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Brief introduction of rose
Chinese rose

Rose-queen of flowers

Scientific name: Chinese rose

English name: Rose

Alias: Catharanthus roseus, Moon Red, Bean Snow Red, Thin Guest.

Family and genus: Rosaceae

Origin and Habit: Rosaceae plants are native to the northern hemisphere, almost all over Asia and Europe, and China is one of the origins of Chinese rose. As for the modern Chinese rose, the blood relationship is extremely complicated. Rose is a thorny shrub, or it is tendril-like and climbing.

I like sunny, airy, well-drained and sheltered environment, and I need proper shade in midsummer. The optimum temperature of most varieties is 15 ~ 26℃ in the daytime and 10 ~ 15℃ at night. It is cold-resistant, and it goes into hibernation when the temperature is below 5℃ in winter. If the high temperature lasts above 30℃ in summer, the flowering and quality of most varieties will decrease, and they will enter semi-dormancy period. Common varieties can withstand the low temperature of 65438 05℃. It needs rich organic matter and fertile and loose slightly acidic soil, but it has wide adaptability to soil. The relative humidity of air should be 75% ~ 80%, but it can also be slightly dry or slightly wet. Characterized by continuous flowering.

Morphological characteristics: Rose is an evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub with hooked thorns. 3 ~ 5 pinnate leaflets, often clustered, slightly fragrant, single, pink or nearly white. The flowering period is 65438+ 10 month. Perfume rose is a natural hybrid of rose and rose. Branches are long, often climbing, with 5 ~ 7 leaflets, shiny surface, and new branches and young leaves are often bronzed. Flowers are pink, light yellow, orange yellow, pure white and other colors, fragrant, blooming in the growing season. Modern Chinese rose. ) is a hybrid rose variety group that has been bred by many times of hybridization and long-term breeding. Shrubs or vines; The leaves are thick, large and shiny; The bud is oval, with rich flower shapes, double petals to double petals, and the fragrance is light to strong. Flowering lasts, and May-June and 9- 10 are the peak flowering periods.

Propagation and cultivation: grafting and cutting are the main methods of propagation, supplemented by sowing and tissue culture. Commonly used grafting rootstocks are: wild rose, pink rose,' Tang Baiyu' (rose) and so on.

When planting Chinese rose in the open field, you should choose a place with leeward and sunny drainage. In addition to applying base fertilizer again, topdressing is needed during the growing season. Pruning is an important operation. In addition to pruning during dormancy, attention should also be paid to picking buds, cutting off residual flower branches and rootstocks for germination and tillering during growth. Greenhouse cultivation is mainly to supply cut flowers. It is often planted with a row spacing of 30cm×30cm, and maintained at 15 ~ 17℃ at night and 2 1 ~ 25℃ during the day. Chinese rose can be potted and watched indoors. The key points of its cultivation and management are: loose soil, suitable pot diameter, moderate humidity, thin fertilization, picking flowers and pruning, controlling pests and diseases, and changing pots every year.

The most common diseases are powdery mildew and black spot. The main pests are aphids, tetranychus cinnabarinus and so on.

Application: Chinese rose can be planted in flower beds, flower borders, corners of lawns and so on. , can also be arranged into a rose garden. Vines are used in flower stands, flower walls, flower fences, flower doors and so on. Roses can be potted for viewing and are also important cut flower materials.

Breeding and variety evolution: The process of seasonal breeding and variety evolution is divided into three independent periods. The breeding methods in these three periods are relatively different, but the theme of breeding is gene change, which is common. These three periods are divided as follows:

1, early (prehistoric-1875)

2. Modern (1875- 1967)

3. Modern (1967-)

In the first period, which lasted about 5000 years, by 1875, Mendel published his famous hybrid genetic law "Man".

Rose breeding has also developed to directional cross breeding. Since then, most rose breeders have considered the breeding problem from the perspective of Mendel's genetic law or quality inheritance, while quantitative inheritance or weighted genetic behavior was rarely known or used in breeding at that time.

The second phase begins with the application of directional technology and ends with 1967. Since 1967, molecular biology technology has been applied to Chinese rose. This period lasted for 90 years.

The third phase began at 1967 and lasted for more than 30 years.

The beginning of Chinese rose breeding: Early gardeners chose fine varieties from wild Chinese roses and planted them together. In very early prehistoric times, China, Persia, the two river basins, Egypt, Greece and Italy planted several or several domesticated Chinese roses, which was much earlier than the first year of AD. In ancient gardening, it is not clear whether Chinese rose is propagated by seeds or asexually. However, in more than 5000 years, a large number of new varieties have appeared through sowing seeds obtained by natural pollination.

The domestication of varieties and the generation of intraspecific hybrids are a long process, some unsatisfactory primitive types are abandoned, asexual propagation technology is developed, and the progress of domestication is accelerated. Through the introduction of travelers and variety replacement, gardeners have gained new genetic resources (the genetic changes of any domesticated species are not great). Early breeders knew that planting a variety together with other varieties would have a great influence on future generations, and at the same time kept a lot of information produced by the female parent and new varieties, so that we could confirm the evolution process of some varieties. However, breeders at that time still didn't know that paternal characteristics would be passed on to the next generation through pollination. At that time, some diploid varieties evolved into tetraploid varieties. The main varieties of modern Chinese rose are almost tetraploid. It is worth noting that in some varieties that continue to bloom, the viability increases with the increase of ploidy. If we know this knowledge early, it may arouse the interest of early breeders in cultivating new tetraploid varieties from diploids.

Rose originated in China plays a greater role in the cultivation of new varieties of roses in western Europe than any other kind of roses. It has brought the phenomenon of continuous flowering and shrubs to new varieties, which is still unknown. There is also the wild rose, which is also an important parent, and it brings the characteristics of Umbelliferae to the rose.

The outline of the first rose breeding is as follows:

1. People collected many varieties of roses and planted them all together.

2. In the second period, only a few species contributed to the propagation of roses.

3. Intraspecific hybridization is a natural process.

4. New varieties only come from natural pollination.

5. Rose breeding is concentrated in Western Europe and America.

6. The natural evolution trend is from diploid to tetraploid.

7. Form an original huge gene pool.

8. Domestication reduces genetic resources.

9. Infer the rose varieties before 1875.

Modern rose breeding

In the second period, the study of biomolecules got unprecedented development. However, there is not much scientific research on Chinese rose, as can be seen from the past two magazines, Plant Breeding and Horticultural Abstracts. Among them, there are few articles about rose in thousands of documents every year. The scientific research on rose mainly focuses on taxonomic cytology, physiology, morphology, growth conditions, varieties and rootstocks. The goal of breeding research is to simplify the procedures of character inheritance and cross breeding and improve the ratio of direct selection and indirect selection. There is little research on low-energy consumption and insect-resistant varieties, which lags far behind fruit trees. For example, almost all breeding work is confined to universities or research institutes.

In the second period, there were two major discoveries. First, continuous flowering and breeding of large-flowered varieties, which was selected by Pinet in 1900. It marks the first success of directional breeding of interspecific hybridization of Chinese rose.

The second major achievement is to cultivate an ancient stocky variety "pompon de paris", which was rediscovered in Switzerland in 1920 and is now named R. Roulettii Correvon, which is the origin of some modern miniature roses.

At the beginning of the second phase, people found a large number of genotypes of Chinese rose. Faced with numerous genetic resources, the breeders in the second phase seized the opportunity, some parents were chosen to keep and some were abandoned, the hybrid breeding technology was further developed, and indoor hybrid breeding began. Many different original parents can cross each other, and as a result, the original clear boundaries between different species disappear.

In 1930s, roses were divided into greenhouse roses and open roses. Encouraged by the demand for two varieties, breeders began to cultivate varieties suitable for their specific environment. Nowadays, breeders mainly focus on the first variety, because the quality of greenhouse varieties is 3-5 times that of open-field varieties, which makes greenhouse varieties particularly eye-catching. Because there are still abundant genetic resources among varieties, breeders have been quite successful in the breeding of the two species. Gradually cultivated some varieties suitable for greenhouse production, including some small flowers, medium flowers and large flowers.

Generally speaking, there is no difference in breeding methods between greenhouse roses and open roses. When it comes to methods or breeding procedures, breeders mostly use negative methods to select their seedlings. During the selection process, about 99% of the seedlings were eliminated. This method of strict selection among tens of thousands of seedlings every year lasted for nearly 100 years, which inevitably led to serious gene loss. To make matters worse, almost every breeder chooses the same shape, so the same selection criteria are applied.

In the modern rose population, these varieties not only adapt to the greenhouse environment, but also have similarities and differences in habits. Varieties with the same color often show the same bud shape, flower pattern, flower size, number of petals, and the same flower branch length and prickliness. If the appearance quality is improved, the internal quality may not necessarily be improved (the internal quality includes vitality, adaptability to low-energy environment, vase life and pest resistance). The internal quality of the rose varieties bred in the second stage is quite poor, because the internal quality is not the breeding goal and is often ignored by breeders.

Regarding the appearance quality, most breeders think that the consistency of seedlings is the result of their hard work-whether the result is popular or not. For rose, some limited germplasm resources are needed to pass on some special characters to future generations. When the number of parents is large, these special traits will be integrated into the offspring, which is a headache for breeders, because it means that a new variety has several common ancestors, which is not desirable. They complain that "the number of seedlings must be increased every year to find good varieties" and "the chances of finding good varieties are getting less and less". People have different opinions about the reasons for this situation, and later people think it is the result of the joint action of many factors.

Modern stage of Chinese rose breeding: 1967, British Hale successfully induced embryos from human cells with vine hybrid tea trees as experimental materials, indicating that molecular biology technology has been successfully applied to Chinese rose breeding. From then on, people began to apply modern molecular biology technology to breeding. The key content is: introducing genes that are conducive to changing internal quality.