1, Confucius (former 55 1 ~ former 479)
China was a thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Kong Qiu, Zhong Ni. Lu people. He was an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty and moved to Lu to escape civil strife. Father and uncle, mother is strict. Lu Xianggong was born in Lushi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) in the 22nd year (55 1). Lu is the fief of Bo Qin, the son of Duke Zhou, and is known as the land of rites and music. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the rites and music were still intact. Lu's deep-rooted tradition of rites and music has a profound influence on Confucius. When Confucius was young, he often played with Chen Naidou and held ceremonies. He lost his father in his early years and his family was poor. When he was young, he was a small official in charge of granary and grazing. In his thirties, he began to give lectures. In the 26th year of Emperor Lu Zhaodi (5 16), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius was dissatisfied with the Sanhuan forces headed by Ji. He once left Lu for Qi and soon made a comeback. Start sorting out poems, books, rituals and music. The more disciples you recruit, the greater your influence. Nine years in Lu (before 50 1), he served as the commander in chief, with considerable achievements. Later, he was promoted to Sikong and Dashikou. Ten years after the establishment of Qi Huangong, a meeting of Qilu Ancient Society was held, in which Confucius paid tribute to each other and soldiers of Lu paid tribute to each other to recover the fields occupied by Qi. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Ding, Confucius proposed to destroy the three capitals, namely, Shu and Shi. After Qiu Fei and his uncle were destroyed, Confucius' plan failed by confronting them with force. After the political situation in Lu changed, Confucius saw that his ideal was difficult to realize, so he led his disciples to leave Lu and began to travel around the world. At the age of 55, Confucius was 55. In 14, Confucius visited Wei, Chen, Song, Cai, Chu and other countries to publicize his political views to the governors, but it was useless. In the eleventh year (484 BC), Ji Kangzi greeted Confucius with coins, and Confucius returned to Shandong at the age of 68. He often asks Confucius for advice on politics, but it is useless. Confucius devoted himself to education in his later years, sorting out ancient books such as poems and books, and deleting Chunqiu. Its students recorded their thoughts and actions in The Analects.
2. Mencius (372-289 BC) was born in Zou, a native of Shandong in the middle of the Warring States Period. He is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Yu Zisi. He has traveled to Song, Teng, Wei, Qi and other countries to explain his political views and worked in Qi. In his later years, he retired to write books and handed down seven pieces of Mencius. He was a representative of Confucianism in the middle of the Warring States Period.
Mencius' thought originated from Confucius. Mencius developed Confucius' "benevolence" into the theory of "benevolent government". He believes that to implement "benevolent government", it is necessary to "control the people's permanent production", so that every farmer has a hundred acres of land, five acres of houses, a brief introduction to Confucius, and a minimum of means of production; "Don't rob the farming season" to ensure that farmers have time to work; "save punishment and light taxes" to give people the lowest material living conditions; Strengthen moral education to make people understand the truth of "filial piety and faith". Mencius saw that the people were being exploited and oppressed by the feudal landlord class, and tried to take these measures to ease class contradictions and consolidate the rule of the landlord class, but it was still conducive to the development of production. In connection with the theory of "benevolent government", Mencius also put forward the view that "the people are more valuable than the monarch", saying: "the people are more valuable, the country is second, and the monarch is lighter" (Mencius). He believes that only with the support of the people can the monarch achieve and maintain his dominant position. Therefore, he advocated that the monarch should mainly implement "benevolent government" and "have fun with the people." China people can kill the monarch who destroys the people. Shang Zhouwang is a famous tyrant in history. The king of Wu attacked Zhou. He thought it was right to kill him. He said, "I have heard of killing husbands, but I have never heard of killing kings" (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia). Although Mencius sympathized with the people and condemned the tyrant, his political thought still maintained the feudal system, so he preached: "The industrious rule the people, and the industrious rule the people." Treat people eat people, treat people eat people, which makes sense in the world "("Mencius Teng Wengong "). This view has long been the theoretical basis for defending the exploitation system.
3. Zhuangzi (about 369-286) was born in Zhou, Zi Zixiu, and was born in the Warring States Period (now Mengcheng County, Anhui Province). A famous thinker, philosopher and writer, a representative of Taoist school, the successor and developer of Laozi's philosophical thought, and the founder of Zhuangzi school in pre-Qin. His theory covered all aspects of social life at that time, but the fundamental spirit still belonged to Laozi's philosophy. Later generations called him and Laozi "Laozi", and their philosophy was "Laozi's philosophy".
His thought contains simple dialectical factors and thinks that everything is changing. He believes that "Tao" is a "natural place" and it is closed from the beginning of "Tao" (that is, "Tao" has no boundaries). Advocate "inaction" and give up all the struggles in life. He also believes that everything is relative, so he denies knowledge Confucius, denies the essential difference of everything, denies reality, fantasizes about a subjective spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me", and turns to relativism and fatalism.