzhe. The word Yun Qing is called Conglong. Born in the 13th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1837). China students [3].
Ma: the grandson of Ma Zongliang and the fourth son of Ma Zuzhe. Also known as Hengfeng and Zhongli, the word is auspicious. Born in the 24th year of Qing Daoguang (1844). Disciples of two famous teachers, Shao Yangtang and Yuan. Both the county exam and the government exam are "the first" (in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, children took the government, state or county exams, ranking first among scholars). China students [3].
Ma Jieting: the eldest son of Ma Zuyao. Formerly known as Zhenjin, Zhifu, Shen Xi, Chuntang. Born in the 15th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1835). In the eighth year of Guangxu in Qing dynasty (1882), he proliferated [2] and entered the capital imperial academy (imperial academy) [3]. The outstanding figures who entered imperial academy to study in the same year were: Manchu Zhengbaiqi, one of the four ministers in the late Qing Dynasty; Yang Rui, one of the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898" in the late Qing Dynasty; Chen Chongzhe, one of the "Eight Outstanding Writers in Sichuan Literature"; Wu Zhiying, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China; Wang Kaiyun students, Liu Zixiong, one of the "Four Masters" of Zunjing Academy, and other Ma Jieting are bold and charitable; Not only did you build pavilions and bridges in your hometown, but you also set up a "Shilin Pavilion" in Baoqing to support scholars and make friends all over the world. He also carried forward his ancestral business and became the richest man in Changchun.
Ma Fuxun: Ma's great-grandson, Ma's eldest son and Ma Zugui's eldest son. Formerly known as Futian, the word is too phthalein, and the name is Zheqing. Born in the 21st year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (184 1). China students [3].
Ma Shoumian: the grandson of Ma Zuyuan and the eldest son of Ma Fuhai. The word Dunli is elegant. Born in the 15th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1835). China students [3].
Horses: descendants of Ma Muzhao's eldest son Ma and Ma Fu Ti's eldest son Ma. Formerly known as Shouliang, the word Huanting, number Zhongfu. Born in Daoguang for twenty years (1840). China students [3]. (Supplement: Xiao Renyan is Ma's uncle. )
Ma Yilin: The eighth son from Ma Fu. Send a name to burn, the word Cai Zhou. Born in the 25th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1845). General Qian Wei, the Qing court presented him with a gold plaque at the edge of the flame in his residence, "Wei Shou Vice Hall". This gold plaque is a symbol of honor for five officials. (Supplement: 1. Qian Wei has always been the military attache of the health centers under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Grain Transportation, leading the grain transportation. Second, Aunt Yilin was the richest man in Chang Gan in the late Qing Dynasty, owning most of the Zhushan Mountain in Chang Gan; Over the years, there have been several trough houses/papermaking workshops that do not dry water, making paper all the year round, with an annual output of 7 thousand tons of household paper; Aunt Yilin has a domineering saying that is often circulated: "Whoever goes to court with me, I just need to chop the bamboo material one inch shorter"; It serves to show that she has many bamboo mountains and great financial resources. )
Ma Zhuolin: The 13th son from Ma Fu. Send the name Shouqi, the word Chu Cai. Born in Xianfeng for four years (1854). From the nine products.
Ma Zhongfu: Ma Shisheng's great-grandson. "Shou" generation. China students. His wife Nie Renxiao manages the housework.
Ma Shouhui: The great-grandson of Ma Zongliang, the eldest son of Ma. Formerly known as Zixian,No. Yuan De. Born in the first year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1862). China students [3], from Jiupin.
Ma Shouai: President Ma Jie. Mrs. Wang, Nadeshiko Pockmarked Valley. Himself, the word is increasing day by day, and his name is Ming Sheng. Born in Tongzhi for four years in Qing Dynasty (1865). Confucian scholars. When I was four years old, I studied in a private school. The teacher taught poetry and became a hymn. When I was seven years old, I wrote poems like an adult scholar. I once mused: "The figure of the guest road is lonely, and the goose of the cloud road is lonely." His father Ma Jieting was overjoyed when he appreciated it, but he became a poet. Unfortunately, he died in the 13th year of Guangxu (1887) at the age of 22. His brother Ma Lianxian was very sad after hearing the news. -Ma Shou-ai's nephew, Yiyang Qianzhou Jinshi Wang (Wang's brother is also a scholar in Guangxu period) wrote "Ma Zhuan".
Ma Lianxian (Ma): The second son of Ma Jieting. The pioneer of modern new education in China. Shouen was given the name Shouen, with a long word, Ruiting and Runsheng, as well as Yuren and Zhu Yuan. Born in Tongzhi of Qing Dynasty for nine years (1870). He was a student who passed the exam with strategy theory in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1) after the Wu Reform abolished stereotyped writing. He is the founder of Fufeng Yishu (the predecessor of Changyi School), and uses Seventeen Kinds of Enlightenment published by Shanghai Civilization Publishing House as the teaching material. It is also one of the founders of Gaoping Academy (the predecessor of Longhui No.3 Middle School). He has served as the mayor of Gu Yong Town, Xinhua County, the principal of Baoqing Ordinary Middle School (No.1 Middle School of Baoqing Ancient City) and the member of the first parliament of Xinhua County. Participated in the Revolution of 1911, the Zhang Migration Movement and the Hunan Provincial Councillor Election. Ji Shu, the author of Fu Fengyi; Some ancient words can be found in Guangxu's Genealogy of Ma Shihu, and some poems are collected in Geng Jia Appreciation Collection. Yuan, Chen Tianhua, Ma Liyi, Luo, Cheng Qian, Lin Sen, Pan Zuyi, Yu Youren, Cai Hesen, Ge, Zheng, Cai Qingxi, Liu Qian 'ang, Wen Suqin, Mao Zedong, etc.
Supplement:
No. 1
The second-class primary school in Changchun founded by Ma Lianxian is one of the earliest and most famous private new primary schools in Hunan. The school started later than Zhengmeng Academy, the earliest new primary school in China.18; But it is earlier than the earliest public primary school in China 1 year.
No.2
Outstanding figures among Ma Lianxian's classmates are: Song Jiao Ren, one of the pioneers of China's modern revolution and the father of China's constitutionalism; Li Zongwu, a black leader, was one of the 20 wizards and eccentrics who influenced China in the 20th century. Chen, one of the founders of "Nanshe" and deputy speaker of the Provisional Senate of Nanjing Provisional Government; Xia Mianzun, a famous writer and linguist; Zhang Maolong, Minister of Sichuan Department of Tokyo China League and member of Nanjing Provisional Senate; Hainan's first person to study in the United States, Major General Qiongya garrison headquarters's Wang Xie Elementary School.
Ma: Ma Jieting's third son. The first opening was given a name, and the word was good and long, with the same name as Lan Xian. Born in the fourth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1878). Graduated from Xinhua Accelerated Middle School. Confucian scholars. His prefaces include Biography of Mr. Feng, Biography of Mr. An Deyu, Biography of Mr. Hengfeng and Notes on Landscape of Leidashi Tomb.
Ma: The fourth son of Ma Jieting. The name of the school is long-lived, the word is long-lived, the name is a Taoist student, and the name is known. Born in the 14th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1888). Before World War I, he studied in imperial academy (China) [3] and Changsha Institute of Autonomy. After World War I, until 1930, a lead-zinc mine was discovered in Yinkeng at the junction of Bird Tree and Chang Gan, and a mining engineer (British) was hired with high salary. He was an early explorer of modern Hunan mining industry.
Supplement:
No. 1
1906, some enlightened people in the Qing ruling group began to put forward the view that "local autonomy is the foundation of constitutionalism"; At the call of ministers, the Qing court issued an imperial edict in 1907, agreeing to pilot local autonomy in some provinces; 1909, a few provinces such as Zhili, Fengtian and Guangdong set up autonomous research institutes to cultivate autonomous talents; Subsequently, the official Changsha Autonomous College was established, with Roger, a constitutional politician and educator who graduated from Hosei University in Japan, as the director. The autonomy movement that began in the late Qing Dynasty lasted until Yuan Shikai ordered it to stop in 19 14. Ma was very young when he entered the Imperial Academy of imperial academy and Guanchangsha, just in his early twenties.
No.2
At the same time, both Ma and his in-laws Liu (a native of Sidu) are studying in Changsha Autonomous College.
No.3
British mining engineer Ma Ducai has been living in the yard of Ma's second son's new house. One day, he was walking at the entrance of the mountain pass; Ma, a Taoist priest who came home from Yuping Mountain, was surprised to see his blond hair and blue eyes. He thought he had hit a ghost and tried his best to use all kinds of spells, but he didn't understand. Finally, they all told their grievances in front of Ma, Ma Chucai and Ma Ducai. Ma Qin Yong said, "I met a ghost today. This is the fiercest ghost I have ever seen. I can't handle it. " The British mining engineer said, "It is really puzzling to meet a madman today." —— Provided by Ma Tiefan
Ma Shouyi: the word dream is loose, and the word phoenix is beautiful. For example, county students awarded to national students. (Supplement: Ma Shouyi is Ma Caidong's room. His grandson Ma graduated from Beijing Railway Management Institute, which is the first institution of higher learning in China that specializes in training railway and telecom management talents. Party member, early party member in the Communist Party of China (CPC); From 65438 to 0929, he worked in Hubin Bookstore and Wusong Printing Factory, the secret contact point of "Cultural Committee" directly led by Pan Hannian, secretary of the Central Cultural Committee, and published Marxist-Leninist books, literary works of progressive writers and secret documents within the party, such as farmers and revolution, religion, philosophy and socialism. Yang, who was responsible for covering comrades in the Party and was released from Wuchang No.1 Model Prison, and Wang Changming, who went to Shanghai after the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising, all settled in bookstores and received financial support. 1935 was arrested on 19 from the night of February to the early morning of 20th by the Shanghai Public Security Bureau of the Kuomintang, the Ministry of Industry of Public Concession and the two police departments of French Concession. At the same time, the secretary of Shanghai C.O., the organization minister of C.O., Zhu Jingwo, the propaganda minister of C.O., Zhang, the only secretary of C.O., and 36 people including Yang Hansheng and Tian Han were arrested, but Zhou Yang survived. )
Ma Yongda: the descendant of Ma Zongliang, the great-grandson of Ma Zuzhe and the eldest son of Ma Shouxian. The word Shu Xun,No. Hou Jian. Born in Tongzhi of Qing Dynasty for six years (1867). China students [3].
There are also China students [3]: Ma Changmin, Ma, Ma Jizhou, Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma.
In addition, from the Republic of China to the present, there are many accomplished scholars among Ma's descendants, such as Ma Jieting's grandson: Ma, a famous historian of Qin and Han Dynasties and an instructor of Huangpu Military Academy; Revolutionary and Major General Ma since ancient times; Ma Ziren, revolutionary and instructor of Huangpu Military Academy; Ma Zicai, an underground party of the Communist Party of China and an underground armed force; Agronomist Ma Zhi Cai; Ma Yucai, a soldier who graduated from the Central Military Academy; Ma Zijian, a soldier working in the Ministry of Culture of the General Political Department of the Military Commission, etc. For the personal achievements of the generation of "Yong", "Yuan", "Kang", "Loyalty" and "Filial Piety", please read the special article Ma Jia who has long advocated reading.
Ma Shi Ancestral Hall was founded in the fifty-third year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (17 14) and rebuilt in 1935 with the inscription of Yu Youren [4]. This photo was taken in the 1980s.
reference data
[ 1]
In March 2009, the genealogy of Changqima was summarized. Consultant: Ma Zhong He and Ma Zhongshan (Tongshan); Editor-in-Chief: Ma Yuanping; Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Ma Tiefan and Ma Kangtong; Editorial Board: Chang Hong/Ma Yongding, Ma Yongfeng, Ma Yuanxiang, Ma Kejian, Ma Shengyuan, Ma, Ma Kanggui, Ma, Shaoyang/Ma Shaoqiao, Ma, Chongqing/Ma Zhongcheng, Ma Wei, Sichuan/Ma Gonglian, Guizhou/Ma Hechun, Guangxi/Ma Yongquan, Ma Zhongcheng and Ma Zhongcheng.
[2]
There are three levels of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties (scholar, juren and scholar) and four exams (academy exam, township exam, general exam and palace exam). A, the college exam-test scholar: held in Fucheng or provincial jurisdiction, divided into age exam and subject exam; The children who pass the annual examination in the county government are students (students and scholars), and students are divided into students, students and students (collectively referred to as students). Those who have achieved excellent results in the annual assessment take part in the departmental examination and pass the departmental examination. B, after the rural examination-take the candidates' examination: held in Beijing and provincial capital cities, once every three years; In the exam, the first place was Xie Yuan. Examination and Court Examination-Examination Jinshi: The examination was hosted by the Ministry of Rites and held in Gong Yuan. Generally, in the second year of the township exam, the exam name is Gong, and the first place is Hui Yuan; The final exam is a decisive exam, but the palace exam only determines the ranking, and there is no problem of failing the list. The list issued by palace examination is called "A List", which is divided into three parts: A is for Jinshi and (No.1 Scholar, No.1 Scholar and Flower Exploration), B is for Jinshi origin, and C is for fellow Jinshi origin.
[3]
Imperial academy is the highest institution that students have dreamed of since Emperor Wu of Jin "founded imperial academy". Previously, the Sui Dynasty called it "imperial academy". At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, following the system of Ming Dynasty, imperial academy was established in Nanjing and Beijing, which was under the Ministry of Rites. Students are mostly selected by students (scholars) from provinces, prefectures and counties. When Jinshi entered the prison, he was divided into He Jianzi, collectively known as imperial academy, who was initially qualified as an official and could be awarded five or more senior officials. In the late Qing Dynasty, Shi Jing Wentong Museum, Shi Jing University Hall (predecessor of Peking University) and other new schools were established one after another. Those who passed the graduation examination were awarded the titles of Jinshi and Juren respectively, and were given corresponding official positions. Gong Sheng and Guo Jianzi are better than scholars in that even if they fail in the scientific research, some officials are officials, but they are generally not big. For example, Pu Songling, a famous novelist in Qing Dynasty, failed in many attempts. Finally, as Gong Sheng, he became a "Confucian" official in charge of supervising the school ethos in the county. Students who drop out of school in imperial academy are called China students, China students and Taiwan Province students, and can be awarded official positions after the probation period expires.
[4]
Yu Youren: Formerly known as Bo Xun, the word is charming, and later named after "charming" homophonic "right"; Don't report "coquettish heart" and "beard", and call yourself "Taiping old man" in your later years. In the fifth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1879), he was born in Sanyuan, Shaanxi. China was a politician, educator and calligrapher in modern times. One of the founding fathers of the Republic of China, the early backbone of China League, and an important member of Nanshe, the largest and most influential cultural group in modern China; He served as a senior official in the national government for many years, especially as the president of the supervision institute for 34 years; He is also the founder of Fudan University, Shanghai University and National Northwest A&F College (now Northwest A&F University) and the director of Fudan University and private Nantong University.