Wang Anshi (102118-1086), whose real name is Wen in the mountains. Little Badger Lang, named Jing Guogong, is also called Wang Yushi. Han nationality. Linchuan people in the Northern Song Dynasty (now Shangchi Village, dongxiang county City, Jiangxi Province). China is an outstanding politician, writer, thinker and reformer. Outstanding literary achievements. His poem "Learn from Du Fu's thin and bitter songs" is good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions and vigorous in style.

The police are excellent and have works with deep feelings. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike, and died in Zhongshan and posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), also known as Wang Wengong. Its political reform had a far-reaching impact on the social economy in the late Northern Song Dynasty and had the characteristics of modern reform. Lenin praised him as "1 1 century China's great reformer". Together with "Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and Ceng Gong", they are called "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".

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family background

Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086), a native of Shangchi Village, dongxiang county, Jiangxi Province, is a statue of Wang Anshi in Shangchi, Dongxiang, the hometown of Gong Jing in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Outstanding politician, thinker and writer. Wang Anshi was born in an official family. His father, Wang Yi, was a scholar in Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu for eight years (10 15) and was a local official in Ren Jianan (now Jian 'ou, Fujian) for more than twenty years. He is honest and clean, strict in law enforcement, and has done many useful things for the people. His mother, Yao, was fond of learning, remembering and reasoning since childhood. Wang Anshi was smart since he was a child, and he never forgot to read. I traveled north and south with my father and officials since I was a child, which increased my social experience, broadened my horizons, witnessed the hardships of the people's lives, and had a certain perceptual understanding of the situation of "accumulating poverty and accumulating weakness" in the Song Dynasty. When I was young, I set the ambition of "rectifying the world and changing customs". In March of the second year of Li Qing (1042), he was admitted to the Jinshi examination and was awarded the judge of Huainan Festival. In seven years, he was transferred to Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), honest and strict in law enforcement. He organized migrant workers to build dikes and dams, dig ponds, improve farmland irrigation and facilitate transportation, and did many beneficial things for the people. When young crops fail, lending the grain stored in the official treasury to farmers at low interest rate not only solves the difficulties for the people to tide over the famine, but also enables the official grain to be exchanged for new grain.

Commitment to enter North Korea

In three years (105 1), Huang You was appointed as a judge in Zhou Shu with remarkable achievements. Wen Yanbo, the prime minister, recommended him as a judge of animal husbandry, and served as a judge of Changzhou Known and Jiangdong Prison. Jiayou served as a judge for three years (1058), and wrote tens of thousands of books to Song Renzong, which profoundly exposed the decadent atmosphere of bureaucracy, imperial examination and extravagance, demanded political reform and strengthened border defense, and put forward the financial management principle of "collecting the wealth of Wang Anshi's portrait (IX) for the expenses of the world", but it did not attract the attention of the court. Soon after, the court appointed him as Yuan Xian, and his colleagues began to take notes. He didn't want to take this idle post, so he resigned in August of eight years (1063) and returned to Jiangning on the grounds that his mother was ill. After Emperor Yingzong acceded to the throne (1063- 1066), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing many times, but he resigned from the DPRK on the grounds of his mother's death and illness.

Reform movement

In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zongshen succeeded to the throne, and Wang Anshi was appointed as the magistrate of Jiangning, and was immediately appointed as a bachelor and lecturer of Hanlin. Inscribe an image for Wang Anshi

In the first year of Xining (1068), in order to get rid of the political and economic crisis faced by the Song Dynasty and the constant intrusion of Liao and Xixia, Shenzong called Wang Anshi to "turn to the right repeatedly", that is, he wrote a letter advocating political reform. The following year, he devoted himself to politics and presided over the political reform. In order to guide the implementation of the reform, a three-part department of laws and regulations was established, and a group of officials who supported the reform were found to participate in the formulation of the new law. In the third year of Xining (1070), he was appointed as the prime minister, promoted the new law nationwide, and began a large-scale reform movement. The new financial laws include average transportation law, young crops law, market exchange law, exemption law, average land tax law and farmland water conservancy law; On the military side, there are the laws of setting generals, protecting armor and protecting horses. At the same time, reform the imperial examination system and train talents for the implementation of the new law. These measures have limited the exploitation of farmers by big landlords and businessmen to a certain extent, promoted the development of farmland water conservancy, improved the national financial situation and enhanced military strength. Wang Anshi was called "1 1 the reformer of China in the century" by Lenin, and Mao Zedong also praised "the most valuable thing about Wang Anshi is that he put forward the idea of" insufficient words ". ("People's words are unkind" was not put forward by Wang Anshi and other reformists, but was slandered by the opposition who opposed the reformists. There are three similar sentences in the original text: "The destiny is not enough to be feared, the public opinion is insufficient, and the laws of the ancestors are insufficient. "After Wang Anshi heard this sentence, he was deeply in line with his own reform theme, so he publicized it. The reform made the imperial court monopolize the commodity trade, and not only the interests of bureaucrats and big landlords were infringed, but also the interests of small businessmen, and the original social order was destroyed, which was fiercely opposed by conservatives, especially the tenacious resistance of Empress Dowager Cao and Empress Dowager Gao. In addition, in the process of implementation, many officials took the opportunity to extort money, which harmed the interests of farmers. However, all the talented ministers who wrote letters to directly remonstrate politics were dismissed or demoted or exiled by Wang Anshi, which led to more and more unscrupulous and daring tax collectors. This situation is getting more and more serious, and the actual effect is far from the subjective assumption. Wang Anshi was slandered by many people. Under the pressure of royalty and ministers who opposed the new law, Song Shenzong defected to Wang Anshi in April of the seventh year of Xining (1074) and was appointed as the magistrate of Jiangning. The following year, Wang Anshi was once again used as prime minister, but due to the division within the new school and the alienation of conservatives, Wang Anshi was actually difficult to make a difference. In October of the ninth year of Xining, he went on strike again and became a signing judge in Jiangnan. The next year, he retired to Jiangning and lived a leisurely life. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zhezong ascended the throne at the age of ten. Empress Dowager Gao went to court, and Sima Guang, who opposed the political reform, was the prime minister. After several performances by Su Shi, most of the harmful new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died in April of the following year and was buried in the Mid-Levels Garden in Jiangning. In his later years, Wang Anshi was named Jing Guogong, known as Wang, Wang Wengong and Linchuan in history. After death, he was chased as a "teacher"; During his teenage years, posthumous title was named "Wen" and was named as a temple. Hui Zong was also named Wenxuan King Temple. When Qin Zong was in power, the emperor ordered him to stop enjoying Wenxuan Wang Dian. The emperor adopted the opinions of Zhao Ding and Lv Cong and cut off the title of "King of Shu". Wang Anshi's ruling and determination to reform are dominated by his progressive philosophy. He regards "dividing the old from the new" as the law of the development and change of nature, thus establishing the fearless spirit of "the lack of destiny is not enough for fear, the lack of public opinion and the lack of laws of ancestors" These progressive ideas also shine brilliantly in his literary works. His prose is good at reasoning, concise and profound, vigorous and knowledgeable; Poetry, on the other hand, is vigorous and fresh, full of heroism, which has strongly impacted the formalistic style of writing in the early Song Dynasty and had a direct impact on uninhibited poetry. His works are extremely rich, including Linchuan Collection, Linchuan Collection and Interpretation, New Interpretation of Three Classics (incomplete volume), Selected Poems of Hundred Schools in Tang and Song Dynasties, and Poetic Hooking. In addition, his landscape poems are also excellent. Wang Anshi has been away from his hometown as an official since childhood, but he has deep feelings for his hometown. He visited relatives in his hometown many times and wrote many poems, letters and epitaphs to relatives, friends and places of interest in his hometown, expressing his thoughts and feelings of loving his hometown. Hometown people also have deep admiration and nostalgia for him. As early as the fifth year of worshipping Ning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 106), Lingtian Deng of Fuzhou County built Wang Gongjing Temple in Wang Anshi's former residence, which was "as filial as filial piety". Many place names were taken in memory of him, including Gong Jing, Gong Jingpo, Gong Jing Bridge, Diaoyutai in Gong Jing, Mid-Levels Academy, Anshi Reading Desk, Gong Jing Highway and so on. Scholars in their hometown wrote books to defend Wang Anshi: In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Ninth Academy of Lu Jinxi praised his noble character and denounced Wang Anshi's political enemies in "Sacrifice to Gong Jing Ancestral Temple"; In Qing Dynasty, Cai Shangxiang and Jin Xi devoted their whole lives to writing A Textual Research on the Chronicle of the King to refute the falsehood of the History of Song Dynasty. 1986165438+10 In October, Jiangxi Provincial People's Government allocated special funds to build the "Wang Anshi Memorial Hall" in Fuzhou. There is a statue of Wang Anshi more than 3 meters high in front of the main building for people to admire.

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In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi was ranked as the fourth scholar, and successively delivered books for Huainan (Yangzhou) to save the official business. Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang) and Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui), the magistrate of a county, were transferred to Kaifeng as judges of the animal husbandry department (this position has not been confirmed yet).

It seems untrue to take historical materials as evidence. ), spin and turn to Changzhou, mention some Jiangnan East Road prison merchants, and then called the three divisions to decide the case and make a patent. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, Wang Anshi called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book Yan Hong Shu written by Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (1058) in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Take the example of Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji who only wanted to "relax" and didn't seek reform, and finally fell down. Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, and shouted loudly: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be safe and chaotic, so don't rush to today if possible", demanding that the reform of written law be realized immediately; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with young Song Shenzong, which won Song Shenzong's appreciation. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a consultant in politics, and was promoted to prime minister the following year, and began to vigorously carry out reforms. The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, and expounded the relationship between political affairs and financial management. He once pointed out: "People who have done nothing today, because of lack of money, should take financial management as the first priority." "Political affairs do financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he thought that only by developing Wang Anshi's head.

On the basis of production, the national financial problem can be solved: "Because of the power of the world, the wealth of the world can be generated, and the wealth of the world can be used for the expenditure of the world." After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. He once pointed out: "Those who do nothing today are short of money, so I put financial management first", while "financial management is urgent for farmers, and farmers are eager to get rid of hardships, restrain mergers and promote agriculture". In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production in the first place as the top priority. In Wang Anshi's view, in order to develop production, the first thing is to "relieve (laborers) suffering, restrain mergers and take pleasure in agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and bring those idle people back to the front line of production. Harvest depends on people, not on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms nationwide. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from labor, fair loss, easy market, exemption from money and mining tax system, and carried out extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce and from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform.

Edit this paragraph to brew reform.

In the first year of Xining (1068), Song Shenzong, who was newly acceded to the throne, asked Wang Anshi, "What is the first way to govern the country today?" Wang Anshi replied: "From the choice of surgery." In the second year of Xining, Song Shenzong asked Wang Anshi, "I don't know what your plan is, what is the first one?" Wang Anshi replied: "It is urgent to legislate to change customs. Anyone who wants beauty and vulgarity is a gentleman, destroying villains, and being ashamed of courtesy and righteousness. It is also caused by a gentleman. " In February of the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi began to implement the new law and adopted a series of reform measures. Fan Zhen, an Hanlin scholar, thinks that the implementation of "Young Crop Law" is to become rich and take more and less, but "taking less and taking more is still fifty steps and a hundred steps". In July and August, Fan Chunren wrote to the emperor, publicly accusing Anshi of "taking advantage" and giving up "knowing Yao and Shun to protect the people". In the proposal, Cheng Lu wrote to Wang Anshi and said, "Sure! Once Song Shenzong and Wen Yanbo discussed the matter of political reform, Zong Shen said: "If the legal system is strengthened, how unhappy the literati are, why are the people inconvenient?" Wen Yanbo said: "Rule the world by literature, not by the people. "In the second year, Sima Guang wrote three long letters to Wang Anshi-"Letter to Fu Jie (King) ",accusing Wang Anshi of" not appointing the three departments, but making the interests of money and grain autonomous, and also setting up the three departments to plan the department ","promoting Changping Guanghuicang ","taking Fu Jie as the current government, changing the old law of ancestors, taking the top down, taking the right and the left, " He also ordered Xue to go to Chiang Kai-shek and Huai River in order to seize the benefits of merchants, divide the money of young crops into the world and collect their interest. It was sad that the gentleman had not met and his brother and wife were separated. ""either see a little different, get angry with the new order, or insult it, or say it one by one without waiting for you to finish. The wise Lord was so tolerant, but Fu Jie refused to protest. Nothing is not enough to forgive! " ; List all kinds of disadvantages of the implementation of the new law, such as "invading officials", "insurrection", "levying profits", "refusing to remonstrate" and "provoking anger", and ask Wang Anshi to abandon the new law and restore the old system. Wang Anshi wrote a reply to Sima's suggestion: "If I really blame myself for being in office for a long time and failing to help the people, then someone will know the crime. If you say that you should do nothing today, just do what you did before, it's beyond anyone's knowledge. Later, the two men parted ways completely, and Sima Guang resigned as emperor and concentrated on writing "Learning from the Same Experience" in Luoyang.

Edit this crisis of Wang Anshi's political reform

Three major contradictions

1, sharp class contradiction: In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers of the Song Dynasty adopted an attitude of "not restraining mergers", resulting in one-third of the yeomen becoming tenant farmers, powerful landlords hiding land, the rich without land tax, and the poor with a heavy burden. Years of natural disasters have aggravated the suffering of farmers, which has led to frequent riots among farmers everywhere. 2. Serious ethnic opposition: the Northern Song Dynasty fought many wars with Xixia and Liao countries. 3. Contradictions within the ruling group are prominent: the reformists and the old-fashioned struggle is fierce.

"Three Redundancy" Crisis

1, redundant officials, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty adopted the way of dividing the powers and centralized the imperial power. For example, the position of prime minister was generally held by many people, and at the same time, Tang envoys, political officials and three secretaries were set up to divide the military, political and financial power of the prime minister. The number of official posts is also increasing, resulting in bloated institutions in the Northern Song Dynasty. With nepotism, a bureaucrat can recommend dozens of relatives to be officials in his life; In the Northern Song Dynasty, the number of imperial examinations increased, and the number of candidates also increased. 2. Surplus soldiers, the government recruited refugees to stabilize social order, the number of troops increased, and military spending increased. 3. Redundant expenses, officials and soldiers led to an increase in government expenditure, and the Northern Song government also gave Xixia and Liao "old coins". At the same time, due to the serious phenomenon of land annexation, the rich concealed the land, which led to a sharp drop in fiscal revenue, thus causing the financial crisis of the Northern Song Dynasty government.

Big background

The scattered army, low command efficiency and combat effectiveness led to the failure of the Northern Song Dynasty in the struggle with Liao and Xixia. 1. In order to prevent military commanders from implementing the garrison law, the Northern Song Dynasty government frequently mobilized military commanders, which led to the impermanence of soldiers and commanders, and set up different institutions to govern the army, and the right to adjust troops was separated from the right to lead troops. Weaken the combat effectiveness of the army. 2. In order to stabilize the social order, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty recruited soldiers and refugees in the famine years, and the combat effectiveness of the army declined. 3. The Northern Song Dynasty was dominated by infantry, which could not beat the cavalry of the northern minorities at all. 4, weapons production and management confusion, affecting the combat effectiveness of the army.

Wang Anshi's reform

Deeply appreciated by Song Shenzong, in the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a political counselor, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously carry out reforms and carry out political reforms. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's primary task, expounded the relationship between politics and financial management, and made a portrait of Wang Anshi.

It is believed that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, the royal family and the conservative literati joined forces to oppose the political reform. So in the seventh year of Yexining (1074), Wang Anshi went on strike for the first time. See you next year. Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year of Xining (1076), he resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.

The content of political reform

Wang Anshi's Reform in Xining Period of Song Shenzong in Northern Song Dynasty. In the first month of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Song Shenzong Zhao Yong ascended the throne. Zongshen is determined to innovate. In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi was called to Beijing to carry out reforms and establish a system to enrich Qiang Bing and change the current situation of poverty and weakness. Wang Anshi established a new organization to guide the reform-the third department of laws and regulations. After the cancellation of the Planning Department, Sinong Temple presided over most of the political reform affairs. Lv Huiqing, Ceng Bu and other countries participated in the drafting of the new law. These new laws can be roughly divided into three main aspects according to their contents and functions: financial management measures, military measures and educational measures. The most important core of financial management measures is "the people don't give money, and the country saves money". The policies to restrict businessmen from supplying national needs and restricting businessmen mainly include equal loss method, market exchange method and exemption method. In July of the second year of Xining, the lose-lose law of Huai, Zhejiang, Jiang and Hu was promulgated. By sea, we can grasp the financial situation of the Sixth Road, consider the annual supply situation and the materials needed by the capital, and then "change convenience into easy purchase" according to the principle of "moving expensive is cheap, and using near is easy to go far" and store it for later use, so as to save the price and the labor cost of transshipment. Equal-loss method captures some interests of wealthy businessmen, and at the same time slightly reduces many extra burdens of taxpayers. In March of five years, the Municipal Easy Law was promulgated. Establish urban services in Kaifeng. According to the market situation, the municipal easy service determines the price, purchases unsalable goods and sells them when the market needs it. Vendors can borrow money or buy goods on credit from the municipal simple service office. Later, Kaifeng e-commerce, as the general organization of e-commerce, was promoted to the capital of e-commerce. The market change law has played a role in limiting the monopoly of the market by big businessmen, and also increased the financial income of the court. In July of the sixth year of Xining, the exemption law was officially promulgated. According to the exemption law, shops in all walks of life pay the exemption amount to e-commerce every month according to their profits, and no longer supply physical objects or manpower to the government in turn. Policies to develop agricultural production and adjust the relationship between feudal countries, landlords and farmers, as well as measures to develop agricultural production, including young crops law, conscription law, land tax law and farmland water conservancy law. Young crop law In September of the second year of Xining, the young crop law was promulgated. It is stipulated that the grain stored in Changping and Guanghui warehouses should be based on money. When the food price is high, it is sold at a price lower than the market price, and when the price is low, it is purchased at a price higher than the market price. The accumulated cash is divided into two periods every year, that is, the first month and May, when sowing is needed and summer and autumn are immature, and farmers borrow money and goods from the government on a voluntary basis. After the harvest, with the summer and autumn tax, the interest will be increased by two or three tenths to return the food or cash. Young crops law protects farmers from usury when the "merger house" is out of date, and makes farmers "keep pace with the times". However, the phenomenon of compulsory lending in concrete implementation is the most controversial content in Wang Anshi's political reform measures. The fundraising law was promulgated and implemented in Xining in four years. The conscription law (exemption law) stipulates that state and county governments should pay for military service. States and counties expect that the annual employment expenses will be shared by families according to their level. The law of supporting service makes rural residents who used to serve in turn return to their hometowns to farm, and farmers who used to enjoy the privilege of exemption from service have to pay service money, which increases the government's income. In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), Sinong Temple formulated the Land Tax Equalization Treaty, which was divided into two parts: land tax equalization and tax equalization. "Tianfang" is a land survey presided over by the county magistrate every September, which is divided into five grades according to the fertility of the soil. "Equal tax" is based on the measurement results of "Tian Fang" to formulate tax amount. The land equalization tax law cleared the hidden land of the big landlords, increased the national fiscal revenue and reduced the burden on farmers, but it also seriously harmed the interests of big bureaucrats and big landlords. They strongly opposed the promulgation of the farmland water conservancy law in Xining the next year. The treaty encourages all localities to reclaim wasteland, build water conservancy and build dikes, and the beneficiary households will invest in the project according to their grades. Under Wang Anshi's advocacy, an upsurge of "four parties vying for farmland water conservancy" was formed for a while. While harnessing the Yellow River, Zhanghe River and other rivers in the north, a large number of "silt fields" have been deposited along several rivers and canals, turning barren land into fertile fields. Stabilizing feudal order is a military measure. Measures to consolidate the feudal ruling order, rectify and strengthen the army include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Armor Law, Horse Protection Law and the establishment of military equipment supervision. Wang Anshi took Sun Tzu's Art of War as the "Qiang Bing" measure. On the one hand, he streamlined the army, eliminated the old and the weak, and merged the barracks. On the other hand, he implemented Sun Tzu's Art of War. From the seventh year of Xining, he selected military attaché s with higher martial arts and more combat experience in the north for special training. The implementation of Sun Tzu's art of war will enable soldiers to know their generals and practice their soldiers, thus improving the combat effectiveness of the army. Garbo fax is issued in three years. Rural households everywhere, regardless of the main household or the customer, have one guarantee for every ten (later changed to five), five guarantees and one guarantee, and ten guarantees and one guarantee. Where there are more than two people at home, one person will protect Ding. During the slack season, gather for military training in Baoding; Patrol in turn at night to maintain law and order. Garbo law can not only enable the able-bodied men all over the country to receive military training and join the regular army, thus saving a lot of national military expenditure, but also establish a strict security network according to Garbo, organize the people of the whole country and stabilize the feudal order. Reforming the education system Wang Anshi and other reformers also reformed the imperial examination system, reorganized schools at all levels, and trained needed talents for the society.

The influence of political reform

Wang Anshi's reform aimed at "enriching Qiang Bing", and it took nearly 15 years from the implementation of the new law to its abolition by the old school. During this period, after the implementation of each new law, it basically achieved the expected results, limiting the activities of powerful mergers and usurers, reducing some privileges of middle and upper-level officials and the royal family, while rural landlords and farmers reduced some obligations and tax burdens. Feudal countries also strengthened their rule over direct producers and increased their fiscal revenue. The new law more or less violated the interests of middle and upper-class officials, royalty, tycoons and usurers, and was finally abolished when Sima Guang was in power. Soon, due to the lack of central financial allocation, at the suggestion of Sima Guang, Gong Jing's political reform project was partially resumed. Wang Anshi's political reform and the New Deal of the United States in the 1930s are both events with great influence in the world economic history. /kloc-since 0/000, the great historical significance of Wang Anshi's political reform has been deeply understood by later generations, and more and more people in the world have made positive comments on Wang Anshi. Many people gave a comprehensive evaluation of the contemporary enlightenment of Wang Anshi's political reform. Few people are as concerned about the connection between Wang Anshi's political reform and the New Deal agricultural policy as Wallace, the American New Deal agriculture minister. In Wallace's view, the problems that Wang Anshi's political reform had to solve were the same as those faced by the United States in the 1930s. Wang Anshi's reform measures and the New Deal agricultural policy can also be used for reference. During Wallace's visit to China in 1944, relevant reports wrote: "Fahrenheit studies the history of China, and it is expected to greatly appreciate Wang Anshi's agricultural policy in China, and there are yearning words in his repeated speeches. When Di Hua visited Xinjiang Women's College in Urumqi today, there was a complete book of Wang Linchuan in the library. Wang Shijie and Lun Jia, because Fahrenheit got the book. Fahrenheit said that he had studied Wang Anshi, but there must be articles in the complete works that he didn't know. Wang said that Wang Anshi's whole spirit is not afraid of any resistance, because the language in this book is not afraid of natural changes and the laws of his ancestors. Fahrenheit replied: I am quite clear about this. When he left the hospital, he made a speech to the students, because he was not afraid of natural disasters and any resistance, taking Chiang Kai-shek as an example and overcame all difficulties. In the chat with director Wang Shijie, Mr. and Mrs. Sheng, and Luo Jian Jia Lun, I also asked about the relevant chapters of Wang Anshi, a politician in the Song Dynasty who was known as the first person in the history of China to carry out the "New Deal". Director Wang was invited to collect Wang Anshi's deeds and interview his descendants. At Minister Shen's banquet, Fahrenheit mentioned Wang Anshi many times, and then compared it with the situation at that time from the perspective of the present era, which is an optimistic expectation. " Why does Wallace think so highly of Wang Anshi? In his view, the economic situation of the United States in the Roosevelt era was very similar to that of China in the Wang Anshi era. On the one hand, there is a surplus of agricultural products. On the other hand, because the American agricultural credit system itself is dominated by monopoly groups, ordinary farmers can't get loans, their land is reclaimed by landlords, and their livelihood goes from bad to worse. Only by providing loans to the people through the government can farmers find a livelihood as soon as possible and solve this problem better. Wang Anshi's good legislation could not be realized in the ancient autocratic period, but it can become a reality in the contemporary era. 1930 was during the Great Depression. Wallace, then Minister of Agriculture, modeled himself on Wang Anshi's "Young Crop Law" and established a permanent warehouse in the United States (the government granary where China's ancient grain reserves were insufficient to suppress food prices). On the one hand, he carried out agricultural loans, on the other hand, he bought surplus materials and food and distributed them to urban people free of charge, which not only solved the problem of food shortage, but also ensured the stability of food and material prices, and played an important role in the United States through the Great Depression. To some extent, it was Wang Anshi who saved the hungry American farmers.

Edit the results of this reform.

In the sixth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1073), Wang Shao, the envoy of Song Xihe Road, led an army to attack Tubo under the command of Wang Anshi, and fought in five states, including Linxia (Gansu) and Min (now Min County, Gansu). Song Jun recovered five states, expanded its territory to more than 2,000 miles, took care of 300,000 registered households of Qiang people, and established a favorable front for attacking Xixia region. Wang Anshi's political reform became a major reform in China. On the other hand, the political reform forced Wang Anshi's beloved farmers to leave their homes in the harvest year and their wives and children were separated. At the beginning of the political reform, the years were good. Knowing that there would be a bumper harvest, the authorities lent money to farmers to buy farm tools and wheat seedlings. Once harvested, the authorities collect wheat for military supply and earn interest. In the case of drought and flood, there was no harvest, and farmers were unable to repay their debts to the government. Some poor farmers are guaranteed loans by wealthy neighbors, but when farmers are unable to repay their loans, wealthy families will be dragged down or even ruined. If this vicious cycle continues year after year, farmers' debts will get higher and higher, and they have only two ways to go: first, starve to death when the years are bad; First, in a good year, he was jailed. It should be noted that under such circumstances, farmers are not hooligans who owe money but bureaucrats are bullies who borrow money. As mentioned earlier, the political reform was used by local officials, who forced loans to extract benefits from it. In order to sanctify the reform, Wang Anshi whitewashed the emperor and exaggerated the effect of the reform, ignoring the persecution of the people by the reform. During the political reform, Wang Anshi, as prime minister, pushed all the opposition out of the court and promoted and appointed small groups that supported the political reform. After Zhezong ascended the throne, although the new law was no longer true, these villains still corrupted the court, poisoned the country and harmed the people in Beijing, and the society was chaotic and the people were miserable, so the Northern Song Dynasty perished.