The Roof of the World and Taihang Mountain Gu Zuyu, a geographer in Qing Dynasty, called Taihang Mountain "the roof of the world". Whoever controls Taihang Mountain will win the world. There are famous "Taihang Eight Dragons" on Taihang Mountain: Ji, Taihang Gong, Baigong, Jikou Gong, Jingxing Gong, Gong, Puyin Gong and Gong. The famous Juyong Pass in Beijing was built in the central pass of the military capital, which is an important pass for western China to enter the Beijing Plain. Although the army is in danger, it is listed as the last of eight dozen in Taihang Mountain. This is because before the Song Dynasty, the political center of China was always in Guanzhong and Zhongyuan. After the Ming Dynasty made Beijing its capital, Juyongguan became the first fortress to guard the capital. The defense of the military capital is also along the Huailai Valley in Hebei Province, extending to Zhangjiakou in the frontier. If someone walks along this route, they will find the remains of garrisons and post stations everywhere along the way. During the Qing Dynasty, Inner Mongolia had a close relationship with the Qing court, and the military capital, Hong, was changed from a fortress to a thoroughfare. The first road built by China people in the late Qing Dynasty was the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, because Datong was the coal supply base in Beijing. But how to pass on the risk of military death? After Zhan Tianyou, an engineer, came to Guangou to investigate the terrain, he decided to use tunnels and herringbone railways to cross the steep Badaling, turning the Millennium Pass into a thoroughfare. People living in the 1950s still remember that when the train passed Badaling, it needed two steam locomotives, one pulling forward and the other pushing backward, panting to push the train to the top of the mountain. Today, on the electrified Daqin Railway, trains full of coal roared past, and the Badaling Expressway was full of traffic. Except for one tunnel after another, people can feel the steepness of the mountain road a little, and the taste of the military capital in history has lost. The flying fox in the four miles hides the dangerous military capital. To the south is the famous flying fox. Long before the Western Jin Dynasty, this was an important passage from Datong to Hebei. The flying fox is at the foot of Xiaowutai Mountain, the highest peak in Taihang Mountain. Take a bus to Yuxian County, about15km south and reach Feihukou. This is Cuiping Mountain, a branch of Hengshan Mountain. It looks like a huge barrier from a distance, and there is no way. Looking closer, I saw a narrow crack in the mountain, from which flying foxes and pheasants meandered to Laiyuan. Flying fox has a saying that "flying fox in forty miles has a scenery in forty miles" Walking into the Grand Canyon, I found the mountain high and the road narrow. The average elevation of the mountains in this area is 1 500 ~ 2000m, while the width of the canyon is several hundred meters wide, only about1m narrow! The ratio of high and steep to narrow is extremely unbalanced. Yang Sichang, a senior official of the War Department during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, described the Flying Fox Mountain as "Wan Jian is unsheathed and many stars gather" in the Biography of Flying Fox. On the other hand, the road is a "curved pearl ant" as high as Tianmen, and its depth is very vivid. Along the way, there are countless caves and wonders. If you come here in autumn, mountains and flowers will be more beautiful. With the smooth traffic, flying fox has become another tourist attraction for modern people. But in the eyes of military strategists, such peaks and valleys are definitely dangerous places to hide everywhere. During the Chu-Han War, Liu Bang's advisers urged Liu Bang to occupy the flying fox mouth in order to prevent the Chu army from attacking the rear of the Han army. The natural barrier of Zijingguan guarding the capital Pingxingguan victory seems to be a shot in the arm for China people in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War. But * * * clearly realize that if we go on so recklessly, it won't be long before these backbone forces who have experienced the Long March will be exhausted. Facing the reality of the disparity in strength between the two sides of the war, * * * put forward the theory of lasting war of resistance, and changed the original plan that the three divisions of the Eighth Route Army were concentrated in Hengshan area to the four corners of Shanxi, which was like "sparrows flying all over the sky"-filling the gap after the retreat of the * * * army everywhere, resulting in a "jagged" situation: the Japanese army occupied the city and traffic lines, while the Eighth Route Army was in the mountainous areas and traffic lines. The battle of Pingxingguan also made the Japanese army notice the existence of the Eighth Route Army. Therefore, since 1939, the sweeping of Taihang Mountain has been intensified, and even some passes of Taihang Mountain have been seized. When the war is fierce, some passes even change hands repeatedly. There was such a situation in Zijingguan, west of Yixian County, Hebei Province: the Eighth Route Army occupied Guancheng, and the Japanese army blocked Poxia Village at the foot of the mountain. The Japanese army built five bunkers that year, and there are still three. Puyinlong is a mountain road from Zijingguan to Laiyuan in Yixian County, Hebei Province, and another important passage from Beijing to Shanxi. Zijingguan is an important pass of Puyin. Historically, northern nomadic people came from Datong to Lingqiu and Laiyuan, and only after conquering Zijingguan could they enter Hebei Plain. It is much more convenient to attack Beijing from here than to storm Juyongguan. Gu Zuyu said that there is only a 30% chance to attack Beijing from Juyongguan. As for attacking Zijingguan, there is a 70% chance of winning. We once climbed Guancheng, where there are only relics left, and looked around, and deeply realized the significance of "natural barrier": to the east of Zijingguan Guancheng is Wan Ren, and Wanshan stands tall; There is rhinoceros mountain in the west of the city, and the cliff is dangerous; Juma River is in the north of the city, and the valley is wide and steep. South of the city is Huangtuling, surrounded by mountains. Zijingguan City was built in this basin, with a slope and a water between two mountains. Some people say that if the Amethyst Pass is broken, the enemy will ride like bamboo, and it will take half a day to reach Xizhimen. In A.D. 1209, the Mongolian army could not enter from Juyongguan, but entered Beijing after taking Zijingguan from the south. In A.D. 1449, the remaining Mongwa chieftain first entered Beijing from Zijingguan. If Yu Qian, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, had not led the people to resist bravely, Beijing would have been almost captured first. But it's a shame for Ming. 1449 also invaded Datong first. Ming Yingzong hurriedly led 500,000 troops to Datong, but was defeated by Vara. They rushed back to Beijing with the army, only to be attacked by Vara cavalry when they camped in Tumu Fort. The Ming army was defeated and Yingzong was captured. At this time, some eunuchs betrayed Yingzong. It is suggested to go back to Beijing under the guise of Yingzong, and you can knock on the door and go in directly. So I followed the plan and came to Zijingguan. The general who kept the pass didn't know there was fraud, but also led more than 1000 cavalry out to pick up the driver. He was surrounded first and died in battle. ""the wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever. "Although the Amethyst Pass is already crowded with vehicles, what comes to my mind is such a poem. Perhaps because the history of Zijingguan is too heavy, the smell of smoke left by the war will never disappear. Isn't it? Just south of Langya Mountain, more than 70 years ago, five brave men were surrounded by the Japanese army and jumped off the cliff. Jingxing is the most important pass in the Eight Guanzhong of Taihang Mountain, with a total length of about 100 miles. In ancient times, from Jingxing to the east, you could go straight to Zhengding (now Zhengding), an important town in Hebei Province, and enter the North China Plain: to the west, it was Pingding in Shanxi Province, and then to Taiyuan, and you could turn to Guanzhong. A hundred miles of Jingxing is directly related to the safety of Guanzhong and the Central Plains. Therefore, after Qin Shihuang unified China, he built a post road centered on Xianyang, and the ancient post road in Jingxing was an important section of the trunk line at that time. Qin Shihuang died in Dune Palace, Hebei Province during his fifth east tour, and the official hearse also returned to Xianyang from Jingxing. Jingxing is the most convenient place. Roads and railways from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan pass through here. Some areas even overlap. As a result, many Beijingers went to visit Qinyuan Guyi Road along Jingshi Expressway and Taijiu Expressway, accompanied by an endless stream of heavy trucks carrying coal in Shanxi. " "A singer who has been a generous elegy all his life, drove back and forth with Zhao today. Infinite and infinite nostalgia, poetry alone in Jingxingguan. " Tan Sitong's Biography of Jingxing seems to describe the mood of all tourists. Jingxingguan is the pass where Hebei guards Jingxing. The plaque on the old door reads "thoroughfare of three provinces". At that time, Jingxing said: "Cars can't ride on the square rails, nor can they ride in a row." This shows what a narrow pass this is. However, from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 17 wars in Jingxingguan. One of the most famous is the "backwater war" in which Han Xin led the army out of Jingxing during the Chu-Han War. That "water" is the micro water next to Jingxing today. There is also "Han Xinshan" near Jingxingguan for people to mourn, and the flagpole eye carved with stone in those days is still faintly visible. When the "An Shi Rebellion" was put down in the Tang Dynasty, Tang Jun also went out from Taiyuan to attack the rebel rear. The wars in Hebei in the past dynasties were all related to Jingxing. Therefore, the strategist concluded: "Too much behavior is the key to control, and Jingxing is also the rush to get in and out." From Jingxing Guandong to Jingxing Xiguan on the Shanxi border, Niangziguan, known as the ninth pass in the world, is located in it. Niangziguan is located on the pass of taohuajiang Waterfall Canyon, facing Xiguan City, which is being renovated. It is tall and majestic, and the plaque on the tower says "both capital city and flat". The face of Dongguan facing Hebei remains the same. There are not many homes in the pass, which makes it quiet and peaceful. There are children in their mother's arms on the roadside, staring at us strangers in strange clothes in twos and threes. Will Niangziguan, once a war-torn place, eventually be forgotten if there are no tourists interested in history? The Zhengzhou-Taiyuan line runs through Jingxing and across Taihang Mountain. After the Japanese army occupied Shanxi, they stripped the original narrow rails of Zheng Tai and Tongpu Road and replaced them with unified wide rails, which became the main channel for them to transport Shanxi coal abroad. At the same time, it is hoped that the "cage" policy of "railway as the pillar, highway as the chain and bunker as the lock" will cut off and surround the base area of the Eighth Route Army in Taihang Mountain and continuously erode and compress the anti-Japanese base area. The key to breaking the enemy blockade and siege is to paralyze the traffic lifeline of the Japanese army. So in August of 1940, the Eighth Route Army launched a large-scale counterattack against the North China Railway, which was the "Hundred Regiments War". The secret and safe intersection of traffic lines is the canyon formed in the upper reaches of Fuyang River in Shigushan (that is, Jiao Shan) in Fengfeng mining area of Handan, Hebei Province today. Entering Jiaokou, passing through xiang tang Shop and along Qingzhang River, you can enter Shanxi, which is also a battleground for military strategists in history. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao began here. At that time, Zhao's 450,000 troops came from Handan to explore the west. The ancient road at that time was deep and long. On one side is the steep Shigu Mountain, and on the other side is the gently winding Fuyang River. 450,000 troops passed by, hooves clattered and colorful flags fluttered. What kind of scene is it? ! However, Zhao Jun's trip is gone forever, tragic to the point of singing and swallowing mountains. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao also came to Yamaguchi twice, leaving an unforgettable memory for Cao Cao. He expressed his experience and feelings with the title of "A Journey to Bitter Cold": "How difficult it is to go north to Taihang Mountain!" The narrow intestine is bent and the wheels are destroyed ... "The smoke and dust of the war have been removed, and now people come to worship the famous Xiangtangpu Grottoes left by Beiqi. With the development of modern engineering technology, the dangerous highway in Taihang Mountain has become a thoroughfare. The old liberated areas, which used to have inconvenient transportation, now have highways to reach every village and can travel freely. At this time, the little-known other side of Taihang Mountain-beautiful scenery and long-hidden history and culture-gradually revealed its true meaning. Perhaps, from now on, Taihang Mountain will no longer leave people suffering and war.