Wen Zhiming (1470- 1559) was originally named the Great Wall, and later renamed Zheng Zhong. He was born in Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Jiajing was appointed as imperial academy at the beginning and resigned soon. Works, poetry, calligraphy, painting. Painting is good at landscapes, figures, orchids, flowers and so on. The styles of landscape painting are coarse and fine. Rough brush originated from Shen Zhou and Zhenwu, and Zhao Meng's ancient wood and bamboo stone method was adopted. The brushwork is vigorous and dripping, the dry brush calligraphy is white, and the level and charm can be seen in the thick brush. Fine brushwork takes Zhao Meng and Wang Meng, with dense scenery and little space depth; The shape is angular and slightly deformed; Fine brushwork, slightly rough, and good at childlike interest are the characteristics of his works, which are beneficial to family painting; The colors are green and heavy, with a faint crimson between them, and elegance is seen in freshness. "West Bay Landscape" is a true color painting with strong decoration, lyricism, childlike interest and closeness to the people.
(1) The artistic style of Wen Zhiming's painting; Wen Zhiming's landscape painting also experienced early, middle and late changes. At the early age of 30-40, Zhao Meng, who gave priority to meticulous brushwork and preferred sons to daughters, also studied Shen Zhou's rough brushwork. Taking Wen Zhiming's iconic "writing style" as the boundary, it is divided into the early and middle stages. Before the age of 42, Wen Zhiming was called "Wall", but he changed his name from "Earth" to "Jade". Later, he changed his name to "Zheng Ming" and completely changed the name after he was 44 years old. His early representative works include "Spring Trees after Rain" (collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei), which was written at the age of 38, with green and heavy colors, neat and meticulous brushwork, patriarchal clan system and slightly childish brushwork, and the style is "writing style", which is the original. A picture of a proud south window (collected by Tianjin Cultural Management Institute), written at the age of 42, is light in ink and wash. Ni Zan prefers boys to girls, with unique and elegant style, and is known as the "literary wall". The mid-term is about 40 to 60 years old. His main families are Zhao Meng and Wang Meng. Whether it is green or ink, it is mainly meticulous, forming a typical face of fine prose. Masterpieces such as Huishan Tea Party (collected by Beijing Palace Museum), written at the age of 49, are colorful and learn from Zhao Meng. The scenery is relatively simple, and the brushwork is still relatively naive. "Colorful Landscape Map" (collected by Liaoning Provincial Museum), made at the age of 53, is a pale crimson landscape with complex scenery and fine moss spots. The scroll "Ancient Wood and Pale Smoke" written by 665,438+0 years old (collected by Nanjing Museum) is mainly composed of yellow brushwork and Ni Zan brushwork. The overall style is fine and simple; The 62-year-old "first frost Zhu Keshi Tu" (collected by Shanghai Museum) combines the painting style of yellow and yellow, and also belongs to the fine show type; The 63-year-old Shi Hu Sheng Jing (collected by Shanghai Museum) has a light crimson ink, simple technology and Zhao Meng's brushwork. Other works of similar style include the axis of "Green Shades and Flowers" collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing. In the late 60-90 s, there are both long and thick paintings, and the thick pen tends to be vigorous and the fine pen is more delicate. Masterpieces such as Authentic Lenten (collected by Shanghai Museum) written at the age of 80, mixed with Yuan Sijia's ink painting method in the green and heavy colors of Zhao Meng and Zhao Boju, can be called masterpieces in his later years. Another painting, Authentic Lenten (collected by the Museum of Chinese History), is similar. It was painted at the age of 88, and its pen and ink are more subtle, reflecting the characteristics of Wen Zhiming's later works. The 80-year-old scroll "Cold Spring of Ancient Wood" (collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei) is his masterpiece of coarse brushwork in his later years. Lanzhu is the most famous flower painting in Wen Zhiming. It is known as "Wen Lan" because of its elegance and agility, and is imitated by Zhao Meng. The representative works are "Yi Lan Zhu Shi Map" (collected by Liaoning Provincial Museum), which is the representative work of "Wen Lan". He studied Zhao Meng's brushwork, focusing on fine show and being free and easy; The central axis of "Beautiful Pictures of Ice Pose" (collected by Nanjing Museum) belongs to the freehand brushwork of ancient flowers and trees, which is close to Shen Zhou's painting style and more poetic; The book "Okra Broken Branches" (collected by the Palace Museum) was written at the age of 64, and its painting method is close to that of Shen Zhou's ink flower, which is beautiful and elegant. "Flower Map" (collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei), written at the age of 64, depicts flowers with fine brushstrokes and trees and stones with ink, all of which are rich and elegant. Wen Zhiming's figure painting is rare. He pursues the style of painting in Jin and Tang Dynasties, focusing on meticulous painting, and his image is naive and quaint. Masterpieces such as The Picture of Lady Xiang (collected by Beijing Palace Museum) are made of 48-year-old clothes, with patterns made by Gu Kaizhi You Simiao, white powder in color, fine and elegant in workmanship and full of ancient charm; "Beauty in the Shadow of a Banana" (collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei) is a 70-year-old work, simple and clumsy, with a few strokes to outline the characters.
(2) It is much more complicated to identify the authenticity of Wen Zhiming's works with Wen Zhiming's fake, which is more difficult than Shen Zhou's identification. Its imitation, forgery, ghostwriting and so on. In those days, it was common for people to cheat. For example, Wang Deng's "Wu Dan Jun Qing Zhi" said: "The inch map is only published, with a thousand copies. There is truth and falsehood. People who eat for a while are often self-lubricating. " Wang Shizhen's Four Manuscripts of Zhoushanren and Biography of Mr. Wen also said: "Because Mr. Gu's paintings and calligraphy are all over the world, it can't be a fake twelve, but those who live near Wu have been touching their hands for forty years." There are also many ghostwriting works. According to the literature, there are writers, disciples Qian, Zhu Lang and Ju Jie, and some people who specialize in his fake paintings ask him to write an inscription, which is also a ghostwriter. For example, Feng Yun recorded: "If there are fake paintings and calligraphy for the benefit of the public, or sue the public, the public said: It is only from me, but it is a pity that the world can't." The old disciple took the first meal as a false name. After that, the counterfeiters no longer feared the public and turned to seek the title of the public, and the public immediately followed, with little difficulty. To identify the authenticity of Wen Zhiming's works, we can pay attention to the following points: first, they all signed the wall from "earth" to "jade" before the age of 42, and signed "Zheng Ming" after the age of 44; Second, the painting method, the original details are clear and rigid, there are skills in childishness, strangeness in plainness, action in strength, and the charm of literati painting. If the work is rigid, elegant and weak, too rigid, sharp, delicate and mediocre, it may be ghostwriting or forgery. The third is to master similarities and differences. Many ghostwriters are students, disciples and even children of Wen. Imitation is very similar, but there is a difference after all. For example, writers pay more attention to simplicity, and most of them are fine works. It is true that there are many people who study painting style, and their meticulous brushwork is easy, and the original works of the text are divided into morning and evening, so there are still many specious works that are difficult to determine and need further study and solution.
(3) Examples of fake versions in Wen Zhiming's works.
1, the map of Hushan Bridge is collected in Nanjing Museum. The scenery is too complicated. Exquisite carving, pen exposure, stone bridge and building with lines linked, more expert habits, less elegant charm of literati painting.
2. The Water Pavilion Poems in Nanjing Museum, with the top of the distant mountain stacked with stones. I can't see it in Wen's works, and the brushwork is not similar. The foreground trees and stones are slightly similar, but there are few elegant pens and poor poetry styles. This is a fake.
3. Riding on Snow Bridge is collected in Nanjing Museum. It was painted in Huang's brushwork, but it was not as clumsy as the original, and the technique was too skillful, so it should be copied.
4. The "Mountain Color Stream Light Map" is collected by Nanjing Museum, and it is an imitation of the pen. This pen is very weak, it is an imitation.
5. The Turquoise Xuanhua Map is collected in Tianjin History Museum. Its image and brushwork are carefully crafted, like the painting style of student Wang Xiangbei, which is copied by future generations. 6. "Flying Rainbow on Stone Wall" was collected by Shanghai Museum, and was made at the age of 78, with outdated brushwork and written for Wen. However, the brushwork is too thick, and the overall style is the same as that of his son Wen Jia, who is a ghostwriter for Wen Jia's middle age.
7. Spring is deep and trees are high, which is collected by Shanghai Museum. Green and heavy colors, high artistic level. However, Mr. Xu Bangda thinks that this painter has a sense of mediocrity, less scholarly and more expert. In addition, the structure of characters also reveals the disadvantages of instability, so this painting is in doubt at present.
8. Appreciation of the Original Zhaitu was collected in Wuhan Cultural Relics Store, and it was signed as "Jiajing is autumn, and it was declared as a photo of Jiajun Zhongfu, at the age of 80". This painting is exactly the same as the original collection, but it is impossible for Wen to copy two for one person in the same year. The handwriting of this painting is too poor to draw smoothly, and it is copied by the same person.
9. The Huai Yu Garden Pavilion is collected in the Palace Museum. The inscriptions of Wen Zhiming and Wang Chong seem to have been written by one person, and the painting method is too rigid, so they are old copies.