Beijing
The capital of China, the national political center and cultural center, is a city with a long history, splendid culture and glorious revolutionary tradition. Beijing is one of the birthplaces of human civilization. As far back as 690,000 years ago, "Beijingers", the ancient ancestor of the Chinese nation, once thrived in Zhoukoudian area in the southwest suburb of China. In the late Paleolithic period about 18000 years ago, "Neanderthals" also lived here. Archaeological findings show that the Neolithic culture in Beijing has the characteristics of Yangshao and Longshan culture in the Central Plains and Hongshan Culture in the Northeast. About four or five thousand years ago, Beijing had a fixed settlement. Yan in the Warring States Period, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties all established their capitals in Beijing. In the early years of the Republic of China, Beijing was still the capital and was called the capital. 1928 was renamed as Beiping Special City. 1949 became the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC). Important historical and cultural sites include: the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Yuanmingyuan, the Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square, the Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian ape-man site and so on.
Xi'an
The capital of Shaanxi Province. The largest city in the five northwestern provinces, it is also the ancient capital with the largest number of dynasties and the longest history of imperial capital among the six ancient capitals in China. Xi is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. As far back as 500,000 to 600,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Paleolithic "Lantian Ape Man" and the Neolithic "Banpo, Jiangzhai" lived in the basins of Feng, Wei, Yi and Ba. Lantian Man Site, banpo village and Jiangzhai are all located here. Banpo village site and Jiangzhai site belong to Yangshao culture and Longshan culture about 5,000 years ago. There are 13 dynasties in the history of China, namely, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Xin Mang, Western Jin Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Dashun Dynasty, all of which have their capital in Anjian, which lasted for more than one thousand years, and the unified Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties are in the urban history of An. The famous historical and cultural sites in Xi are: Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Little Wild Goose Pagoda, Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, Chang 'an City of Han Dynasty, Daming Palace, Fenghao, Epang Palace, Lantian People's Site, Huaqingchi, Bell Tower, Drum Tower and Turret.
Luoyang
The ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties is one of the birthplaces of China's history and culture. Six or seven thousand years ago, Luoyang had developed into a matriarchal clan society, and the famous Yangshao culture was first discovered in Yangshao village in the northwest of Luoyang. Luoyang was once the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Wu Zhou Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Later Liang Dynasty, the Later Tang Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty. Luoyang was the capital of nine dynasties, which lasted for nearly a thousand years.
"Nine Dynasties" means as many dynasties as possible. According to research, Luoyang experienced 22 dynasties. Since the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China, there have been thirteen dynasties in Luoyang, including Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Houliang, Later Tang and Later Jin. The "Thirteen Dynasties" ancient capital is an official statement, but according to historical records and archaeological discoveries, plus the capitals of the Western Han Dynasty and the Wu and Zhou Dynasties,
Twenty-two dynasties
According to the historical records and the time of its capital establishment, Luoyang successively had the regimes of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Warring States, Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Hou Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin and Republic of China, as well as the regimes of Xin, Later Zhao, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Later Han, Later Zhou, Northern Song and Jin.
To be precise, Luoyang is the ancient capital of the 15 dynasty, and was once the seat of 22 regimes.
Historical research shows that civilization first sprouted here, Taoism began here, Confucianism originated here, Confucian classics flourished here, Buddhism first spread here, metaphysics formed here, and Neo-Confucianism originated here. Luoyang is the root of China's surname, Minnan dialect and Hakka dialect. The earliest historical document of the Chinese nation, Hutuluo, came from Luoyang. Fu, known as the "ancestor of humanity", was composed of eight diagrams and nine realms according to the river map and Luo's paintings and calligraphy. Duke Zhou made rites and music, Lao Zi wrote an article, Confucius visited Li, Ban Gu wrote China's first dynastic history "Hanshu" here, Sima Guang completed the historical masterpiece "Zi Jian", Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao started Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and the famous "Seven Scholars in the Bamboo Forest" and "Twenty-four Friends in the Golden Valley" gathered here, writing a colorful chapter and leaving articles. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph, Cai Lun invented papermaking, and Ma Jun invented rollover ... Heluo culture and Heluo civilization centered on Luoyang are the core and source of Chinese national culture and constitute an important part of Chinese civilization.
The names used in history are: Yanzhen, Luoyang, Chengzhou, Luoyang, Du Dong, Tokyo, Zhongjing, Shen Du, Luo Jing, Luo Jing and Xijing.
Famous cultural relics include Longmen Grottoes, Yangshao Site, Baima Temple, Luoyang City Site of Han and Wei Dynasties, and Guangwudi Mausoleum.
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There are many places of interest in the Seven Dynasties. In 364 BC, Wei Huiwang moved its capital from Anyi (now Shaanxi Province) to Kaifeng (now Daliang), and the history of Kaifeng as the capital began. During the Five Dynasties, Hou Liang, Hou Jin, Hou Han and Hou Zhou successively settled here for 40 years. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty with Kaifeng as its capital, which lasted 168 years. Known as Tokyo, Kaifeng has become the national political, economic, cultural and military center, which is the heyday in Kaifeng history. In the Song Dynasty, Tokyo, with a population of over one million, was the most prosperous city in the world at that time. When he was in Song Huizong, Zhang Zeduan's famous painting The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival vividly described the bustling scene of Kaifeng at that time. Later, Kaifeng was once the capital of Jin, and it was renamed Bianjing, which lasted for 20 years. The famous historical and cultural sites in Kaifeng are: Daxiong Hall, Cangjie Tomb, Iron Tower, Suoguo Temple, Yuwangtai, Long Ting and Yuefei Temple.
Hangzhou
The capital of Zhejiang. The national key scenic tourist city has a history of more than 2200 years since Qinjian County. Hangzhou is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. As early as 4700 years ago, people lived here. Historically, wuyue and the Southern Song Dynasty once established their capitals here, named Lin 'an. Famous historical and cultural sites include Lingyin Temple, Leifeng Pagoda, Pagoda of Six Harmonies, Sun Quan's hometown, Yaolin Wonderland and West Lake. In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty opened the emperor for nine years, and the name of Hangzhou appeared for the first time in history. 138 1 year, Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang and has been the capital of Zhejiang ever since. In a.d. 19 12, Hangzhou mansion was abandoned, and Qiantang and Renhe counties were Hangzhou counties. 1927 Hangzhou was established in the county seat of Hangzhou and Zhili was in the province.
Nanjing
Nanjing is one of the four ancient capitals and famous historical and cultural cities in China. For thousands of years, the surging Yangtze River not only gave birth to the Yangtze River civilization, but also gave birth to Nanjing, a city in the south of the Yangtze River. Nanjing Jinjiang is surrounded by water, surrounded by mountains and waters, dragons and dragons, strange stones, beautiful mountains and rivers, and many historical sites. As early as the 1930s, after the famous writer Zhu Ziqing visited Nanjing, he commented in the article Nanjing: "Visiting Nanjing is like visiting an antique shop, and there are some traces of the erosion of the times everywhere. You can ponder, you can mourn, you can daydream leisurely ... "
Nanjing is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the southeast of China, bordering the fertile Yangtze River Delta in the east, Ningzhen hills in the south, Anhui and Jiangxi mountainous areas in the west and Jianghuai Plain in the north. Known as the "southeast gateway, north and south throat". Nanjing is surrounded by low mountains, surrounded by mountains and waters, with unique natural features. The area spans the Shanxi section of Ningzhen. If Zhongshan in the east of the city is winding and the rocky mountain in the west is like a tiger, there is a saying that "Zhongshan is winding and Shicheng is by the tiger". The Yangtze River flows from west to south, and then turns to the east. Qinhuai River and Jinchuan River meander in the city; Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are magnificent and beautiful.
Qinhuai, since the Jin Dynasty, has been a place of foul smoke and gold dust in the Six Dynasties. One of Du Mu's poems, "Boating in Qinhuai", is now a household name: "Smoke cage and cold moon yarn, Qinhuai restaurant near night. Business women don't know how to hate the country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river. " Historically, the Six Dynasties, including, and the Southern Dynasties such as Song, Qi, Liang and Chen all built their capitals here (so Nanjing is generally called "the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties"); Southern Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty (Hongwunian), Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Kuomintang government also established their capitals here. Nanjing is known as the "Six Dynasties Resort and Ten Dynasties Metropolis".
Dr. Sun Yat-sen commented on the geographical environment of Nanjing in the General Plan for the Founding of the People's Republic of China: "It is located in a beautiful and good area. There are mountains, deep waters and plains on land. These three kinds of excellence are one place, Yu Zhong, which is hard to find in the world metropolis. And it happens to be in the center of the richest areas on both sides of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The future development of Nanjing is limitless. "