Ma Chao (176—222), a native of Fufeng Maoling (now northeast of Xingping, Shaanxi), was a general of Shu in the Three Kingdoms.
Ma Chao was the son of Ma Teng, a general who was seeking the west at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Marten was born in Ma Yuan and was a general of Han Fu Bo. His father was from Emperor Huan, and he was a county commandant in Gan Lan, Tianshui. Later, he lost his official position and lived in Longxi, where he lived with the Qiang people. He married a woman in A Qiang and gave birth to Marten. When Marten was a child, his family was poor, and he made a living by cutting and selling firewood. He is eight feet long, unique in physique and noble in character, and is respected by many people. Ma Chao lived in Qiang area since childhood, so he should be A Qiang.
In the last years of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, Marten, Han Sui, Bian Zhang and others fought in Xizhou. When Dong Zhuo entered the customs, he advised Marten and Han Sui to advise Shandong. So, in the third year of Chuping (192), Han Sui and Marten led the troops to Chang 'an. After the death of Dong Zhuo, Cui Li appointed Han Sui as the general of Zhenxi, sent him back to Jincheng, appointed Marten as the general of the Western Expedition, and sent him to Yan County. After Marten and Han Sui tried to attack Chang 'an, Cui Li was killed and defeated and returned to Liangzhou.
Zhong You, a senior official of the official department, was guarding Guanzhong. He wrote to Marten and Han Sui, telling them that they had unfortunately separated their interests. Marten sent his eldest son, Ma Chao, to Pingyang with Zhong You to crusade against Guoyuan and Gao Qian, and Ma Chao personally beheaded Guoyuan with Pound. Ma Chao was shot dead by an arrow in the battle. He wrapped his injured foot in a cloth bag and continued to fight, making a name for the three armed forces. After the war, he was appointed as the secretariat of Xuzhou, and later served as the imperial doctor.
Marten and Han Sui are closely related. But over time, bad blood grew, and they turned against each other and attacked each other for many years. After persuasion, the two reconciled.
In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), the court transferred Marten back to the capital, appointed him as Qiu, appointed Ma Chao as a partial general, made the capital Hou Ting, and put him in charge of Marten's army. After Ma Chao unified the army, he joined forces with Han Sui. Ma Chao moved to the Kansai region and won the support of the local Qiang people.
In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), in March, Cao Cao sent a captain Zhong You to crusade against Zhang Lu, and sent the Western Imperial Army to join forces with Zhong You in the summer. This threatened the existence and development of Ma Chaobu.
When the generals in Guanzhong saw that Cao Cao had left Guanzhong to conquer Zhang Lu, they suspected that his purpose was not for Zhang Lu, but to attack the enemy at a dangerous time. Therefore, ten departments are opposed, and hundreds of thousands of people are stationed in Tongguan. These ten films include Ma Chao, Han Sui, Hou Xuan, Yin Cheng, Yang Qiu, Li Kan, Zhang Heng, Liang Xing, Cheng Yi and Ma Wan. Cao Cao sent Cao Ren, the general of Anxi, to lead the troops to resist, and said to the generals, "Kansai soldiers are lean and tough, so don't fight" (The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei, Wu Di Ji). In July of the same year, Cao Cao personally led the troops to attack Ma Chao and others. In August, soldiers arrived in Tongguan.
Cao Cao is talking to Han Sui and Ma Chao alone. Ma Chao dared to catch Cao Cao, but when he saw Chu Xu's angry eyes, he dared not move. Cao Cao sent Huang Xu and Zhu Ling with 4,000 soldiers to cross the Yellow River from Pubanjin (now the Yellow River ferry between Yongji, Shanxi and Chaoyi, Dali, Shaanxi) and cut off Ma Chao's retreat from Hexi. Then, Cao Cao arranged ships and rafts to lead an army through Hebei. Ma Chao said to Han Sui, "We should station troops on the north shore in advance to stop Cao Bing from crossing the river. However, when the grain in the east of the river runs out on the 20th, Cao Cao and his men will flee. " Han Sui said, "We can let them cross the river. Sun Tzu's Art of War says, "Soldiers can attack halfway." Wouldn't it be nice if we attacked them from the south bank when they were halfway through? "D's plan has not been implemented. Cao Cao later learned about it and sighed, "I have no place to bury the horse when it dies." "
In August, Cao Cao invaded the north, and Cao Cao led hundreds of guards to stay on the south bank. At this time, Ma Chao led more than 10,000 cavalry to pursue, and the arrows rained down. More than ten thousand cavalry chased after, and the situation in Cao Jun was very critical. Ding Fei, a captain under Cao Cao, released a large number of cattle and horses, and Ma Chaojun hurried to get them. Cao Cao crossed the Yellow River under the cover of Chu Xu. Then erect a fence along the river bank and enter the south of the tunnel. Ma Chao retired to guard the entrance (now Huayin, Shaanxi).
By September, the climate in the northwest is already quite cold. Cao Cao used Lou Gui's plan to cross the Weihe River at night, collect sand for irrigation, and set up a pontoon bridge overnight based on frozen ice. The whole of Cao Jun crossed to Weinan. Cao Cao anticipated that Ma Chao would attack the camp at night, so he set an ambush and defeated Ma Chaojun. Ma Chao was frustrated and put forward the terms of drawing a river as the boundary, which was rejected by Cao Cao. Ma Chao came to challenge many times, but Cao Cao couldn't keep going, which made Ma Chao want to make a quick decision and once again put forward the requirement of dividing the land into boundaries.
At this time, Cao Cao adopted the counsel of counselor Jia Xu. On the surface, it is pretending to answer, paralyzing the other side, but in fact it is actively preparing to wait for an opportunity to annihilate the enemy. Cao Cao used his past friendship with Han Sui to deliberately catch up with him in front of the two armies; And deliberately altered the letter to Han Sui, making it fall into Ma Chao's hands, arousing Ma Chao's suspicion and intensifying its internal contradictions. When the time was right, Cao Cao took the initiative to attack Guan. Challenge Ma Chao with light cavalry first, and deal with it with mobile tactics. Once he was tired, he lured Ma Chao and others to the ambush area, and then sent elite heavy cavalry to attack from the two wings, thus losing the battle and cutting them into Yihe. Ma Chao and Han Sui fled to Liangzhou (now Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu Province). Cao Cao pursued his troops until Pingding (ruling Lin Jing, now southeast of Zhenyuan, Gansu). When Cao Cao heard that Yin Tian and Su Bo were fighting in Youzhou and Jizhou in the north, he led his troops back.
In the seventeenth year of Jian 'an, the Han court issued a letter to kill Marten and destroy his three clans. When Cao Cao withdrew, yangfu advised him. Yangfu said, "You have courage and faith (Han Xin) and cloth (Ying Bu), which won the heart of Hu Qiang. If you return to the army, you will not be prepared strictly, and the counties in Longshang will not belong to the state (biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Ma Chao).
Soon after Cao Cao's return to the East, Ma Chao really made a comeback, leading Qiang people and conference semifinals to attack Longxi, and all counties rose up in response. Only Wei Kangjian, the secretariat of Liangzhou, stayed in Ji Cheng (now Gangu East, Gansu).
In the eighteenth year of Jian 'an (265,438+03), Ma Chao won the ministries of Longxi, and with the help of reinforcements led by General Yang Ang sent by Zhang Lu, he concentrated more than 65,438+00,000 people to attack Ji Cheng. Ma Chaojun besieged Ji Cheng heavily, and from the first month to August, the imperial reinforcements didn't come. Weikang sent out of the city to go to Xia, who was stationed in Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi). Yan Wen dived into the water at night. The next day, Ma Chao's soldiers found water and caught Yan Wen.
Ma Chao took Yan Wen to the outside of Hebei, and told him to shout to the city that there were no reinforcements in the east, so as to break the morale of the defenders in the city. However, Yan Wen's loud reinforcements will only arrive in three days, so please do your best to defend the city. Ma Chao was furious, but because Ji Cheng could not attack for a long time, he slowly persuaded Yan Wen to change his mind. Yan Wen said, "The courtiers are in charge of the monarch, and they are just dead, so they have no second thoughts. But you asked me to say unjust things and be an unjust person. You'd better die! " Ma Chao had to kill Yan Wen.
Guarding city people had no hope of waiting for rescue, so Wei Kang, the secretariat and the satrap surrendered to Ma Chaoxian despite yangfu's dissuasion. After Ma Chao entered the city, he killed Weikang and Taishou, calling himself General Xi and Liangzhou Pastor, and was in charge of the military and political power in Liangzhou area. Cao Cao ordered Xia to lead an army to rescue him, only to find that he had fallen into the hands of Ma Chao. When reinforcements arrived more than 200 miles away from Ji City, Ma Chaojun went out of the city to meet them, and Xia Houyuan's army was defeated. At this time, another Miao leader rose from Xingguo (now northeast of Qin 'an, Gansu) and responded to Ma Chao. Xia was afraid of being attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, so he withdrew with a great army.
Yangfu, a former official, was dissatisfied with Ma Chao's cruelty, so he held a funeral for his wife and ran away. He went to his cousin Jiang Xu, who was stationed in Licheng (now northwest Gansu), to persuade him to eradicate Ma Chao with his own army and avenge Wei Kang and others. Jiang Xu also contacted Zhao Ang, Yin Feng, Li Jun and others to discuss the strategy against Ma Chao in secret. First, they sent people to sneak into Ji Cheng, secretly making friends with Liang Kuan and Zhao Qu, so as to become insiders in the city. In September, yangfu and Jiang Xu led the troops to attack Lucheng (now Lixian County, Gansu Province), and Zhao Ang and Yin Fengjin occupied Qishan City (now west and northeast of Gansu Province). Ma Chao flew into a rage after hearing the news. Zhao Qu took the opportunity to deliberately encourage Ma Chao to go out of the city to attack himself. As soon as Ma Chao left the city, Zhao Qu and Liang Kuan immediately closed the gate and killed Ma Chao's wife and children. Ma Chao was in a dilemma, so he raided Licheng and killed Jiang Xu's mother and Zhao Ang's son Yue Zhao. Yangfu led a decisive battle with Ma Chao, who suffered five serious injuries, and finally defeated Ma Chao, who went south to Hanzhong Zhang Lu. After this battle, Ma Chao's separatist forces were eliminated.
In the spring of the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Ma Chao made a comeback with the support of Zhang Lu, captured Liangzhou and surrounded Qishan (now western and northeastern Gansu). Yangfu and Jiang Xu ask Xia, the general guarding Chang 'an, for help. Some people say that Cao Cao's approval is required before reinforcements can be sent. Xia believes that Cao Cao is far away in Yecheng and travels thousands of miles back and forth. If you ask for instructions, it will inevitably delay the fighter. So, he made a decisive decision and immediately sent troops to rescue Qishan, ordering general Zhang He to lead 5000 cavalry as a pioneer. The reinforcements and Jiang Xu's defenders defeated Ma Chaojun together. Ma Chao was defeated, retreated to Hanzhong and attached himself to Zhang Lu.
Zhang Lu appointed him toast and wanted to marry his daughter. Some people dissuaded him, thinking that Ma Chao's wife suffered a tragic accident, which was all caused by Ma Chao. He can't love her, so how can he love her? Zhang Lu just gave up.
When Ma Chao didn't fight Cao Cao, his concubine brother was Zhong Zhong, who stayed in Sanfu. Ma Chao lost, and the seeds were planted in Hanzhong first. Zheng Dan, a birthday of Ma Chao. Ma Chao beat his chest and vomited blood, saying, "A family of 100 died on the same day. Now there are only two of me left, congratulations! "
Ma Chao saw that it was difficult for Zhang Lu to achieve great things, and he was jealous of Zhang Ang, and his heart was depressed. When Liu Beizheng besieged Chengdu for a long time, after knowing Ma Chao's situation, he sent Li Hui from Jiangning Du You to persuade him. Ma Chao fled Wudu and wrote a secret letter to Liu Bei.
Liu Bei was overjoyed and said, "I am exempt from Yizhou." So he sent someone to meet Ma Chao, told him to stop first, and secretly assigned many soldiers to him to increase his military strength. Then, he was ordered to lead the troops to the gate of Chengdu and stationed in the north of the city, where the earthquake was terrible. In less than ten days, he was frightened by Ma Chao's fame, only opened the North Gate and surrendered to Liu Bei. Liu Bei appointed Ma Chao as the current general and governor of Linshu, and made him follow the title of Cao Cao as the capital of Hou Ting.
Liu Bei promoted the king of Hanzhong, appointed Ma Chao as the right general, and rewarded Jeff. In the first year of Zhangwu (22 1), Ma Chao was promoted to a title of generals in ancient times, led Liangzhou as a shepherd, and entered Gu Feng Township. Policy yue:
"I'm not good, I won the supreme, flattering ancestral temple. Cao Cao and his son, God download their sins, and I use them miserably and painfully. Resentment in the sea, both positive and negative, led the service at the same time with Di and Qiang, eager for justice. Believe in the north soil, be strong and clear, give it a promise, fight tigers, take Dong Wan Li as a teacher, and win the hearts of the people. Its bright, far-sighted, careful reward and punishment, learn from Han, to the world "("biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Ma Chao ").
In the second year of Zhangwu (222), Ma Chao died at the age of 47. Before he died, Ma Chao wrote to Liu Bei: "There were more than 200 ministers, and Meng De did a little punishment. Only by following in the footsteps of my younger brother can I deeply trust your majesty, and I have nothing to say "(biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Ma Chao). Liu Bei chased Ma Chaowei, and his son Ma Wei. Ma Dai went to Pingbei General after his post, and he was promoted to Chen Canghou.
Comments: Ma Chao has been a soldier for half his life, but he has no courage, no plan, and even his family is ruined and he is displaced. What happened to him was the epitome of the warlord melee society at that time.